The relationship between the ploidy level of microspore-derived plants and chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells was studied in cabbage, broccoli, and Chinese kale. In the experiment, distribution statistics anal...The relationship between the ploidy level of microspore-derived plants and chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells was studied in cabbage, broccoli, and Chinese kale. In the experiment, distribution statistics analysis and t-test were used to perform statistical analysis on chloroplast number of different ploidy level in those stomatal guard cells mentioned above, and morphology identifying and chromosome counting were used to test accuracy of counting chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells. The chloroplast average number in stomatal guard cells was very similar among the different leaf positions on the same plant and among significantly among the different ploidy the different locations in the same stoma in the same variety. All the leaf, while the chloroplast number varied distributions of the chloroplast number in different ploidy stoma were normal distribution fitted. A correlation has been established between ploidy and chloroplast number in the stomatal guard cells. In every single stoma of microspore-derived plants, the chloroplast number for a haploid should not be more than 10, diploids 11 to 15, and polyploids more than 15. The accuracy of this method for identification of different ploidy plants was 93.93%. Furthermore, the accuracy of this method was reliable and did not vary with the plants growth conditions. Therefore, the chromosome ploidy of plants derived from microspore culture in cabbage, broccoli, and Chinese kale can be identified by simply counting the chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells.展开更多
In petroleum-producing territories of West Siberia(Russia),oil well gas flares have a thermal effect on nearby plant communities.Such communities can be used as models for studying plant acclimation to global warming....In petroleum-producing territories of West Siberia(Russia),oil well gas flares have a thermal effect on nearby plant communities.Such communities can be used as models for studying plant acclimation to global warming.In the present study on the effect of the hydrothermal regime at the flare sites on mesophyll and stomatal functional traits of Betula pubescens,leaves were collected from trees at250 m(control site[CS]),200,150 and 100 m(maximum impact site[MIS])from a flare.From the CS to MIS site,the average annual air temperature increased by 0.5℃and bog water level decreased by 17 cm.On plants from the MIS,stomata were 16%smaller and density was 20%lower compared to those at the CS,resulting in lower maximum stomatal conductance in plants from the MIS(mean±SE:MIS 0.84±0.05 mol·m^(-2)s^(-1),CS 1.24±0.06 mol·m^(-2)s^(-1);F=12.6,P<0.01).Mesophyll cell volume was 1.9 times lower at MIS than at CS.Chloroplast numbers per cell also declined with distance from the flares,from 21(MIS)to18(CS;F=15.6,P<0.001),and chloroplast volume was 24%higher at the CS,whereas the number of mesophyll cells and chloroplasts numbers per unit leaf area were 1.9 and 1.8 times higher at the MIS than at the CS,respectively.As a result,leaves from the MIS had a large total mesophyll cell(Ames/A)and chloroplast(Achl/A)surface area per unit leaf area,resulting in a 46%increase in mesophyll conductance in plants from the MIS.Thus,structural changes in leaf epidermis consisted of a decrease in stomatal size and number,could lower transpiration losses with higher temperatures and less water.To compensate for the reduction in leaf conductance due to a decrease in stomatal conductance under these conditions,an increase in the number of mesophyll cells and chloroplasts per unit area provides a greater gas-exchange area and mesophyll conductance.展开更多
为了利用叶绿体基因工程技术改良普通油茶的重要经济性状,该研究以普通油茶叶绿体全基因组序列为材料,从中筛选出51条长度大于300 bp且以ATG起始的非重复CDS(Coding DNA Sequence)为对象,利用CodonW软件分析其密码子偏好性。结果表明:...为了利用叶绿体基因工程技术改良普通油茶的重要经济性状,该研究以普通油茶叶绿体全基因组序列为材料,从中筛选出51条长度大于300 bp且以ATG起始的非重复CDS(Coding DNA Sequence)为对象,利用CodonW软件分析其密码子偏好性。结果表明:密码子第三位GC含量为27.55%,ENC范围在35.23~56.67之间,平均值为46.09;RSCU值大于1.00的密码子数目为30个,其中29个第三位碱基以U或A结尾;中性绘图表明GC12与GC3的相关系数为0.143,相关性不显著,回归系数为0.0573;频数分布显示,55%基因的ENC比值集中分布在0~0.1,25%基因的ENC比值分布在0.1~0.2之间;对应分析结果表明,第一向量轴占10.12%的差异,第二向量轴占9.36%的差异,其余两轴分别占7.97%和7.46%,前4轴累计差异为34.91%。中性绘图、ENC-plot和对应性分析均表明普通油茶叶绿体基因密码子偏好受突变作用,更多受选择的影响。最终取高表达优越密码子和高频密码子共有的CUU、AUU、GUU、GUA、UAA、CAA、AAA、GAC、GAA、CCU、ACU、GCU、GCA、UGU、CGU、AGU、UUG、GGU等18个密码子作为最优密码子。该研究结果为利用叶绿体基因工程技术改良普通油茶重要经济性状奠定了基础。展开更多
文摘The relationship between the ploidy level of microspore-derived plants and chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells was studied in cabbage, broccoli, and Chinese kale. In the experiment, distribution statistics analysis and t-test were used to perform statistical analysis on chloroplast number of different ploidy level in those stomatal guard cells mentioned above, and morphology identifying and chromosome counting were used to test accuracy of counting chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells. The chloroplast average number in stomatal guard cells was very similar among the different leaf positions on the same plant and among significantly among the different ploidy the different locations in the same stoma in the same variety. All the leaf, while the chloroplast number varied distributions of the chloroplast number in different ploidy stoma were normal distribution fitted. A correlation has been established between ploidy and chloroplast number in the stomatal guard cells. In every single stoma of microspore-derived plants, the chloroplast number for a haploid should not be more than 10, diploids 11 to 15, and polyploids more than 15. The accuracy of this method for identification of different ploidy plants was 93.93%. Furthermore, the accuracy of this method was reliable and did not vary with the plants growth conditions. Therefore, the chromosome ploidy of plants derived from microspore culture in cabbage, broccoli, and Chinese kale can be identified by simply counting the chloroplast number in stomatal guard cells.
基金performed within the budget themes of the Institute Botanic Garden UB RASthe framework of the state assignment FEWZ-2020–0009 from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation。
文摘In petroleum-producing territories of West Siberia(Russia),oil well gas flares have a thermal effect on nearby plant communities.Such communities can be used as models for studying plant acclimation to global warming.In the present study on the effect of the hydrothermal regime at the flare sites on mesophyll and stomatal functional traits of Betula pubescens,leaves were collected from trees at250 m(control site[CS]),200,150 and 100 m(maximum impact site[MIS])from a flare.From the CS to MIS site,the average annual air temperature increased by 0.5℃and bog water level decreased by 17 cm.On plants from the MIS,stomata were 16%smaller and density was 20%lower compared to those at the CS,resulting in lower maximum stomatal conductance in plants from the MIS(mean±SE:MIS 0.84±0.05 mol·m^(-2)s^(-1),CS 1.24±0.06 mol·m^(-2)s^(-1);F=12.6,P<0.01).Mesophyll cell volume was 1.9 times lower at MIS than at CS.Chloroplast numbers per cell also declined with distance from the flares,from 21(MIS)to18(CS;F=15.6,P<0.001),and chloroplast volume was 24%higher at the CS,whereas the number of mesophyll cells and chloroplasts numbers per unit leaf area were 1.9 and 1.8 times higher at the MIS than at the CS,respectively.As a result,leaves from the MIS had a large total mesophyll cell(Ames/A)and chloroplast(Achl/A)surface area per unit leaf area,resulting in a 46%increase in mesophyll conductance in plants from the MIS.Thus,structural changes in leaf epidermis consisted of a decrease in stomatal size and number,could lower transpiration losses with higher temperatures and less water.To compensate for the reduction in leaf conductance due to a decrease in stomatal conductance under these conditions,an increase in the number of mesophyll cells and chloroplasts per unit area provides a greater gas-exchange area and mesophyll conductance.
文摘为了利用叶绿体基因工程技术改良普通油茶的重要经济性状,该研究以普通油茶叶绿体全基因组序列为材料,从中筛选出51条长度大于300 bp且以ATG起始的非重复CDS(Coding DNA Sequence)为对象,利用CodonW软件分析其密码子偏好性。结果表明:密码子第三位GC含量为27.55%,ENC范围在35.23~56.67之间,平均值为46.09;RSCU值大于1.00的密码子数目为30个,其中29个第三位碱基以U或A结尾;中性绘图表明GC12与GC3的相关系数为0.143,相关性不显著,回归系数为0.0573;频数分布显示,55%基因的ENC比值集中分布在0~0.1,25%基因的ENC比值分布在0.1~0.2之间;对应分析结果表明,第一向量轴占10.12%的差异,第二向量轴占9.36%的差异,其余两轴分别占7.97%和7.46%,前4轴累计差异为34.91%。中性绘图、ENC-plot和对应性分析均表明普通油茶叶绿体基因密码子偏好受突变作用,更多受选择的影响。最终取高表达优越密码子和高频密码子共有的CUU、AUU、GUU、GUA、UAA、CAA、AAA、GAC、GAA、CCU、ACU、GCU、GCA、UGU、CGU、AGU、UUG、GGU等18个密码子作为最优密码子。该研究结果为利用叶绿体基因工程技术改良普通油茶重要经济性状奠定了基础。
