Phylogenetic study on Scenedesmacae with the description of a new genus Coccoidesmus gen.nov.(Chlorophyceae,Chlorophyta)and chloroplast genome analyses

Members of the family Scenedesmaceae are some of the most common algal taxa in inland ecosystems,and they are widely distributed in freshwaters,aerial,and sub-aerial habitats.With the continuous updating of methods,the classic morphological taxonomy of this family needs to be revised.In recent years,many genera of Scenedesmaceae have been established via the use of molecular methods.The phylogenetic relationships within Scenedesmaceae were analyzed using different molecular markers and morphological data,and the new freshwater genus Coccoidesmus Wang,Hou et Liu gen.nov.was described.Two new species in this genus were also described.Phylogenetic analysis based on tufA genes revealed that the new genus formed an independent clade closely related to Comasiella.However,these two genera are characterized by significant morphological differences in colony arrangement and cell shape.The chloroplast genome of the type species was assembled and annotated,and analyses of genome structure and sequences were conducted.More genome data could help clarify the phylogenetic relationships within this family.

A Golden2-like transcription factor, BnGLK1a, improves chloroplast development, photosynthesis, and seed weight in rapeseed

Enhancing photosynthetic efficiency is a major goal for improving crop yields under agricultural field conditions and is associated with chloroplast biosynthesis and development.In this study,we demonstrate that Golden2-like 1a(BnGLK1a)plays an important role in regulating chloroplast development and photosynthetic efficiency.Overexpressing BnGLK1a resulted in significant increases in chlorophyll content,the number of thylakoid membrane layers and photosynthetic efficiency in Brassica napus,while knocking down BnGLK1a transcript levels through RNA interference(RNAi)had the opposite effects.A yeast two-hybrid screen revealed that BnGLK1a interacts with the abscisic acid receptor PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE 1-LIKE 1-2(BnPYL1-2)and CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 9 SIGNALOSOME 5A subunit(BnCSN5A),which play essential roles in regulating chloroplast development and photosynthesis.Consistent with this,BnGLK1a-RNAi lines of B.napus display hypersensitivity to the abscisic acid(ABA)response.Importantly,overexpression of BnGLK1a resulted in a 10%increase in thousand-seed weight,whereas seeds from BnGLK1a-RNAi lines were 16%lighter than wild type.We propose that BnGLK1a could be a potential target in breeding for improving rapeseed productivity.Our results not only provide insights into the mechanisms of BnGLK1a function,but also offer a potential approach for improving the productivity of Brassica species.

Comparative and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Complete Chloroplast Genomes of 19 Species in Rosaceae Family

Rosaceae represents a vast and complex group of species,with its classification being intricate and contentious.The taxonomic placement of many species within this family has been a subject of ongoing debate.The study utilized the Illumina platform to sequence 19 plant species from 10 genera in the Rosaceae.The cp genomes,vary-ing in size from 153,366 to 159,895 bp,followed the typical quadripartite organization consisting of a large single-copy(LSC)region(84,545 to 87,883 bp),a small single-copy(SSC)region(18,174 to 19,259 bp),and a pair of inverted repeat(IR)regions(25,310 to 26,396 bp).These genomes contained 132–138 annotated genes,including 87 to 93 protein-coding genes(PCGs),37 tRNA genes,and 8 rRNA genes using MISA software,52 to 121 simple sequence repeat(SSR)loci were identified.D.arbuscular contained the least of SSRs and did not have hexanotides,A.lineata contained the richest SSRs.Long terminal repeats(LTRs)were primarily composed of palindromic and forward repeat sequences,meanwhile,The richest LTRs were found in Argentina lineata.Except for Argentina lineata,Fragariastrum eriocarpum,and Prunus trichostoma,which varied in gene type and position on both sides of the boundary,the remaining species were found to be mostly conserved according to IR boundary analysis.The examination of the Ka/Ks ratio revealed that only the infA gene had a value greater than 1,indicating that this gene was primarily subjected to positive selection during evolution.Additionally,9 hotspots of variation were identified in the LSC and SSC regions.Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the scientific validity of the genus Prunus L.sensu lato(s.l.)within the Rosaceae family.The separation of the three genera Argentina Hill,Fragariastrum Heist.ex Fabr.and Dasiphora Raf.from Potentilla L.may be a more scientific classification.These results offer fresh perspectives on the taxonomy of the Rosaceae.

Structural Characterization of Chloroplast Genome in Alpinia japonica(Thunb.)Miq.,a Medicinal Plant of the Genus Alpinia

The analysis of chloroplast gene characteristics in Alpinia japonica(Thunb.)Miq.is of great significance for developing relevant genetic resources.The high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatic research were performed to analyze the chloroplast genome characteristics of A.japonica.The total chloroplast genome length of A.japonica was 161,906 bp,with a typical circular tetrameric structure.And 133 genes were annotated,comprising 87 protein-coding,38 tRNA,and 8 rRNA genes.Furthermore,22 genes contained two copies,and 18 genes owned introns.Repeat sequence analysis showed that it contains 321 simple sequence repeats(SSRs)and 37 long segment repeats.Compared with the chloroplast genomes of eight representative plants in the genus Alpinia,the gene structure,type,and quantity were relatively conservative.Rps12 was the highest variation site in the entire chloroplast gene.A phylogenetic tree showed that the genus Alpinia was the most closely related to the genus Amomum.Meanwhile,A.japonica is the most closely related to Alpinia chinensis belonging to the genus Alpinia.Overall,the chloroplast genome of a new species was reported in the genus Alpinia,and a basis was provided for the utilization of Alpinia plants as a medical resource.

Os DXR interacts with Os MORF1 to regulate chloroplast development and the RNA editing of chloroplast genes in rice

Plant chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development are two complex processes that are regulated by exogenous and endogenous factors. In this study, we identified OsDXR, a gene encoding a reductoisomerase that positively regulates chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development in rice. OsDXR knock-out lines displayed the albino phenotype and could not complete the whole life cycle process. OsDXR was highly expressed in rice leaves, and subcellular localization indicated that OsDXR is a chloroplast protein. Many genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development were differentially expressed in the OsDXR knock-out lines compared to the wild type.Moreover, we found that the RNA editing efficiencies of ndhA-1019 and rpl2-1 were significantly reduced in the OsDXR knock-out lines. Furthermore, OsDXR interacted with the RNA editing factor OsMORF1 in a yeast two-hybrid screen and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. Finally, disruption of the plastidial 2-C-methyl-derythritol-4-phosphate pathway resulted in defects in chloroplast development and the RNA editing of chloroplast genes.

PtrDJ1C,an atypical member of the DJ-1 superfamily,is essential for early chloroplast development and lignin deposition in poplar

The nuclear-encoded factors and the photosynthetic apparatus have been studied extensively during chloroplast biogenesis.However,many questions regarding these processes remain unanswered,particularly in perennial woody plants.As a model material of woody plants,poplar not only has very significant value of research,but also possesses economic and ecological properties.This study reports the Populus trichocarpa DJ-1C(PtrDJ1C)factor,encoded by a nuclear gene,and a member of the DJ-1 superfamily.PtrDJ1C knock-out with the CRISPR/Cas9 system resulted in different albino phenotypes.Chlorophyll fluorescence and immunoblot analyses showed that the levels of photosynthetic complex proteins decreased significantly.Moreover,the transcript level of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase-dependent genes and the splicing efficiency of several introns were affected in the mutant line.Furthermore,rRNA accumulation was abnormal,leading to developmental defects in chloroplasts and affecting lignin accumulation.We concluded that the PtrDJ1C protein is essential for early chloroplast development and lignin deposition in poplar.

OsPPR9 encodes a DYW-type PPR protein that affects editing efficiency of multiple RNA editing sites and is essential for chloroplast development

Photosynthesis occurs mainly in chloroplasts,whose development is regulated by proteins encoded by nuclear genes.Among them,pentapeptide repeat(PPR)proteins participate in organelle RNA editing.Although there are more than 450 members of the PPR protein family in rice,only a few affect RNA editing in rice chloroplasts.Gene editing technology has created new rice germplasm and mutants,which could be used for rice breeding and gene function study.This study evaluated the functions of OsPPR9 in chloroplast RNA editing in rice.The osppr9 mutants were obtained by CRISPR/Cas9,which showed yellowing leaves and a lethal phenotype,with suppressed expression of genes associated with chloroplast development and accumulation of photosynthetic-related proteins.In addition,loss of OsPPR9 protein function reduces the editing efficiency of rps8-C182,rpoC2-C4106,rps14-C80,and ndhB-C611 RNA editing sites,which affects chloroplast growth and development in rice.Our data showed that OsPPR9 is highly expressed in rice leaves and encodes a DYW-PPR protein localized in chloroplasts.Besides,the OsPPR9 protein was shown to interact with OsMORF2 and OsMORF9.Together,our findings provide insights into the role of the PPR protein in regulating chloroplast development in rice.

Advancing approach and toolbox in optimization of chloroplast genetic transformation technology

Chloroplast is a discrete,highly structured,and semi-autonomous cellular organelle.The small genome of chloroplast makes it an up-and-coming platform for synthetic biology.As a special means of synthetic biology,chloroplast genetic engineering shows excellent potential in reconstructing various sophisticated metabolic pathways within the plants for specific purposes,such as improving crop photosynthetic capacity,enhancing plant stress resistance,and synthesizing new drugs and vaccines.However,many plant species exhibit limited efficiency or inability in chloroplast genetic transformation.Hence,new transformation technologies and tools are being constantly developed.In order to further expand and facilitate the application of chloroplast genetic engineering,this review summarizes the new technologies in chloroplast genetic transformation in recent years and discusses the choice of appropriate synthetic biological elements for the construction of efficient chloroplast transformation vectors.

OsTHA8 encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat protein required for RNA editing and splicing during rice chloroplast development

In higher plants, the chloroplast is the most important organelle for photosynthesis and for numerous essential metabolic processes in the cell. Although many genes involved in chloroplast development have been identified, the mechanisms underlying such development are not fully understood. In this study, a rice(Oryza sativa) mutant exhibiting pale green color and seedling lethality was isolated from a mutant library. The mutated gene was identified as an ortholog of THA8(thylakoid assembly 8) in Arabidopsis and maize. This gene is designated as OsTHA8 hereafter. OsTHA8 showed a typical pentatricopeptide repeat(PPR) characteristic of only four PPR motifs. Inactivation of OsTHA8 led to a deficiency in chloroplast development in the rice seedling stage. OsTHA8 was expressed mainly in young leaves and leaf sheaths.The OsTHA8 protein was localized to the chloroplast. Loss of function of OsTHA8 weakened the editing efficiency of ndhB-611/737 and rps8-182 transcripts under normal conditions. Y2H and BiFC indicated that OsTHA8 facilitates RNA editing by forming an editosome with multiple organellar RNA editing factor(OsMORF8) and thioredoxin z(OsTRXz), which function in RNA editing in rice chloroplasts. Defective OsTHA8 impaired chloroplast ribosome assembly and resulted in reduced expression of PEP-dependent genes and photosynthesis-related genes. Abnormal splicing of the chloroplast gene ycf3 was detected in ostha8. These findings reveal a synergistic regulatory mechanism of chloroplast biogenesis mediated by RNA, broaden the function of the PPR family, and shed light on the RNA editing complex in rice.

石仙桃与细叶石仙桃叶绿体基因组解析及其系统发育

石仙桃和细叶石仙桃均为珍稀濒危的附生兰,两者叶绿体基因组特征及其系统发育报道较少,本研究旨在揭示石仙桃和细叶石仙桃叶绿体基因组特征及其系统发育。2022年5月取驯化栽培的石仙桃和细叶石仙桃幼嫩叶片,基于Illumina测序平台分别获得石仙桃和细叶石仙桃叶绿体序列,用GetOrganelle组装、CPGAVAS2注释,利用生物信息学方法开展重复序列、密码子偏好性、四分体边界等叶绿体特征分析,并从NCBI上下载相关的序列开展基因组比较与系统发育分析。石仙桃叶绿体基因组大小为159122 bp(GC含量为37.41%),细叶石仙桃叶绿体基因组大小为158798 bp(GC含量为37.47%),两者均包括大单拷贝区(LSC)、小单拷贝区(SSC)和反向重复序列(IRa/IRb)。石仙桃与细叶石仙桃均注释了113个基因,其中编码蛋白质的基因79个,石仙桃中编码79个蛋白质基因使用22968个密码子,编码亮氨酸的UUA相对同义密码子使用频次(RSCU)达到1.90;细叶石仙桃中编码79个蛋白质的基因使用22923个密码子,编码亮氨酸UUA的RSCU达到1.91。石仙桃叶绿体基因组中共有44个简单序列重复(SSR)、47个散在重复、26个串联重复;细叶石仙桃有32个SSR、25个散在重复、30个串联重复。石仙桃属6个物种的四分体边界及共线性无大片段变化,但存在核苷酸多态性,trn K-UUU、trn Q-UUG、rpl16等基因可作为物种的分子标记候选基因。系统分析明确了石仙桃和细叶石仙桃等石仙桃属物种与蜂腰兰和流苏贝母亲缘关系较近,并同处于附生兰的分支中,叶绿体基因组大片段倒置等可能是兰科适应生活习性改变的原因之一。本研究明确了石仙桃和细叶石仙桃叶绿体基因组特征,探讨了其系统发育及兰科生活习性与叶绿体基因组之间的关系,为进一步分类和分子标记开发等相关研究奠定了基础。

蒙古扁桃叶绿体遗传特征分析

以古老孑遗植物蒙古扁桃为试材,基于Illumina HiSeq X^(Ten)平台测序,采用生物信息学分析方法,研究了蒙古扁桃叶绿体基因组特征和系统发育情况,以期为蒙古扁桃和近缘种物种鉴定、系统发育地位以及早春观赏植物和西北荒漠草地植物的育种培育提供参考依据。结果表明:蒙古扁桃叶绿体基因组为四分体式结构。其蛋白编码基因共编码26428个密码子,有29种是偏好密码子。密码子UUU数目最多,达1034个;密码子GCG数目最少,为137个。编码亮氨酸的密码子数目最多(2637个),占总量的9.98%;编码色氨酸的密码子数目最少(531个)仅占到1.94%。根据设置参数,发现蒙古扁桃叶绿体基因组中串联重复有16个,SSR位点有31个。SSR大多位于基因间区IGS和LSC区域。SSR中未检测到三核苷酸重复。基于叶绿体全基因组序列数据发现蒙古扁桃与桃亚属的桃和甘肃桃亲缘关系较近。

无籽刺梨及其近缘种叶绿体基因组序列比较分析

【目的】探讨无籽刺梨及其近缘种之间的系统发育关系,为蔷薇属植物后期分子鉴定和群体遗传研究奠定基础。【方法】从NCBI数据库下载了6种植物的叶绿体基因组序列,包括无籽刺梨和其近缘种。利用生物信息学方法对这些基因组序列进行了研究,包括基因组结构、重复序列、高变区序列以及基于叶绿体全基因组序列的系统发育关系。【结果】6种植物的叶绿体基因组呈环状四分体结构,其长度为156561~156749 bp,平均GC含量均为37.2%,且6种植物基因组的反向重复(inverted repeat,IR)区未表现出明显的扩张和收缩。在对蔷薇属植物叶绿体基因组序列进行比较分析时,筛选出了7个高变区序列,包括trnK-trnQ、psbM-trnY、ycf3-rps4、rps4-trnL、psbE-petG、rpl16 intron和ycf1。这些序列可作为候选标记,用于进一步研究蔷薇属植物的系统发育。同时,利用叶绿体全基因组序列重建了蔷薇属植物的系统发育树。结果表明,无籽刺梨和刺梨是独立的2个种类,其中无籽刺梨与贵州缫丝花有较近的亲缘关系,而刺梨与单瓣缫丝花有较近的亲缘关系。【结论】无籽刺梨及其近缘种之间叶绿体基因组结构高度相似,单拷贝区核苷酸多样性高于重复区。

重瓣榆叶梅全叶绿体基因组遗传特征分析

【目的】对重瓣榆叶梅Prunus triloba‘Multiplex’全叶绿体基因组序列进行测序,探究其系统发育位置并分析其叶绿体基因组成特点。【方法】以重瓣榆叶梅叶片为材料,采用2×CTAB法提取叶绿体DNA,利用Illumina NovaSeq平台进行叶绿体基因组的测序,组装、注释并分析其叶绿体基因组遗传特征。联合美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI)数据库数据,基于全叶绿体基因组序列构建了重瓣榆叶梅系统进化关系。【结果】重瓣榆叶梅叶绿体基因组全长为157827 bp,NCBI登录号MT937181,其结构为经典的四分体结构,由1个大单拷贝区域(LSC),1个小单拷贝区域(SSC)及反向重复区域(IRa/IRb)构成,其序列长度分别为86032、19023、26386 bp。GC和AT的总占比分别为36.80%和63.20%。重瓣榆叶梅的完整叶绿体基因组序列注释到132个基因,包括tRNA基因、编码蛋白基因、rRNA基因,分别为37、87、8个。重瓣榆叶梅叶绿体基因组共编码26678个密码子和236个符合条件的SSR位点。SSR位点中A/T碱基占优势,碱基偏好性十分明显。【结论】系统进化树分析表明,重瓣榆叶梅和榆叶梅P.triloba聚合成一分支结构,与同属植物长柄扁桃P.pedunculata亲缘关系较近。

‘怀玉山’高山马铃薯叶绿体基因组特征及密码子使用偏好性分析

【目的】分析‘怀玉山’高山马铃薯Solanum tuberosum var.cormosus‘Huaiyushan’叶绿体基因组特征及密码子使用偏好性,为开展‘怀玉山’高山马铃薯叶绿体基因组密码子优化、叶绿体基因组改造,探索物种进化和增加外源基因表达等研究提供参考依据和理论基础。【方法】采用高通量测序技术对‘怀玉山’高山马铃薯叶绿体基因组进行测序,并利用生物信息学分析软件对组装和注释后的叶绿体基因组进行结构、基因组成及密码子偏好性分析。【结果】‘怀玉山’高山马铃薯叶绿体基因组大小为155296 bp,为经典的4段式结构。大单拷贝区(LSC)、小单拷贝区(SSC)和反向重复区(IR)长度分别为85737、18373、25593 bp,总鸟嘌呤和胞嘧啶所占的比例(GC比例)为37.88%,共注释出133个基因,包含87个编码区(CDS)基因、37个tRNA基因、8个rRNA基因和1个假基因。‘怀玉山’高山马铃薯叶绿体基因组中共检测到38个简单重复序列位点(SSR位点,36个单碱基重复和2个双碱基重复)和32个长重复序列(16个正向重复和16个回文重复)。‘怀玉山’高山马铃薯叶绿体基因组核苷酸多样性为0-0.13927,高变区主要分布在大单拷贝区和小单拷贝区,大单拷贝区trnL-UAA-trnF-GAA、cemA、rps12-exon1-clpP1、clpP1基因变异率最高,小单拷贝区rpl32-trnL-UAG、ycf1基因变异率最高。‘怀玉山’高山马铃薯叶绿体基因组87个CDS基因的平均有效密码子数(ENC)为47.29,ENC>45的基因有60个,密码子偏性较弱。‘怀玉山’高山马铃薯叶绿体基因组密码子偏好以A、U结尾,使用偏性很大程度上受自然选择的影响,而受突变压力的影响小。CGU、AAA、CUU、GUU、GGA、GUA、GGU、UCA、GCU、CCU为‘怀玉山’高山马铃薯叶绿体基因组的10个最优密码子。【结论】‘怀玉山’高山马铃薯与马铃薯栽培种S.tuberosum‘Desiree’亲缘关系较近。

马家柚叶绿体基因组特征及其密码子偏好性分析

【目的】为了明确马家柚叶绿体基因组结构特征及其与同属类群的系统发育关系,阐明马家柚在柑橘属中的分类地位,对马家柚叶绿体基因组的特征及其密码子的偏好性进行分析。【方法】采用DNBSEQ-T7测序平台对马家柚进行测序,采用Noveplastys、CAP3、GeSeq和tRNAscan-SE软件对马家柚叶绿体基因组进行组装、注释;采用CGViewServer、MISA、REPuter、CodonW、Gview、IRscope、NADnaSP6.0软件对马家柚叶绿体基因组特征进行分析;采用MAFFT 7.0和FastTree 2.1.10软件对马家柚及其85个同科种和山小橘属3个外群种叶绿体基因组进行序列比对和建树。【结果】马家柚叶绿体基因组全长160186 bp,包括1个大单拷贝(LSC)区、1个小单拷贝(SSC)区和2个反向重复(IR)区,为典型闭合环状双链结构。马家柚叶绿体基因组共注释到133个功能基因,包括88个编码蛋白(CDS)基因、8个核糖体RNA(rRNA)基因和37个转运RNA(tRNA)基因。马家柚叶绿体基因组共检测到79个简单序列重复(SSR)和34个长序列重复(Longrepeat)。马家柚叶绿体基因组非编码区的变异程度高于基因编码区,LSC区的变异性>SSC区>IR区,SC/IR边界较为保守。马家柚叶绿体基因组平均ENC值为48.02,密码子偏好性较弱。马家柚叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好性主要受自然选择的影响,受内部突变的影响小。马家柚叶绿体基因有10个最优密码子(AAU、UGU、AAA、UUU、GCU、GGA、CCA、ACU、CGU、AGU),均以A、U结尾。马家柚与西双版纳东试早柚(KY055833,来源地:云南)、日本夏橙(ON193075,来源地:韩国)、福建六月早蜜柚(MT527726,来源地:福建)、福建琯溪蜜柚(MN782007,来源地:福建)有亲缘关系。【结论】马家柚是一个柑橘属中较为独特的品种,该研究结果为进一步研究马家柚的遗传资源、物种资源鉴定和系统发育分析提供了理论依据。

火炬花叶绿体基因组特征及系统发育

火炬花(Kniphofia uvaria(L.)Oken)为阿福花科(Asphodelaceae)火把莲属药用植物。通过组装火炬花完整的叶绿体基因组,并对其结构特征与系统发育进行分析。结果表明:火炬花叶绿体基因组全长163227 bp,为典型的四分体结构,其由一个长84414 bp的大单拷贝(LSC)和一个长17871 bp的小单拷贝(SSC)组成,由一对长30471 bp的反向重复序列(IRs)将大单拷贝区与小单拷贝区分开。火炬花基因组包含130个基因,其中蛋白质编码基因、tRNA基因、rRNA基因数量分别为84、38、8个。共鉴定简单序列重复位点75个,且以单碱基重复A、T类型为主。火炬花叶绿体基因组的58个编码序列中共有24841个密码子参与翻译蛋白表达,编码20种氨基酸,其中,亮氨酸是基因组中占比最高的氨基酸。火炬花叶绿体基因组中相对同义密码子使用率(RSCU)大于1的28种密码子均以A或U结尾。依据叶绿体基因组的系统发育分析结构可以看出,火炬花与阿福花科的14种植物亲缘关系更加密切。

曲唇羊耳蒜叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性分析

为了解兰科植物曲唇羊耳蒜叶绿体基因组密码子的使用偏好性及主要影响因素,从GenBank数据库下载曲唇羊耳蒜完整的叶绿体基因组序列并筛选得到51条符合分析要求的蛋白编码序列,利用CodonW软件和EMBOSS在线程序分析其密码子使用模式.结果显示:曲唇羊耳蒜叶绿体基因组密码子的第3位碱基多为A或T,GC_(3)仅为29%,远低于GC_(1)(46%)和GC_(2)(39%);有效密码子数(ENC)介于42~60之间,密码子偏好性较弱,ENC与GC_(3)呈极显著正相关.结合中性绘图、ENC-plot和PR2-plot分析,结果表明,曲唇羊耳蒜叶绿体基因组密码子使用偏好性主要受到自然选择压力的影响,突变压力的作用有限.同义密码子相对使用度(RSCU)数据分析共筛选出7个最优密码子,分别为UUG、CUU、UCA、ACA、AAU、AGA和GGA.对应性分析结果显示,曲唇羊耳蒜不同类型基因的密码子使用模式不同,其中光合系统基因具有相似的密码子使用模式,而其他类型基因的偏好性差异较大.

贵州特有植物平坝槭叶绿体基因组特征分析

为研究贵州特有植物平坝槭叶绿体基因组结构与特征,以平坝槭新鲜叶片为材料,提取叶绿体DNA旨在对其基因组进行测序和组装,并进行相关分析。结果表明,平坝槭的叶绿体基因组长度为155069 bp,由大单拷贝区(LSC,84840 bp)、小单拷贝区(SSC,18093 bp)以及两个反向重复序列(IRA,26068 bp;IRB,26068 bp)组成。另外,还发现叶绿体基因组的GC含量为38%。经过注释,成功鉴定出87个基因,其中包括8个rRANs基因,37个tRNAs基因和42个蛋白编码基因。经系列分析,鉴定出的SSR位点有77个,散在重复系列有26个。正选择分析显示,rpl16、petD、ycf2、rpl22、rps16等5个基因出现正选择信号。密码子偏好性分析筛选到RSCU>1的密码子有32个,以T结尾的密码子最多,有16个。系统发育分析显示,平坝槭与亮叶槭亲缘关系较近。

唐古特扁桃叶绿体基因组特征分析

采用Illumina HiSeq X Ten平台测序和生物信息法对唐古特扁桃叶绿体基因组序列特征进行解析。结果表明:唐古特扁桃叶绿体基因组为四分体式结构,完整叶绿体基因组序列全长158166 bp,G+C含量36.8%,注释131个基因,即86个蛋白编码基因、8个rRNA基因和37个tRNA基因;其叶绿体基因组共有52711个编码密码子,有33种类型是偏好密码子;唐古特扁桃叶绿体基因组中SSR位点有33个,串联重复有13个;SSR中未检测到三核苷酸重复;SSR分布不平衡,大多位于基因间区IGS和LSC区域;基于叶绿体全基因组序列构建系统发育建树,发现唐古特扁桃与同亚属的榆叶梅、野樱桃以及李属毛樱桃亲缘关系较近。

榆叶梅叶绿体基因组特征分析

【目的】对榆叶梅(Amygdalus triloba)叶绿体基因组进行特征分析,并依据基因组序列数据构建系统发育树。【方法】通过Illumina HiSeq X Ten平台对榆叶梅叶绿体基因组进行序列测序、组装和基因注释,用生物信息学分析方法对其叶绿体基因组进行特征解析。【结果】研究发现榆叶梅叶绿体基因组大小和结构与经典被子植物相似。其蛋白编码基因共编码24 930个密码子,有29个偏好密码子。其中,亮氨酸密码子数目最多,占总量的10.56%。根据设置参数,发现榆叶梅叶绿体基因组中串联重复有15个。SSR(简单重复序列)大多位于基因间区IGS和LSC区域,位点有32个。【结论】榆叶梅与同亚属长柄扁桃(Amygdalus pedunculata)和李属(Prunus)毛樱桃(Prunus tomentosa)亲缘关系较近,但与同亚属的扁桃(Amygdalus dulcis)亲缘关系较远。