Promoting China-U.S.Arctic education cooperation:challenges,opportunities and recommendations

Arctic education refers not only to the teaching,but also to research,communication,dissemination as well as popularization of knowledge related to the Arctic.This article reviews joint efforts between Chinese and American educators and researchers to promote cooperation and understanding in Arctic education and research,and examines the facing challenges of China-U.S.Arctic education cooperation which include current political or economic tensions between the two countries,the differing perspectives and priorities on Arctic policy,the disproportion in Arctic scientific research,different research methodologies and discourse system in social science.This article also argues that there are opportunities for the two countries to cooperate in Arctic education.Common goals and interests in the Arctic,Arctic-dedicated institutions with significant Arctic research capabilities and partnerships around the world provide foundations for Arctic education cooperation.The implementation of a new science-based Arctic treaty of the Arctic Council is an opportunity for China-U.S.Arctic education cooperation.As for future cooperation,it suggests that in addition to promoting the direct bilateral cooperation,cooperation within international cooperation platforms and mechanisms,especially within the Arctic Council also needs to be further promoted.

Influence of the Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation on the approach of non-Arctic states to Arctic scientific activities

As the third legally-binding instrument of the Arctic Council, the Agreement on Enhancing International Arctic Scientific Cooperation was signed in May 2017 and entered into force on 23 May 2018. The Agreement not only reduces obstacles to the international scientific cooperation and promotes the movement of people and equipment across borders for the effective and efficient development of Arctic scientific knowledge, but also provides an improved international Arctic legal environment for conducting Arctic scientific cooperation based on UNCLOS and institutional arrangements. However, the observer states, the NGOs and IGOs, as well as Permanent Participants are rarely mentioned in this Agreement. This article chooses one group, non-Arctic states, as a case in point in order to critically discuss the influence of this new Arctic scientific cooperation agreement. It argues that the non-Arctic states are left behind at the original legal situation and trapped in an inferior status in Arctic science. Under these circumstances, this article suggests that non-Arctic states, especially those with competitive research abilities, should appeal for amendment of the Agreement to allow wider access to research areas and data sharing, especially when cooperating with the eight-member states of the Arctic Council. Also, non-Arctic states should take the Agreement as the reference when signing bilateral agreements with Arctic states so as to safeguard their interests when conducting Arctic scientific activities. Moreover, the active participation in other fora as well as various bilateral scientific projects can assist non-Arctic states to strengthen the relations with the Arctic states and build trust in the Arctic Council.

Development of the Arctic reindeer industry from the perspective of Sino-Russian green biomanufacturing cooperation

Russia’s reindeer population accounts for two thirds of the world’s total.There is a strong and resilient population of reindeer on the tundra,and reindeer herders inherit and transmit the unique culture of the north.Reindeer products have become the subject of innovative developments in the biopharmaceutical and healthcare products industry owing to their unique raw material properties.Because deer antlers and blood are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine,significant quantities of Arctic reindeer products are likely to be sold in China.Strengthening understanding of the Russian Arctic reindeer industry will help Chinese companies invest in the Russian Arctic,promote Sino-Russian Arctic cooperation on green biomanufacturing,and lead to the development of new products that promote human health.

Lessons and prospects of Sino-Russian Arctic cooperation

The strategic partnership between China and Russia is creating solid ground for the cooperative development of the Arctic. These two states＇ joint development of the Northern Sea Route will not only provide additional impulse to the export- oriented economy of China and allow further diversification of supply routes to China, but will also promote investment into the infrastructure and economic growth of Russian northern territories. Climate change in the Arctic has forced China and Russia to acknowledge the sustainable use of the Arctic. On the one hand, exploration of the region should not harm indigenous people＇s rights and should help this population improve their standard of living by providing qualified healthcare and opportunities for commercial fulfillment of traditional crafts. On the other hand, this exploration should also include elimination of harmful anthropogenic impact and provide support for environment self-restoration. Sino-Russian Arctic cooperation will help humans discover eco-friendly approaches to use Arctic resources, promote rational use of the Arctic and inspire sustainable development of the region.

An analysis on Sino-Russian cooperation in the Arctic in the BRI era

Over the past decade Sino-Russian cooperation in the Arctic has emerged as one of the major topics of the Russia-China negotiations on how to expand their comprehensive strategic partnership and to bring it to a new level. China considers the Arctic region important for its economic interests and desires to be included in the development of the region and its economic potential. For Russia, the Arctic is a future strategic resource base that would replace the old depleting fields and assure Russia’s status as a major worldwide energy supplier. Despite many joint statements on deepening of the Sino-Russian cooperation in the development of the Arctic energy resources, the concrete results of these ambitious plans are few. Some joint projects were dropped, as China and Russia could not agree on the conditions of the deal, others are progressing very slowly and have an uncertain future. In 2017, China has expanded its "Belt and Road Initiative"(BRI) to the Arctic thus elevating the Sino-Russian cooperation in the Artcic to a higher level. How did the relationship between Russia and China evolve in the Arctic and how do Russia and China view and respond to the new Arctic dimension of the BRI? What factors limit the strategic rapprochement between China and Russia in the Arctic?

A Chinese Perspective on Establishing a Cooperation Mechanism in the South China Sea

Since mid-2016, the situation in the South China Sea, as a whole, has remained stable and continued to develop in a positive direction. As a result of China＇s efforts, claimants of the South China Sea are now onthe correct path towards peace, resolving their disputes through negotiation and cooperation.

俄罗斯北极战略调整与中俄北极合作

乌克兰危机深刻影响了北极地区的地缘政治格局,北极正成为俄罗斯与美欧国家新的博弈空间。俄罗斯更加重视北极地区对国家安全的重要意义,改变传统北极合作伙伴和合作方式,完善基础设施建设和加大力度开发北方航道,积极发挥非西方主导的多边机制作用,强化在北极地区的优势地位。在新的地缘政治背景下,中俄北极合作快速发展,并在政治、经济、人文交流等领域取得了积极成果和新的突破,两国开启了北极合作新阶段。作为“北极利益攸关方”,中国应积极推动新安全观和新发展理念嵌入北极治理中,为北极地区的和平稳定和可持续发展贡献中国智慧。因此,剖析北极地区博弈新态势的特点及原因,阐述俄罗斯北极战略调整的情况和趋势,分析中俄北极合作面临的机遇和挑战,具有重要的现实意义。

北极海空搜救合作模式对建构南海搜救合作体系的借鉴与启示

南海作为重要的国际运输通道,面临日益增长的多元化海上安全威胁,搜救合作的制度化建构进程日益紧迫。北极海空搜救已经形成较为成熟的搜救合作机制,与其他半闭海水域海空搜救合作机制相比较,北极搜救模式经验借鉴更适用于南海。南海沿岸国需要考虑在“南海行为准则”磋商中加入区域性指导规范以夯实南海搜救合作法律基础,建立“南海合作理事会”以强化机构管理,建构海上搜救基金协同机制以保证基金供给稳定,辩证看待域外国家搜救参与以加强搜救效果。中国应当主动贡献中国力量,在搜救合作制度化建设中发挥南海区域大国的主导性作用。

地缘背景下俄属北极圈内中俄不可再生资源合作

俄罗斯拥有丰富的资源,能源种类多样,北极圈内蕴藏巨大的石油、天然气等不可再生资源,俄罗斯的地缘战略地位格外突出。21世纪以来,中国经济快速发展,石油、天然气等非再生资源的需求越来越大,我国成为世界主要能源消费大国。在地缘背景下,中俄在北极地区的油气合作成为两国北极战略的外部支柱,两国不断发挥各自比较优势,各取所需,实现北极能源经济的优势互补。有必要明确中俄北极油气资源合作基础,分析中俄北极油气资源合作现状,探索中俄北极油气资源合作路径,最终实现互利共赢。

构建“异托邦”:俄罗斯北极旅游空间开发的前景展望

在中俄共建冰上丝绸之路的背景下,两国区域经济合作日趋深入。本文以“异托邦”理论视角下的旅游空间开发为依托,重新审视俄罗斯北极地区的异质性,探讨其旅游空间的构建策略。同时,我国粤港澳大湾区积极对接国际市场,寻求参与北极开发利用的机会,在旅游领域同俄罗斯北极地区已开展初具规模的合作。考虑到粤港澳地区独特的优势和俄罗斯北极地区的发展需求,双方进一步加强合作具有一定的可行性基础,有望为北极旅游带来新的发展机遇。

海洋命运共同体理念下北极公海治理的优化路径

北极公海治理是一项超越单一国家管辖范畴的公共资源治理问题。由于缺乏强制性的专门法规,各国治理理念存在差异,不同国家或地区之间也存在利益冲突和矛盾,北极公海的治理面临许多困境,如治理机制滞后、治理价值取向私有化、存在搭便车行为及资源开发管理复杂困难等。“海洋命运共同体”理念的提出,回应了全球海洋治理的格局变化,为北极公海资源环境保护与治理提供了价值指引与方法论。为实现可持续发展,基于“海洋命运共同体”的理念,应明确治理价值取向,完善法规建设,建立合理的治理模式,改善北极公海治理现状。

当前国际形势下北极航道利用前景及对我国影响

2022年爆发的俄乌冲突是长期以来俄罗斯与以美国领导下的北约之间矛盾激化的结果,对全球大国关系和国际政治格局产生持续重大影响。位于俄北冰洋专属经济区管辖范围内的北方海航道构成现阶段北极航运活动的主体,亦受到当前俄乌局势的严峻冲击。该文在总结地缘政治事件对北极航运普遍性影响的基础上,评估当前国际形势对北极航道经济前景的影响,并提出我国应充分考虑西方制裁和全球经济波动等多方因素,从维护我国能源安全、经济安全和通道安全的角度出发,科学和客观地评估当前北极航运发展面临的风险和挑战。

挪威的北极战略:实践路径、挑战与愿景

作为北冰洋沿岸国家,挪威在北极治理与建设过程中发挥着重要作用。2021年挪威颁布《挪威政府的北极政策》,阐述了北极地区对挪威的重要战略意义以及挪威参与北极事务的路径。挪威参与北极事务具有先天优势和较高的话语权,但其北极参与仍受条约碎片化、地区冲突以及生态环境恶化等众多因素的制约,且新时期挪威在北极地区的目标已由保守的经济开发战略向进攻性的地缘政治战略倾斜。挪威的北极战略强调北约是其安全的基石,重视与以美国为首的北约成员国间的合作,一定程度上助推了北极地区的紧张局势。挪威参与北极事务既是北极治理的需要,也借此实现其在北极地区的经济和地缘政治目标。

俄乌冲突后俄北极经济开发“东方化”调整探析

俄罗斯作为2021-2023年北极理事会轮值主席国,计划利用主席国有利契机,为其北极开发工作拓展国际合作平台,但2022年2月爆发的俄乌冲突却对北极地区带来了一系列的外溢效应,并迫使俄罗斯对其北极开发工作做出“东方化”调整。本文通过梳理俄罗斯出任北极理事会轮值主席国前夕发布的一系列新北极政策,分析冲突爆发后俄政府因西方制裁而对其油气开发、航道建设等北极开发工作做出的“向东看”战略调整,结合俄罗斯北极开发与治理需求,提出在该新形势下深化中俄北极合作的相关建议。

中俄共建“冰上丝绸之路”的现实问题与优化方向

“冰上丝绸之路”作为中国参与北极治理的重要倡议,也是中俄北极合作的重要组成部分。但中俄两国在推进“冰上丝绸之路”的建设过程中也面临着特定的挑战与问题。首先,恶劣的自然环境和衰退的国力削弱了俄罗斯开发北方海航道的能力,而俄罗斯对华“二律背反”的心态也对中俄北极合作产生了负面影响。其次,中国在建设“冰上丝绸之路”过程中也在承担着来自西方反华舆论、中俄合作的分歧所带来的压力。为此,应从辩证看待中俄北极合作关系、建立参与北极事务的止损机制以及增强参与北极事务的战略战术设计等方面采取措施,对中俄共建“冰上丝绸之路”进程提供细节性优化,为促进北极地区的善治提供有效范本。

以善治为目标的北极合作法律规则体系研究——中国有效参与的视角

善治作为北极治理的最高标准,对未来北极合作法律规则体系的发展具有重要的指导作用。根据善治的应然要求,各国在北极地区的海洋权益将逐渐从对立走向统一,北极域内外国家的合作将更加普遍,未来北极合作法律规则将呈现出软硬法混合的治理模式。而实然状态的北极合作法律规则体系对全人类共同利益维护不足,合作虽具有广泛性但缺乏有效实施,未能全面解决北极问题,北极善治任重道远。中国作为北极重要的利益攸关国,需要在北极合作法律规则体系从实然到应然的发展过程中不断寻求机遇,拓展与北极国家的双边和多边合作,提高参与北极治理的话语权,从而促进北极善治的实现。

北极渔业及渔业管理之现状及展望

气候变化下的北极渔业处于动态发展中,但发展参差不齐。由于地缘关系,大部分北极渔业处于北极国家"各自为政"的专属经济区渔业制度之下,难以形成一体化的北极渔业管理制度。北极还存在公海渔业,但北极国家的北极公海渔业管理主导意愿明显,造成北极国家与北极域外国家潜在的渔业权益争端。现阶段北极相关的区域性渔业管理组织由于分鱼类、分区域的特点而不能胜任北极渔业管理的职责。以《联合国海洋法公约》为代表的国际法律适用于北极海域却不针对北极海域。因此,北极渔业管理面临着各种挑战。北极各国之间的双/多边合作、北极国家与北极域外国家之间通过区域性渔业管理组织开展的国际合作对未来的北极渔业管理至关重要;并且,鉴于北极海域生态环境脆弱,北极必须实践预防性措施及基于生态系统的渔业管理理念。中国是重要的近北极国家,明确北极渔业对维护中国北极权益的重要性,重视科技先行的作用,开展广泛的北极合作,是中国北极渔业应对之关键。

俄罗斯北极油气勘探形势与未来合作展望

最近10多年以来,俄罗斯北极油气勘探坚持自立自强、积极保持战略定力,油气勘探取得显著进展,进一步证实了其巨大的勘探开发潜力,展现出良好的合作前景。通过系统梳理和总结俄罗斯北极地区油气勘探现状与主要勘探新成果,明确了未来重要勘探方向,提出了相关合作建议。俄罗斯北极勘探活动历史久远,但油气发现主要集中分布于西部地区;东部地区广袤海域勘探仍将长期处于普查阶段,未来很长一段时间内仍将难以取得有经济效益的实质性进展;2010年以来的油气新发现绝大部分依然位于西部,南喀拉海域油气勘探成果最为丰硕;西部和中部海域陆架是未来勘探重点方向。中俄未来北极油气合作前景广阔,可依托现有项目积极深化两类资产合作,同时要立足长远谋划,做好中长期目标与项目运营能力的超前储备。

北极公海渔业管理制度初探

气候变化下的北极渔业发展备受瞩目。由于缺乏针对性管理制度与管理组织,北极公海渔业管理面临着挑战,而北极5国在渔业管理制度构建中所表现的主导意愿使北极渔业管理更趋复杂化。虽然未来北极公海渔业管理有很多可能的模式,变幻的自然环境、复杂的北极地缘政治、北极与非北极国家之间的博弈使北极渔业管理的走向未明。但是,本着实现北极渔业资源可持续性发展的目标,北极与非北极国家之间的国际合作才是构建合理、合法北极公海渔业管理制度的前提。

瑞典的北极战略

在北极开发和竞争热潮的刺激下,作为北极八国中距离北极最为遥远的国家,瑞典也于2011年5月发布了《瑞典在北极的战略》文件,从历史联系、安全政策、经济纽带、环境与气候、调查研究和文化等六个方面,详细叙述了瑞典与北极之间的联系。该文件是瑞典政府在北极地区的第一个战略计划,也是瑞典在北极地区进一步发展的一个起点。该文件在着重强调瑞典与北极历史联系的同时,侧重关注气候与环境、经济发展和人文发展,其核心思想是着力强化与北极国家的合作来提升瑞典在北极的影响力。