Machine learning-based comparison of factors influencing estimated glomerular filtration rate in Chinese women with or without nonalcoholic fatty liver

BACKGROUND The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver(NAFLD)has increased recently.Subjects with NAFLD are known to have higher chance for renal function impairment.Many past studies used traditional multiple linear regression(MLR)to identify risk factors for decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR).However,medical research is increasingly relying on emerging machine learning(Mach-L)methods.The present study enrolled healthy women to identify factors affecting eGFR in subjects with and without NAFLD(NAFLD+,NAFLD-)and to rank their importance.AIM To uses three different Mach-L methods to identify key impact factors for eGFR in healthy women with and without NAFLD.METHODS A total of 65535 healthy female study participants were enrolled from the Taiwan MJ cohort,accounting for 32 independent variables including demographic,biochemistry and lifestyle parameters(independent variables),while eGFR was used as the dependent variable.Aside from MLR,three Mach-L methods were applied,including stochastic gradient boosting,eXtreme gradient boosting and elastic net.Errors of estimation were used to define method accuracy,where smaller degree of error indicated better model performance.RESULTS Income,albumin,eGFR,High density lipoprotein-Cholesterol,phosphorus,forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1),and sleep time were all lower in the NAFLD+group,while other factors were all significantly higher except for smoking area.Mach-L had lower estimation errors,thus outperforming MLR.In Model 1,age,uric acid(UA),FEV1,plasma calcium level(Ca),plasma albumin level(Alb)and T-bilirubin were the most important factors in the NAFLD+group,as opposed to age,UA,FEV1,Alb,lactic dehydrogenase(LDH)and Ca for the NAFLD-group.Given the importance percentage was much higher than the 2nd important factor,we built Model 2 by removing age.CONCLUSION The eGFR were lower in the NAFLD+group compared to the NAFLD-group,with age being was the most important impact factor in both groups of healthy Chinese women,followed by LDH,UA,FEV1 and Alb.However,for the NAFLD-group,TSH and SBP were the 5th and 6th most important factors,as opposed to Ca and BF in the NAFLD+group.

Identifying the Cultural Shifts and Societal Changes That Facilitated the Rise in Box Office Performance of Chinese Women’s Cinema in the 21st Century

With the gradual improvement of Chinese women’s status in the 21st century,gender studies and gender relations have become one of the hottest topics in Chinese society,which consequently prompted Chinese Women’s Cinema to attract the attention of larger audiences.With regard to the box office performance of Chinese Women’s Cinema,there seems to be a gap in research in finding an association between women’s status and the relevant films’box office performance.The purpose of this research is to outline the underlying reasons for the changes in gender roles and gender representation in the Chinese film industry over the past few decades in order to better understand this expansive social change in the 21st century.This study provides a comprehensive analysis through the use of questionnaires to better understand society’s attitude towards gender representation within the film industry.The questionnaire findings indicate that there is a direct correlation between people’s awareness of women’s changing status and gender equality and their acceptance of materials produced by Chinese Women’s Cinema.At the some time,it highlights that the Chinese government’s support and initiatives for gender equality have had a significant impact on the general popularity of Chinese Women’s Cinema.The significance of this research is to effectively popularize Chinese Women’s Cinema culture and the box office growth by understanding the social attitude towards gender representation in the Chinese film industry and to provide relevant information about the development direction and trend of Chinese Women’s Cinema.Furthermore,this research aims to provide foundational support for gender equality and help to understand the underlying factors that society needs to promote gender equality.

Association between Vitamin D Insufficiency and the Risk for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnant Chinese Women

Objective To investigate the association between vitamin D deficiency and risk of gestational diabetes rnellitus （GDM） in pregnant Chinese women. Methods A nested case-control study was conducted. Clinical and biochemical data were analyzed for 200 subjects with GDM and 200 subjects with normal glucose tolerance （NGT）. Results The median （interquartile range） serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D （25OHD） levels were 22.39 （17.67, 29.38） and 25.86 （19.09, 34.88） nmol/L in the GDM and NGT groups, respectively. Rates of 25OHD deficiency or insufficiency were significantly higher in the GDM group than in the NGT group. Subjects with 25OHD levels 〈25 nmol/L had a 1.g-fold higher risk of GDM compared with subjects with higher vitamin D levels. In the GDM group, serum 25OHD was independently associated with HbAlc and insulin resistance after adjusting for confounding factors. In the NGT group, serum 25OHD was independently associated with fasting plasma glucose and systolic blood pressure after adjusting for maternal age and other confounding factors. Conclusion 2SOHD insufficiency is very common in Chinese women. Low 25OHD status may be associated with insulin resistance and act as a risk factor for GDM.

Change of BMD after Weaning or Resumption of Menstruation in Chinese Women with Different FokI VDR-genotypes:A Randomized,Placebo-controlled,Calcium Supplementation Trial

Objective To investigate the effect of calcium supplementation on bone mineral density （BMD） in Chinese women with different Fokl vitamin D receptor （VDR） genotypes （FF, Ff, and ff） after weaning or resumption of menstruation during lactation. Methods A total of 40 subjects with the same Fokl VDR genotype were randomly divided into two groups： one received calcium tablet （600 mg once daily as CaCO3） and the other placebo tablet once daily for 1 year. At baseline, BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at lumbar spine （L2-L4） and at left hip whereas serum PICP, serum OC, and urinary CTX, serum 25（OH）VitD3, and serum estradiol were measured at weaning and I year thereafter. Results After the intervention, BMD at lumbar spine and at left hip increased significantly in all these women with a trend among different Fokl VDR genotypes such as FF 〉 Ff 〉 ff （P〈O.05, 〈0.01, and 〈0.001, respectively）. BMD at lumbar spine in women with FF VDR genotype increased much more rapidly than in those with ff VDR genotype （P〈0.05）. Compared with the control group women with the FF genotype regained more BMD after calcium supplementation （P〈0.05）. Conclusion Daily calcium 600 mg supplementation has beneficial effect on the bone health of women with FF VDR genotype.

Association of glomerular filtration rate with arterial stiffness in Chinese women with normal to mildly impaired renal function

Objective Both decreased glomemlar filtration rate （GFR） and arterial stiffness were considered as risk factors for atherosclerosis. Previous studies have suggested the association between central arterial stiffness and the degree of GFR loss. Whether decreased GFR contributes to peripheral artery stiffness remains controversial. Moreover, data analyzed from a cohort of Chinese women are rare. Our aim was to explore the relationship between GFR and regional arterial stiffness in Chinese women. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we randomly recruited 1131 adult women residents with GFR 〉 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 estimated by the Chinese Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation from three large communities. Central and peripheral arterial stiffness were estimated simultaneously by measuring carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity （PWVcf） and carotid-radial PWV （PWVcr） using a validated automatic device. Augmentation Index at heart rate 75 beats/minutes （AIx-75） was measured by pulse wave analysis as a composite parameter reflecting both large and distal arterial properties. Results The mean estimated GFR （eGFR） of the study group was 100.05 ＋ 23.26 mL/minute per 1.73 m2. Subjects were grouped by tertiles of eGFR level. PWVef and AIx-75 increased ongoing from the top to the bottom eGFR tertile, while the values of PWVcr were comparable. Both univariate Pearson correlations and multiple stepwise regression analyses showed that eGFR significantly correlated to PWVcf, but not to PWVcr and AJx-75. Conclusions In Chinese women with normal to mildly impaired renal function, decreased eGFR affected carotid-to-femoral rather than carotid-to-radial stiffening. This provides rational to conduct future prospective studies to investigate predictors of atherosclerosis in this population.

Relationship of serum GDF11 levels with bone mineral density and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal Chinese women

Growth differentiation factor 11 （GDF11） is an important circulating factor that regulates aging. However, the role of GDF11 in bone metabolism remains unclear. The present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between serum GDF11 level, bone mass, and bone turnover markers in postmenopausal Chinese women. Serum GDF11 level, bone turnover biochemical markers, and bone mineral density （BMD） were determined in 169 postmenopausal Chinese women （47-78 years old）. GDF11 serum levels increased with aging. There were negative correlations between GDF11 and BMD at the various skeletal sites. After adjusting for age and body mass index （BMI）, the correlations remained statistically significant. In the multiple linear stepwise regression analysis, age or years since menopause, BMI, GDF11, and estradiol were independent predictors of BMD. A significant negative correlation between GDF11 and bone alkaline phosphatase （BAP） was identified and remained significant after adjusting for age and BMI. No significant correlation was noted between cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen （NTX） and GDF11. In conclusion, GDF11 is an independent negative predictor of BMD and correlates with a biomarker of bone formation, BAP, in postmenopausal Chinese women. GDF11 potentially exerts a negative effect on bone mass by regulating bone formation.

Fluoride Exposure,Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptor Gene Polymorphism and Hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian Axis Hormones in Chinese Women

The effects of fluoride exposure on thefunctions of reproductive and endocrine systemshave attracted widespread attention in academiccircle nowadays. However, it is unclear whether thegene-environment interaction may modify thesecretion and activity of hypothalamus-pituitary-ovarian （HPO） axis hormones. Thus, the aim of thisstudy was to explore the influence of fluorideexposure and follicle stimulating hormone receptor（FSHR） gene polymorphism on reproductivehormones in Chinese women. A cross sectionalstudy was conducted in seven villages of HenanProvince, China during 2010-2011. A total of 679women aged 18-48 years were recruited throughcluster sampling and divided into three groups, i.e.endemic fluorosis group （EFG）, defluoridationproject group （DFPG）, and control group （CG） basedon the local fluoride concentration in drinkingwater. The serum levels of gonadotropin releasinghormone （GnRH）, follicle stimulating hormone（FSH）, luteinizing hormone （LH）, and estradiol （E2）were determined respectively and the FSHRpolymorphism was detected by real time PCR assay.The results provided the preliminary evidenceindicating the gene-environment interaction onHPO axishormones in women.

Dietary fat intake and liver cancer risk: A prospective cohort study in Chinese women

Objective:This study aimed to determine whether dietary fat intake increased liver cancer risk in Chinese women from a prospective population-based cohort.Methods:A total of 72,704 Chinese women were followed up from the time of baseline recruitment(1996–2000)to the end of 2016.Dietary fat intake was calculated using a validated food frequency questionnaire.The Cox regression model was used to assess the hazard ratio(HR)and 95%confidence intervals(CI)for dietary fat intake and liver cancer risk.Results:We identified 252 incident liver cancer cases out of 1,267,845 person-years during the overall follow-up time.Null associations,neither in quartiles nor per standard deviation(SD)increment,were detected between liver cancer risk and dietary total fat,fat subtypes and subtype ratios,and food sources.The HR(95%CI)of the 1-SD increment was 1.03(0.90–1.17)for total fat,1.06(0.93–1.20)for saturated fat,1.06(0.93–1.21)for monounsaturated fat,and 1.00(0.89–1.13)for polyunsaturated fat.Similar null associations were observed in stratification analyses according to body mass index and menopausal status.Conclusions:In our prospective cohort study,no significant association was observed in Chinese women between dietary fat and liver cancer risk,and in stratification and sensitivity analyses.

Family-Society: The Dual Identity of Chinese Women

The analysis of the historical and theoretical origins of the dual identity of Chinese women based on the Marxist view of family-society enables a more scientific and reasonable explanation to the unity of history and logic of Chinese women’s dual identity.Under the guidance of the Marxist concept of family-society,Chinese women will achieve development in both family space and social space;meanwhile,Chinese women in the dual identity development carry the home-state emotion different from that of western women’s;cultivating women’s awareness of family identity is of great significance to the construction of family style or national style in the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

How the Ideology of ＂Romantic Love＂ Affects Chinese Women＇s Understanding of Intimacy

This paper uses ＂life course＂ perspective to compare three kinds of Chinese women： 1950s, 1970s, and 1990s. The 1950s have experienced several major historical events, such as： Cultural Revolution, the movement of educated youth to go and work in the countryside or mountain areas, the resumption of the entrance examination system for higher education, and one-child policy. These life events not only affected 1950s＇ understanding of sex and intimacy, hut also affected their children＇s attitudes towards intimacy. The 1970s have experienced the Reform and Opening event, they began to read the Qiong Yao romance novel and foreign romance. The 1990s have experienced the impact of Chinese market economy, and they had their attitudes about love. During their different but related life course, this paper want to depict how the ideology of ＂romantic love＂ has been constructed by politics, and how this ideology affects women in different age understanding of intimacy.

The Programme for the Development of Chinese Women 1995-2000 Eleven Goals

ＴｈｅＰｒｏｇｒａｍｍｅｆｏｒｔｈｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＷｏｍｅｎ１９９５－２０００ＥｌｅｖｅｎＧｏａｌｓ＊Ｅｘｐａｎｄｏｐｐｏｒｔｕｎｉｔｉｅｓｆｏｒｗｏｍｅｎ＇ｓｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｉｏｎｉｎｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｍａｋｉｎｇａｎｄ...

Gender Equality:Now a Basic State Strategy——On the Salient Features of the National Program on the Development of Chinese Women(2011-2020)

The National Program on the Development of Chinese Women （2011-2020）, herein- after referred to as the ＂NewProgram,＂ was published in August 2011. This is an important document designed to ensure implementation of the basic state strategy of gender equal- ity and the all-round development of Chinese women. The New Program is a part of China＇s policy program for the protection of human rights. It sets 57 major targets to be attained over the decade. The targets cover seven fields, namely, health, education, economy,

HPV prevalence and genotyping in the cervix of Chinese women

The role of human papillomavirus(HPV)as an etiologic factor of cervical cancer has been firmly established,and prophylactic vaccines are now available and have been approved in many countries.Vaccination implies a promising future for cervical cancer prevention especially for countries with very limited access to screening.However,the vaccines are not accessible in China's Mainland at the moment,and much needs to be understood about the potential benefit when HPV vaccines are applied to Chinese women,and to make the vaccines more specific to Chinese women.This article reviews advanced multi-center,hospital/population-based studies of most recent years,and aims to draw a definitive conclusion on HPV prevalence and genotyping in cervical cancer and precancerous lesions in China from the aspect of study population,geographic areas and time period.

Canada Aids Chinese Women~! s Project

"THE Canada-China Women in Development Project is like a seed which, after being nurtured by women’s federations across China, has grown, fruited and expanded." Diane Tyler, co-manager of the CCWID Project, which was established in 1990 and is slated to be completed this late year, described the project to our staff reporter at the end of March. Tyler comes from the Association of Canadian Community Colleges; she had just finished her work on the project and was leaving for her home country. In 1994, at the CCWID