Descriptive and Comparative Histology of the Urinary System of the Hematophagous Bats Desmodus rotundus and Diphylla ecaudata

Desmodus rotundus and Diphylla ecaudata, both of which are mammals of the order Chiroptera, Desmodontidae family, their diet consisting exclusively of blood. D. rotundus is the main vector and transmitter of the rabies virus, which affects human beings as well as several livestock species so the study of this bat species is of high importance within the fields of animal agriculture and public health. The present study describes and compares the histologic characteristics of the urinary system of two hematophagous bat species. A total of 5 bats from each species were captured in the municipalities of Progreso de Obregón, Hidalgo (D. rotundus), and Huayacocotla, Veracruz (D. ecaudata). Organs belonging to the urinary system were extracted: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra;samples were fixed using 10% formalin and processed by the paraffin embedding technique, obtaining sections of 5 µm thickness, which in turn were stained using hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) and Gomori trichrome (GT) stains. From the obtained histologic preparations, a descriptive and comparative analysis of the structural organography of the urinary system of both species was made, and no noteworthy histological differences between samples were noted. The present research is intended to provide a framework for future studies of these species’ currently understudied microscopic anatomy.

Tasks Scheduling in Cloud Environment Using PSO-BATS with MLRHE

Cloud computing plays a significant role in Information Technology(IT)industry to deliver scalable resources as a service.One of the most important factor to increase the performance of the cloud server is maximizing the resource utilization in task scheduling.The main advantage of this scheduling is to max-imize the performance and minimize the time loss.Various researchers examined numerous scheduling methods to achieve Quality of Service(QoS)and to reduce execution time.However,it had disadvantages in terms of low throughput and high response time.Hence,this study aimed to schedule the task efficiently and to eliminate the faults in scheduling the tasks to the Virtual Machines(VMs).For this purpose,the research proposed novel Particle Swarm Optimization-Bandwidth Aware divisible Task(PSO-BATS)scheduling with Multi-Layered Regression Host Employment(MLRHE)to sort out the issues of task scheduling and ease the scheduling operation by load balancing.The proposed efficient sche-duling provides benefits to both cloud users and servers.The performance evalua-tion is undertaken with respect to cost,Performance Improvement Rate(PIR)and makespan which revealed the efficiency of the proposed method.Additionally,comparative analysis is undertaken which confirmed the performance of the intro-duced system than conventional system for scheduling tasks with highflexibility.

基于WOA-BAT的多能源微电网优化调度

为了提高微电网日常运行的经济性和环保性,以及解决鲸鱼算法(WOA)收敛速度较慢、易陷入局部最优的问题,提出了一种鲸鱼-蝙蝠算法(WOA-BAT)。首先,建立微电网优化调度模型,在模型中引入BAT算法对WOA算法进行优化;其次,将鲸鱼觅食行为和蝙蝠搜索策略相结合,将WOA-BAT算法用于仿真微电网并网模式下的多目标优化调度。仿真结果表明:WOA-BAT算法相比于传统的WOA、BAT和粒子群优化算法(PSO),能有效提高微电网日运行总效益及系统运行稳定性。

Impacts on Bats by a Supertyphoon vs.Ordinary Typhoons along a Habitat Urbanization Gradient

Two major human-caused threats to ecosystems are habitat modification and the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.To study the combined effect of these threats,the authors used acoustic monitoring of bats along a habitat modification gradient on the island of Okinawa,Japan.During the observation period,the island experienced numerous typhoons and one supertyphoon.Native bat species remained active even at high wind speeds(up to 30 m/s in some cases).Milder typhoons had no observable effect on bat populations,with activity levels fully recovering within a few hours or days.The super typhoon also did not seem to affect bats in fully or partially forested habitats but caused their local disappearance at the urban site,which they have not re-colonized three years after the event.Notably,bats that disappeared at the urban site were species roosting in well-protected places such as caves and concrete structures.In all cases,the biomass of small flying insects and the acoustic activity of insects recovered within days after extreme weather events.Thus,the striking difference between habitats in supertyphoon effects on bats cannot be explained by the super typhoon directly killing bats,destroying their roosting sites,or decreasing the abundance of their prey.The results underscore the importance of preserving natural habitats in areas particularly affected by changing climate and show that the survival of species and ecosystems during the numerous episodes of climate change in the Earth’s history does not necessarily mean their ability to survive the accelerating climate change of our time.

Myotis bat STING attenuates aging-related inflammation in female mice

Bats,notable as the only flying mammals,serve as natural reservoir hosts for various highly pathogenic viruses in humans(e.g.,SARS-CoV and Ebola virus).Furthermore,bats exhibit an unparalleled longevity among mammals relative to their size,particularly the Myotis bats,which can live up to 40 years.However,the mechanisms underlying these distinctive traits remain incompletely understood.In our prior research,we demonstrated that bats exhibit dampened STING-interferon activation,potentially conferring upon them the capacity to mitigate virus-or aging-induced inflammation.To substantiate this hypothesis,we established the first in vivo bat-mouse model for aging studies by integrating Myotis davidii bat STING(MdSTING)into the mouse genome.We monitored the genotypes of these mice and performed a longitudinal comparative transcriptomic analysis on MdSTING and wild-type mice over a 3-year aging process.Blood transcriptomic analysis indicated a reduction in aging-related inflammation in female MdSTING mice,as evidenced by significantly lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines,immunopathology,and neutrophil recruitment in aged female MdSTING mice compared to aged wild-type mice in vivo.These results indicated that MdSTING knock-in attenuates the aging-related inflammatory response and may also improve the healthspan in mice in a sex-dependent manner.Although the underlying mechanism awaits further study,this research has critical implications for bat longevity research,potentially contributing to our comprehension of healthy aging in humans.

Chromosome-level genome and population genomics of the intermediate horseshoe bat(Rhinolophus affinis)reveal the molecular basis of virus tolerance in Rhinolophus and echolocation call frequency variation

Horseshoe bats(genus Rhinolophus,family Rhinolophidae)represent an important group within chiropteran phylogeny due to their distinctive traits,including constant high-frequency echolocation,rapid karyotype evolution,and unique immune system.Advances in evolutionary biology,supported by high-quality reference genomes and comprehensive whole-genome data,have significantly enhanced our understanding of species origins,speciation mechanisms,adaptive evolutionary processes,and phenotypic diversity.However,genomic research and understanding of the evolutionary patterns of Rhinolophus are severely constrained by limited data,with only a single published genome of R.ferrumequinum currently available.In this study,we constructed a high-quality chromosome-level reference genome for the intermediate horseshoe bat(R.affinis).Comparative genomic analyses revealed potential genetic characteristics associated with virus tolerance in Rhinolophidae.Notably,we observed expansions in several immune-related gene families and identified various genes functionally associated with the SARS-CoV-2 signaling pathway,DNA repair,and apoptosis,which displayed signs of rapid evolution.In addition,we observed an expansion of the major histocompatibility complex class II(MHC-II)region and a higher copy number of the HLA-DQB2 gene in horseshoe bats compared to other chiropteran species.Based on whole-genome resequencing and population genomic analyses,we identified multiple candidate loci(e.g.,GLI3)associated with variations in echolocation call frequency across R.affinis subspecies.This research not only expands our understanding of the genetic characteristics of the Rhinolophus genus but also establishes a valuable foundation for future research.

What Is the Impact of Ploughing on Eucalyptus Plantations in Bambou Mingali (Plateaux Batéké, Republic of Congo)?

Soil ploughing is an important stage in the preparation of planting, causing disturbance to the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Soil ploughing can affect the availability of nutrients and water resources, and its effect can be short, medium or long-term. Soil ploughing accelerates surface heating and air circulation and encourages mineralisation by transforming organic matter into mineral salts, making nutrients soluble and accessible to plants. The aim of this study is to determine how soil ploughing affects the distribution of nutrients in the soil profile. The study focuses on nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium, which are major elements of soil fertility on the Batéké plateaux in Congo. The results indicate that ploughing significantly modifies the distribution at depth des elements nutritifs: there is more accumulation at the surface than at depth (ei: nitrogen 1.34 t/ha ± 0.035 at 10 cm compared with 1.034 t/ha ± 0.098 at 50 cm) with a higher concentration of carbon (13.89 t/ha ± 0.87) followed by nitrogen (1.34 t/ha ± 0.035).

Sedimentary Dynamics of the Sands of the Cover Formation in the Batéké Plateaus (Republic of Congo): Paleoenvironmental Implications

The depositional environment of the sands of the cover formation is discussed. This study aims to determine the paleoenvironments of deposition of the sands of the cover formation in the Batéké Plateaus by studying sedimentary dynamics based on the description of lithological facies in the field and granulometric analyses in the laboratory. In the field, six (6) lithostratigraphic logs were surveyed and 42 sand samples were taken for laboratory analysis. In the laboratory, the samples underwent granulometric, sieving and sedimentometry analyses, after washing with running water using a 63 µm sieve. These analyses made it possible to determine the granulometric classes of the samples. The sieving results allowed to determine the granulometric parameters (mean, standard deviation, mode, median, skewness, flattening or kurtosis) using the method of moments with the software “Gradistat V.8”, granulometric parameters with which the granulometric facies, the mode of transport and the deposition environment were determined using the diagrams. Morphoscopy made it possible to determine the form and aspect of the surface of the quartz grains constituting these sands. Granulometric analyses show that these silty-clay or clayey-silty sands are fine sands and rarely medium sands, moderately to well sorted and rarely well sorted. The dominant granulometric facies is hyperbolic (sigmoid), with parabolic facies being rare. The primary mode of transport of these sands is saltation, which dominates rolling. The dispersion of points in the diagrams shows that these sands originate from two depositional environments: aeolian and fluvial. Morphoscopic analysis reveals the presence of clean rounded matt grains (RM), dirty rounded matt grains (RS), shiny blunt grains (EL) and shiny rounded grains (RL). The rounded matt grains exhibit several impact marks. The presence of dirty rounded grains with a ferruginous cement on their surface indicates that these sands have been reworked. These sands have undergone two types of transport, first by wind (aeolian environment) and then by water (fluvial environment).

陆面过程模式BATS中地气通量计算方案的一个改进试验

在原有的陆面过程模式BATS中,对地表通量的计算基于简单的经验公式,这个计算是十分粗略的.而地气通量对各个气象要素的模拟都很重要,如动量通量会影响大气中的风速分布,热量通量会影响垂直方向上的温度分布而改变大气的层结稳定度,水汽通量则会改变空气中的水分含量和潜热,因而改进地气通量的计算精度是有必要的.为了提高地─气间通量计算的精度,在模式中增加稳定度的分类,将近地层稳定度分为5类,用中尺度气候模式RIEMS,分别对短期和中期模拟作了对比实验.经过比较和分析模拟结果,可以看出在增加稳定度的分类以后,模拟的各个气象要素场都较原来的有了改善.

用 BATS 模型模拟径流的个例研究

为了解陆气间水热交换在径流形成中的作用，本文采用ＢＡＴＳ模型模拟了淮河流域山区和平原在１９９１年汛期５０天的暴雨洪水过程，计算了径流，土壤温度和感热，潜热通量，并用常规的汇流计算方法得到了流域出口断面的流量过程线。为了集总地考虑地形（山区及平原）对径流的影响，对径流表达式中的指数“ｎ”进行了修正。计算结果表明：５０天洪水总量计算误差较小，模拟洪水的洪峰流量与峰现时间与实况相近，径流值的模拟精度与土壤表层温度的模拟精度紧密相关。所有这些说明径流模拟精度的提高是改进陆面对大气的感热、潜热通量计算的一个重要方面。

MM5BATS对东亚夏季气候及其变化的模拟试验

将陆面过程模式BATS耦合到中尺度模式 MM5V3 中与另一区域气候模式 RegCM2 一起对1995-2000年夏季东亚的区域气候作了模拟试验, 并与实际资料作了比较。模拟试验结果表明: (1)两个模式均能较合理地模拟出6年夏季平均的环流、温度和海平面气压等的变化, MM5BATS的模拟结果要略优于RegCM2的结果; (2)MM5BATS模式较合理地模拟出了 6 年夏季平均的降水分布, 而RegCM2模式的模拟结果偏强; (3)MM5BATS模式较好地模拟出了 1997 年和 1998 年夏季环流场的变化, 对降水的模拟也比较合理。RegCM2对1997年和 1998 年降水的模拟基本上都偏强。模拟试验结果还表明, 在区域气候模拟中有必要采用更新的模式。

陆面过程模型CoLM与BATS1e的模拟精度比较——以东北玉米农田为例

利用2008年锦州玉米农田生态系统野外观测站资料对CoLM与BATS1e模型模拟能力进行定量评价。比较发现:两模型对净辐射和表层土壤温度的模拟精度都较高且差异不大,CoLM模型对感热、潜热、土壤热通量、次表层土壤温度模拟能力都不同程度高于BATS1e模型,模拟值对实测值解释能力分别偏高3%、22%、1%、10%,NS(Nash-sutcliffe效率系数)分别偏高1.042、0.266、0.023、0.138。从各月情况看,两模型在7月对感热、潜热模拟能力都较高,而在其它月份CoLM模型模拟精度明显高于BATS1e模型,土壤热通量和次表层土壤温度在5~8月前者模拟精度高于后者。由于CoLM模型对潜热更高精度的模拟可证明其对表层土壤湿度模拟精度高于BATS1e模型。

基于高斯消元的BATS码的改进译码算法

BATS码是一种包括外码和内码的纠删码,外码是喷泉码的矩阵形式。内码是网络编码结构,采用随机线性网络编码算法。BATS码的常用译码算法为BP译码算法,但对有限长BATS码,BP译码算法的性能有大幅度的衰减。因此,在计算资源充足的情况下,可以在BP译码器后采用高斯消元算法对BATS码进行译码。采用高斯消元算法时,矩阵满秩则输入数据包可译,反之则不可译。因此,利用当矩阵不满秩时也有部分包可译的特点,识别并将这部分可译包译出,从而提高高斯消元译码器的译码性能。

BAT评分联合CTA点征对幕上自发性脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的预测价值研究

目的研究BAT评分联合CTA点征对幕上自发性脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的预测价值。方法回顾性分析2021年9月—2022年4月连续于首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院急诊就诊且发病至一站式CT检查时间在6 h内的幕上自发性脑出血患者的资料,根据发病后24~48 h复查头颅CT与基线CT的血肿体积对比,分为血肿扩大组和非血肿扩大组。比较两组患者的基本临床资料、CTA点征及非增强CT(non-contrast computed tomography sign,NCCT)特点(低密度征、混合征等)影像资料、BAT评分(blend sign,any hypodensity,timing of NCCT score,BAT)。采用单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析血肿扩大的危险因素,并绘制ROC曲线分析BAT评分、CTA点征及两者结合对自发性脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的预测价值。结果共纳入97例患者,血肿扩大组28例,非血肿扩大组69例。血肿扩大组患者CTA点征,NCCT低密度征、混合征的发生率均高于非血肿扩大组,BAT评分中位数和BAT评分≥3分的患者比例均高于非血肿扩大组,发病至基线影像时间短于非血肿扩大组,基线出血体积和基线随机血糖水平高于非血肿扩大组,上述差异均有统计学意义。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,CTA点征阳性(OR 31.828,95%CI 5.350~189.337,P<0.01)、BAT评分≥3分(OR 71.976,95%CI 5.391~960.899,P<0.01)、基线出血体积(OR 1.029,95%CI 1.003~1.055,P=0.03)和基线随机血糖(OR 1.355,95%CI 1.070~1.714,P=0.01)可独立预测血肿扩大。ROC曲线分析显示,基线出血体积预测血肿扩大的AUC为0.762,BAT评分≥3分预测血肿扩大的AUC为0.716,CTA点征阳性预测血肿扩大的AUC为0.756,BAT评分≥3分联合CTA点征阳性预测血肿扩大的AUC为0.833。De Long检验提示两者联合预测效力优于单独预测效力(P<0.05)。结论幕上自发性脑出血患者发病6 h内,BAT评分≥3分及CTA点征阳性都可有效预测血肿扩大,两者联合预测的效力更佳。

基于滑窗BATS码的低时延图像渐进传输方案设计

在图像通信中,为了节约网络资源同时保证在多跳网络中的可靠传输,该文提出了一种基于编码统计的滑窗BATS码和小波SPIHT编码的图像传输方案。该方案同基于传统BATS码和SPIHT编码的图像传输方案、基于普通滑窗BATS码和SPIHT编码的图像传输方案相比,不仅较好地改善了BATS码的编码随机性对传输可靠性的影响,还在保证方案具备渐进传输特性的同时显著地降低了传输时延,从而提高了图像通信的用户体验质量(QoE)。

高血压脑出血患者短期预后的影响因素及BAT评分的预测效果

目的 分析高血压脑出血患者短期预后的影响因素及非增强CT 5分预测法(BAT)评分的预测效果。方法 2016年1月—2020年12月在中国人民解放军南部战区海军第二医院治疗的618例高血压脑出血患者,将其中术后28 d内死亡的62例患者设为死亡组,其余556例存活的患者设为存活组。分析高血压脑出血患者术后28 d内死亡的影响因素,并采用受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线分析BAT评分对高血压脑出血患者术后28 d内死亡的预测价值。结果 术前24 h格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分<6分、BAT评分≥4分、首次CT距发病时间短、合并术后24 h并发症为高血压脑出血患者术后28 d内死亡的影响因素(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,BAT评分预测高血压脑出血患者术后28 d内死亡的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.892(P<0.01),95%CI为0.789~0.932,最佳截断值为4分,敏感度为88.29%,特异度为81.43%。结论 术前24 h GCS评分、BAT评分、首次CT距发病时间、术后24 h并发症为高血压脑出血患者术后28 d内死亡的影响因素,且BAT评分对患者预后有较佳的预测价值。

空间通信与BATS码:天成之合（英文）

创新通信技术在国家重大空间技术开发计划中有着巨大的需求。本文综述了基于网络编码的空间通信技术,旨在探索未来基于网络编码的空间通信技术的可行性和潜力。首先讨论了空间通信的特点,并给出了不同编码方法的概述;详细介绍了基于网络编码的批量稀疏编码(BATS码)创新技术。BATS码作为一种潜在的应用技术可以很好地解决多跳中继网络中严重丢包问题;给出一个BATS码原型设计和实现,实验结果证明BATS码比现有技术具有明显优势;最后,讨论了BATS码在空间通信中的应用前景。

Land-Air Interaction over Arid/Semi-arid Areas in China and Its Impact on the East Asian Summer Monsoon. Part I:Calibration of the Land Surface Model (BATS)Using Multicriteria Methods

To improve the land surface simulation in the arid and semi-arid areas of northern China, the observational data from two field experiments in Dunhuang and Tongyu are used to optimize the parameters in the land surface model, BATS, through calibration with the multicriteria method. Sensitivity analysis to the parameters in Dunhuang and Tongyu indicates that different parameters need to be calibrated in two sites with different environmental and climate regimes. Comparison of observed sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and ground surface temperature with the simulated ones shows the simulations with the optimized parameters have been substantially improved. Especially, the holistic simulations with the calibration of the parameter values are much closer to the observations in the arid region （Dunhuang）, and the energy partition with the calibrated parameters can also be simulated well in the semi-arid region （Tongyu）. Whole results demonstrate that the parameter calibration of the land surface model is important when the model is to be used to investigate the land-air interaction.

空间通信中的一种滑动窗口BATS码传输方案研究

针对空间通信中链路传播时延大、丢包率高、中继节点多的问题,在具有良好多级中继传输性能的BATS码基础上,提出一种滑动窗口传输方案,以提高空间传输的可靠性和时效性。利用小度值Batch对滑动窗口的非重叠区域进行编码传输,并采用不等滑动步长,实现了对滑动窗口的重叠部分和非重叠部分的均衡保护,使传输既具有较高可靠性,又具有较高的传输效率。仿真结果表明,在维持与传统的连续重叠滑窗相近可靠性的同时,传输效率提高约20%。

基于重要信息反馈的BATS码优化设计

BATS码是一种结合喷泉码和网络编码技术的新型前向纠删码,能有效保证数据在多跳网络中的可靠传输。在传统BATS码编译码方案中,反馈信息没有得到高效利用,为提高BATS码的译码性能,提出了一种改进的基于重要信息反馈的BATS码编译码算法,其中,重要信息包由接收端和发送端共同选择用于下一轮编码;同时,对重要信息的编码包在中继节点采用网络编码算法进行再编码,以保证重要信息在接收端的可靠恢复。仿真结果表明,该方案相比传统的BATS码以及过去用于喷泉码的基于重要信息反馈的编译码方案,具有更好的译码性能。