Seroprevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis Infection in Women of Procreate Age in the Mayo-Boneye Department in Chad

Introduction: Chlamydia trachomatis infections constitute a major public health problem, particularly in women. The objective of this study is to identify Chlamydia trachomatis to improve the health of women in the Department of Mayo-Boneye. Methodology: This is a prospective observational study that took place from October to December 2021, including 168 patients with their sociodemographic characteristics. The venous blood of the patients was collected in dry tubes and centrifuged to obtain the serum. The Chlamydia IgG Rapid Test Cassette was used for the detection of antibodies to Chlamydia infection. The Epi Info 7TM software was used to perform the statistical analyses. Results: A total of 168 patients were included in this study. The average age was 26.36 ± 9.21 years, the median was 25.5 years with the extremes of 14 years and 70 years. Among these patients, 46.43% were illiterate, 5.95% and 20.83% were primary and secondary school students, respectively, and 26.79% university students. For marital status, 66.67% were single, 16.67% married, 10.71% divorced and 5.95% widowed. Regarding the profession, 26.79% were traders, 8.93% were employees and 64.29% unemployed. In this study, the 168 patients had performed Chlamydia trachomatis serology among whom 02 (1.19%) were excluded for invalid results and 10.71% presented positive cases. The city of Bongor was the most infected with 61% of cases. Among these patients, 54.22% were linked to risk factors for Chlamydia trachomatis. The most infected age group was between 25 and 35 with a seroprevalence of 5.36% of cases. Conclusion: In this study, Chlamydia trachomatis was positive for 10.71% of diagnosed cases. The most affected age groups are young, sexually active women. The State should emphasize the screening of women, the awareness of students and academics.

Comparative Study of PCR Kits with Cell Culture and LCR in the Detection of Chlamydia Trachomatis Infections

Objective: To determine the diagnostic performancesof six Chinese PCR kits for detection of Chlamydiatrachomatis in patients with sexually transmitteddiseases using cell culture and LCR as references.Methods: Endocervical or urethral swab specimenswere collected from 673 patients attending STDclinics in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing and Tianjin. C.trachomatis culture and PCR were performed onspecimens from all patients while LCR detection wasperformed only on specimens with discordant cultureand PCR results.Results: Of the 616 patients, 6.3% (39) wereculture-positive while 23.5% to 28.7% were positiveby PCR testing. Compared to cell culture, the sensi-tivity of all six PCR methods was 90% or higher. In200 cases with discrepant reports, LCR and PCRshowed excellent consistency (YI index: 0.523-0.881 ), the sensitivity and specificity of PCR methodswere 83.9%- 98.6% and 66.7%- 94.7% respectively,while PCR2 showed the highest YI index (0.881). Withthe reference standard defined as culture positive orLCR positive plus at least one PCR positive fordiscrepant results, we found that the specificity andsensitivity of all six Chinese PCR kits were higherthan 95% and 85%, respectively.Conclusions: Domestically-produced PCR kits forChlamydia trachomatis detection are highly sensi-tive and specific, however, quality control remainsimportant in their clinical application.

Prokaryotic Expression and Identification of Outer Membrane Protein 2 of Chlamydia trachomatis

Objective: To construct a recombinant plasmid containing the outer membrane protein 2 (Omp2) gene of Chlamydia trachomatis and express Omp2 in E.coli. Methods: The omp2 gene of C. trachomatis serovar D was cloned into pQE30 vector following PCR amplification from genomic DNA. E. coli M15 transformants were induced to express the fusion protein by IPTG and the product was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Results: Confirmed by enzyme cleavage analysis and DNA sequencing, a correct recombinant plasmid pQE30/omp2 was constructed. The fusion protein from the transformants was approximately 60 kDa in size in SDS-PAGE analysis, which could specially react with anti-6 X His mouse monoclonal IgG antibodies. Conclusion: We successfully expressed Omp2 in E. coli M15, providing an efficient and simple system for assaying the immunological properties of Omp2.

Study on Drug Resistance and Relative Mechanisms of Chlamydia Trachomatis

Chlamydia Trachomatis (C.T.) is one of the most common pathogens of human sexually transmitted diseases. Treatment of C.T. infection primarily depends on Tetracyclines, Macrolides and Quinolones, but with the wide use of antibiotics an increasing number of drug-resistant Chlamydia trachomatis cases have been reported. This review summarizes the resistant conditions and the possible resistance mechanisms of C.T..

Evaluation of patients with dry eye disease for conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum

AIM：To determine the possibility of the development of dry eye disease（DED） as a result of persistent infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in the conjunctiva of patients.METHODS： This study was conducted on 58 patients of age range 20-50 y,diagnosed with DED confirmed by Schirmer I test and tear breakup time.The non-dry eye control group included 27 subjects of the same age.Ocular specimens were collected as conjunctival scrapings and swabs divided into three groups： the first used for bacterial culture,the second and third taken to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum by direct fluorescent antibody（DFA） assay and polymerase chain reaction（PCR） method. RESULTS： Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 65.5% and 76% of DED patients by DFA and PCR methods respectively.Ureaplasma urealyticum was found in 44.8% of DED infected patients using the PCR method.Both organisms were identified in only 37.9% of DED patients found to be infected.Control subjects had a 22%detection rate of Chlamydia trachomatis by DFA assay versus a 7% detection rate by PCR; while Ureaplasma urealyticum was detected in 3.7% of the controls by PCR method.The conjunctival culture revealed that gram positive microorganisms represented 75% of isolates with coagulase negative Staphylococci the most common（50%） followed by Staphylococcus aureus（20%）,whereas gram negative microorganisms occurred in 25% of cases,isolating Moraxella spp.as the most frequent organism. CONCLUSION： Our results tend to point out that Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum were detected in a moderate percentage of patients with DED,and could be a fair possibility for its development.PCR is more reliable in detecting Chlamydia trachomatis than DFA technique.The presence of isolated conjunctival bacterial microflora can be of some potential value.

Chlamydia trachomatis and sperm lipid peroxidation in infertile men

<abstract>Aim: To relate the presence of anti-Chlamydial trachomatis IgA in semen with sperm lipid membrane peroxidation and changes in seminal parameters. Methods: Semen samples of the male partners of 52 couples assessed for undiagnosed infertility were examined for the presence of IgA antibody against C. trachomatis. The level of sperm membrane lipid peroxidation was estimated by determining the malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. Results: Sperm membrane of infertile males with positive IgA antibodies against C. trachomatis showed a higher level of lipid peroxidation than that of infertile males with negative IgA antibody (P<0.05). There was a positive correlation (P< 0.01) between the level of C. trachomatis antibody and the magnitude of sperm membrane lipid peroxidation. All the other tested semen parameters were found to be similar in the two groups. Conclusion: The activation of immune system by C. trachomatis may promote lipid peroxidation of the sperm membrane. This could be the way by which C. trachomatis affects fertility.

Study of the prevalence and association of ocular chlamydial conjunctivitis in women with genital infection by Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Candida albicans attending outpatient clinic

AIMTo determine the association between chlamydial conjunctivitis and genital infection by Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Candida albicans, in addition to the possible relationship between cultured bacterial pathogens and oculogenital chlamydial infection.METHODSThis study was performed on 100 (50 symptomatic and 50 asymptomatic) women attending the Gynecological and Obstetric outpatient clinic of Alzahra hospital, Alazhar University. Simultaneously a conjunctival swab was taken from these patients. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was done on DNA extracted from both vaginal and conjunctival swab samples. Culture for both vaginal and conjunctival swabs was also done.RESULTSCandida albicans was the predominant organism isolated by culture in 20% and 40% of conjunctival and vaginal swabs respectively. By the PCR method, ocular Chlamydia trachomatis was present in 60% of symptomatic women, while genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection was present in 30% of symptomatic women. The results of this method also indicated that 25/50 (50%) vaginal swabs were positive with PCR for Candida albicans versus 15/50 (30%) were PCR positive in conjunctival swab. Mycoplasma genitalium was present in only 10% of vaginal swabs. Concomitant oculogenital PCR positive results for Chlamydia trachomatis and Candida albicans were 30% and 28% respectively.CONCLUSIONOcular Chlamydia trachomatis was associated with genital Chlamydia trachomatis in a high percentage of women followed by Candida albicans. Cultured bacterial organisms do not play a role in enhancement of Chlamydia trachomatis infection.

High frequency of latent Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

AIM： To determine the frequency of detection of ocular and extraocular Chlamydia trachomatis （CT） infection in non -high myopes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment （RRD）. METHODS： This was a single-center, nonrandomized, prospective, case-control study. One hundred and four patients were divided into a study group with RRD （n= 63） and a control group with traumatic retinal detachment （n=41）. Samples of subretinal fluid （SFR）, conjunctival, urethral/cervical swabs, and blood were collected. The frequency of detection of CT infection in SRF samples was determined by polymerase chain reaction （PCR）, direct fluorescence assay （DFA） and cell culture, whereas that in conjunctival swabs was determined by PCR and DFA, and those in urethral/cervical swabs and blood were determined by DFA. Yates Chi-square test （with Bonferroni correction） and two-tailed Student＇s t-test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS： SRF CT infection was detected more frequently in the study group （50.8%-71.4%） than in the control group （9.8%-12.2%） by all the methods used （P〈 0.01）. The frequency of detection of conjunctival CT infection by DFA was higher in the RRD patients compared with the controls （81.0% vs 24.4%, P=0.004）. The PCR detected conjunctival CT infection more often in the study group than in the controls （46.0% vs89.8%, P= 0.007）. The DFA detected CT in blood specimens almost as frequently as in urogenital specimens, for the RRD patients （61.2% vs 63.5%） and the controls （7.3% vs 9.8%）. CONCLUSION： CT infection is detected with high frequency in non-high myopes with RRD.

Trichomonas vaginalis and Chlamydia trachomatis Prevalence,Incidence and Associated Factors in Pregnant Adolescents from Belém City,in the Brazilian Amazon

Background: Adolescents are disproportionally affected by sexually transmitted infections (STI). Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) are the most frequent curable STI in adolescents, causing serious consequences for their reproductive health. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence and incidence of CT and TV, as well as their risk factors in pregnant adolescents from Belém, northern Brazilian Amazon. Methods: This prospective study enrolled 199 adolescents up to 20 weeks of pregnancy. They were scheduled for follow-up visit between 28 and 29 weeks of pregnancy. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were obtained by interview. Cervicovaginal samples were taken to test for TV, CT, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and bacterial vaginosis. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to test the association of prevalent/incident CT and TV with the variables. Results: Prevalence of cervical CT infection was 33.7% (n = 67/ 199), and for trichomoniasis it was 4.0% (n = 8/199). Cervical ectopy increased the risk for prevalent CT (OR, 1.93;95% CI, 1.01 - 3.70), while having treated vaginal discharge in the past (OR, 0.51;95% CI, 0.26 - 0.98) and being married (OR, 0.10;95% CI, 0.01 - 0.83) were protective against current CT and TV, respectively. Among the 95 (47.7%) adolescents who completed follow-up, 15 cases of incident CT were identified. Incident CT was associated with having a formal or informal job (OR, 28.4;95% CI, 2.1 - 391.6) and bacterial vaginosis treatment at the baseline (OR, 0.08;95% CI, 0.01 - 0.69). Conclusion: Prevalence and incidence rates of TV and CT are high in this population devoid of STI routine screening. Treatment of bacterial vaginosis may benefit this population by reducing risk for CT acquisition.

Expression and Purification of the Major Outer Membrane Protein of Chlamydia Trachomatis in Prokaryotic Cell

To clone and construct the recombinant plasmid containing the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) gene of Chlamydia trachomatis (C.trachomatis) and to express the fusion protein in E.coli BL21, the MOMP gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from genome of C.trachomatis serovar D. The fragment was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-22b(+) after digestion with BamHⅠ and NotⅠ and transformed into E.coli XL1-Blue. Recombinants were selected by enzyme digestion and sequencing and the recombinant plasmid with MOMP gene was then transformed into E.coli BL21 with IPTG to express the target gene. The expression recombinant proteins were purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography, and identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. It was found that a 1.2?kb MOMP gene was isolated. The DNA sequence of MOMP was found to be just the same as the sequence published by GenBank. A recombinant plasmid containing MOMP gene was constructed to express the fusion proteins in E.coli. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the relative molecular weight of the recombinant protein was about 47?kDa that was consistent with the theoretical predicted value, and the specificity of the expressed protein was conformed by Western blot. It concluded that the MOMP gene could be expressed in the prokaryotic system, by which it provided the foundation for the future studies on the biological activities of C.trachomatis and for the development of vaccine against this pathogen.

Immunohistochemical Analysis of TNF-α and HSP-60 in Women with Tubal Factor Infertility Associated with Chlamydia Trachomatis

Summary: To explore the roles of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and heat shock protein 60 (HSP-60) in women with tubal factor infertility (TFI) associated with Chlamydia trachomatis, and to determine the mechanisms of fallopian adhesions in Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infections, the expressions of TNF-α and HSP-60 were quantitatively determined in 60 cases of TFI and 30 controls by immunohistochemical technique. The patients with TFI were further divided into group A and group B according to the CT-DNA of cervical specimens of PCR. The quantitative analysis was conducted by employing computerized image analysis system. It is found that the expressions of TNF-α and HSP-60 were much higher in TFI patients than those of controls. Among CT-HSP responders, a stronger expression was correlated with more severe salpingeal pathology. It is concluded that TNF-α and HSP-60 play very important roles in fallopian tube adhesion and occlusion in TFI due to CT infection.

A Simple Method of Detecting Chlamydia Trachomatis UsingEnzymatically Amplified DNA and Immobilized Probes onMicrotiter Plate

We have develoPed a simPle and economical method f0r Chlamydia trachomatisdetecting, called microtiter plate hybridization (PCR-MPH), which may replace stan-dard PCR. This method is similar to that of an ELISA. Brithe, the PCR productslabeled at the 5'termini with biotin were hybridized with probes immobilized on a mi-crotiter well, and the bound PCR products were detected by streptavidin-c0njugatedenzymes followed by color development. Two inprovements have been made in immobi-lizing the probe to the microtiter wells, in terms of increasing both immobility and hy-bridization deciency. One is that singleustranded (ss )DNA, without the complemen-tary strand, is used. The other is that instead of a single copy, a tandem array of theprobe is used for immobilization and hybridization. Using of ssDNA containing abouta 5O-rePeat array of a relevant sequence as an immobilized probe, the sensitivity in-creased 1O-fold over that of a single oligonucleotide unit. We also found that the hy-brldizatlon condltions such as time, temPerature, and solution composition could be simplthed. The advantages of this microtiter plate-hybridization method for routinepathogens detecting are a short time assay, easy processing of large numbers of sansples, and the potential for automation.

Characterization of Chlamydia trachomatis omp1 gene among sexually transmitted disease patients in south China

To investigate the DNA sequence polymorphism of Chlamydia traehomatis ompl gene, urogenital samples were collected from 4 different cities in South China, DNA was extracted, and an approx- imately 980-bp-long fragment of the ompl gene was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction （nPCR）. DNA sequence was determined, genotyping was performed by BLAST similarity search, and multiple alignment was performed with CLUSTAL X. Then a phylogenetie tree was constructed by Mega 3 software to illustrate the evolutionary relationships between clinical isolates and reference strains. Ninetysix specimens were sequenced, and 28 genetic variants were detected, among which E was the most prevalent genotype. The ompl gene was highly conserved for genotypes E and F, but appeared slightly less conserved for other genotypes, where the sequences displayed one to several nueleotide substitutions relative to the reference sequence. Phylogenetie tree showed that C. traehomatis serotypes were mainly divided into three clusters, according to previous grouping in the B, F-G, and C complexes, and the clinical isolates were highly related to the corresponding reference strains. It concluded that the ompl gene of the isolated C. traehomatis strains exhibited remarkable DNA sequence polymorphism, which can encourage for vaccine design and infection control.

Biological Effects of Chlamydiaphage phi CPG1 Capsid Protein Vp1 on Chlamydia Trachomatis In Vitro and In Vivo

The researches on chlamydia in recent years show that chlamydia bacteriophage may be a potential and effective means to solve the clinical infection of chlamydia trachomatis（Ct）. We investigated the biological effect of chlamydiaphage phi CPG1 capsid protein Vp1 on Ct both in Mc Coy cells and genital tract of mice. Different concentrations of Vp1 were co-incubated with Ct E serotype strain in Mc Coy cells. Female BALB/c mice were used to establish Ct E strain-induced urogenital infection model. They were randomly divided into five groups and given different treatments on the fifth day after Ct inoculation. Animals in groups 1 and 2 were given 30 μL different concentrations of Vp1 in the genital tract respectively, those in group 3 were intramuscularly injected with 30 μL Vp1, those in the infected group did not receive any intervention, and those in the control group received 30 μL PBS in the genital tract. The vaginal discharge was collected to identify the live chlamydia by cell culture and gene fragment by real time PCR different days after infection. Inhibition rate of 100 μg/m L and 50 μg/m L Vp1 proteins against Ct E strain in the Mc Coy cell cultures was 91% and 79% respectively. The number of intracellular Ct inclusion in the Mc Coy cells co-cultured with vaginal discharge of group 1 and group 2 was less than in the infected group, and that in group 1 was less than in group 2, on the 7th day after Ct inoculation. Real-time PCR showed that chlamydia concentration of the vaginal discharge in group 2 was lower than in the infected group, and that in group 1 was lower than in group 2 on the 10 th day. It was suggested that Vp1 capsid proteins had inhibitory effect on the proliferation of Ct serovar E strain in cell culture and mouse genital tract.

Vidas CHL Assay in the Detection of Urogenital Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection

Objectives: To evaluate the Vidas Chlamydia (CHL) assayfor detecting C.Trachomatis with swabs and first catch urine(FCU) specimens from STD patients and high riskpopulations. Methods: A total of 383 pahents were tested with tissueculture (TC), Vidas CHL and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)for C.trachomatis on male and female swabs, with Vidas CHLtesting male FCU specimens. CHL positive and equivocalresults were confirmed with a blocking assay (CHB). Truepositive were defined as either TC positive, or TC negtive butCHL and PCR positive. The performance of TC, CHL andPCR were evaluated according to this expanded goldstandard. Results: Compared with the expanded gold standard, 54 ofthe 232 male specimens were true positive results. For maleswabs, TC, CHL and PCR had sensitivities of 90.7%, 96.3%and 94.4%, and specificities of 100%, 98.3% and 97.2%,respectively. Differences were not statistically significant. Formale FCU specimens, CHL sensitivity and specificity were83.3% and 98.3%; there was little difference between theseresults and that of matched swabs. Compared with theexpanded gold standard, 28 of the 151 female swabs were truepositive; TC, CHL and PCR had sensitivities of 82.1%, 100%and 96.4%, and specificities of 100%, 98.4% and 97.6%,respectively. The difference was also not significant. Conclusions: Vidas CHL assay is very scnsitive and specificfor C.trachomatis detection with swab specimens of male andfemale STD patients. For male FCU specimens, the assay alsohad high sensitivity and specificity. CHB may not be needed inthe routine detection or Chlamydia infections. Populationswith higher incidence of C.trachomatis infection.

Cloning of Omp1 Gene from Chlamydia trachomatis F Genotype

Objective: To directionally clone the ompl gene fromChlamydia trachomatis (Ct) F genotype onto a plasmid vectorfor constructing a rudimentary DNA vaccine. Methods: The complete ompl gene from genomic DNA of CtF genotype wild species was amplified with primers designedby computer. The recombinant gene was obtained byrestriction enzyme cutting, linking the gene with the plasmidvector in vitro, transforming the recombinant gene intobacteria, and extracting the DNA from the bacteria. Results: DNA extracted from the bacteria was composed ofthe ompl gene and plasmid, which is identified by threemethods of singular restrictive enzyme cutting, doublerestrictive enzyme cutting and PCR. Conclusion: Cloning of the ompl gene from the Ct Fgenotype means that a rudimentary DNA vaccine wassuccessfully constructed.

Tubal Infertility and Chlamydia Trachomatis in a Congolese Infertile Population

Infertility of tubal origin is the most frequent in sub-Saharan area. It is due to tuboperitoneal lesions mainly because of infection;especially sexually transmitted infection. Worldwide, Chlamydia trachomatis is the main pathogen. In our setting, some studies failed to establish the link between tubal infertility and chlamydia trachomatis. The current study aimed to determine the local data related to chlamydia trachomatis role in tubal infertility and the usefulness of Chlamydia trachomatis antibody titer test (CAT) in discrimination of the patients with and without tuboperitoneal lesions. Patients’ average age was 33.9 ± 4.8 years, average coitarche 19.4 ± 4.4 years and average number of partners: 3.1 ± 1.6. The level of CAT is correlated to the tuboperitoneal severity. CAT was more specific (93.3%;CI 95%: 81.7 - 98.6) than sensitive (72.7% CI 95%: 49.8 - 89.3) and discriminated correctly 89% (AUC = 0.89) of the patients with or without tuboperitoneal lesions. In conclusion, as it is stated worldwide, Chlamydia trachomatis is the most frequent sexually transmitted pathogen associated with tubal infertility. CAT has to be used as a tool to select patients to be submitted to invasive investigation, like laparoscopy.

Measurement of Antibodies and Cytokines in Chlamydia Trachomatis-related Infertile Patients

Objectives: To find out the level and functions of Chlamydia trachomatis heat shock protein (C-hsp60) antibody, anti-spermantibody(ASAb), interleukin 1(IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6),interleukin 8 (IL-8), Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)and γ-interferon (IFN-γ) in patients with CT-related infertility. Methods: CT-DNA of cervical secretions was detectedthrough polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and migrationinhibiting factor (MIF) was employed to measure IgG titre ofCT MOMP antibody. Western blot was used to determinepresence of C-hsp60 antibody and enzyme-linkedimmunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) measured ASAb of IgG typein blood serum and determine the content of IL-1, IL-6. IL-8.TNF-α. IFN-γ in uterine tube fluid. Results: 68 patients had positive CT-DNA, among which 57(83.8%) had C-hsp60 antibody. Among the 172 patients withnegative CT-DNA, 64 patients (37.2%) also had C-hsp60Antibody. There was a significant difference (P<0.01) betweeninfertile patients and control group patients in the presence ofAAb. Infertile patients with positive CT-DNA had higher levels of IL-1、IL-6. IL-8. TNF-α. IFN-γ in uterine tube fluidcompared to control group patients (P<0.01). Conclusion: Firstly, those patients with negative CT testingfrom cervical secretions cannot be ruled out for CT infectionin deep parts of the body (such as oviduct, pelvic kidney).Detection of C-hsp60 Antibody may help to diagnose suchcases of CT. Secondly, CT infection of the oviduct can raiselevels of IL-1、IL-6、 IL-8、 TNF-α. IFN-γ. The pathogenesis ofinfertility caused by CT infection in the reproductive tractmay be related to cytokine production and inflammatoryresponses mediated by C-hsp60 Antibody, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8,TNF-α, and IFN-γ.

Inhibition of Urogenital Chlamydia Trachomatis in Vitro by 12 Diuretic Traditional Chinese Medicines

Objective: To detect the inhibition of urogenitalchlamydia trachomatis (CT) by 12 traditional Chinesemedicines in vitro.Methods: The inhibition of CT isolates by these medicineswas detected by micro-culture technique with McCoy cellsin vitro. Results: All the diuretic traditional Chinese medicinesinhibited urogenital CT The minimum inhibitoryconcentrations (MICs) ranged from 0.122 mg ml^(-1) to 62.5mg ml^(-1). Diathus superbus L., Poria cocos (Shew.) Woft,Polyporus umbellatus (Pers.) Fries, and Artemisia capillariesThunb showed stronger inhibition than the other eighttraditional Chinese medicines. The numbers and sizes ofinclusions bodies reduced gradually and disappeared finallywith the increase of the concentrations. Conclusion: All the 12 diuretic traditional Chinesemedicines inhibited urogenital CT.

Clinical Study of Continuous Infection in the Urogenital System of Chlamydiae trachomatis

Objective： To analyze the causes of persistent infection of Chlamydia trachomatis in the urogenital system. Method： We followed 223 patients with Chlamydia trachomatis infection who were treated regularly. Result： After treatment, 22.87% of cases still tested positive. After one year and change of treatment regime,4.48% of cases remained positive, most of whom were female. Conclusion： The course of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in the urogenital system is varied. This diversity has many causes including immunocompetence the characteristics of chalmydia trchomatis infection and genetic resistance.