Methods for Industrial Measurement and Basic Principles of Their Choices

In this paper,a variety of industrial objects are systematically analyzed.Ten methods for industrial measurement are summarized.For each method,its nature,advantages,disadvantages and adaptability are briefly given.The basic principles to choose the right industrial method are indicated.

Potato farmers’ preference for agricultural insurance in China: An investigation using the choice experimental method

Potato insurance plays an important role in transferring agricultural risks to promote the potato staple strategy. Understanding farmers’ real preferences for potato insurance attributes is important to improve the potato insurance. In this study, a choice experiment was designed with attributes such as peril, minimum compensation ratio for production loss, types of crops covered by insurance, annual premium per mu after subsidy, and complexity of claims procedures. We constructed a mixed logit model based on a questionnaire survey of 362 potato farmers’ choices of insurance attributes from 24 villages in Dingxi City of Gansu Province using random sampling. The results show that:(1) farmers prefer agricultural insurance with widely perils including output price drop and input cost risk;(2) farmers who have suffered plant disease and insect and pest damage are willing to pay a high premium for the insurance with a high compensation ratio and several types of crops covered;full-time farmers and large-scale farmers preferred insurance products with low complexity of claims procedures. Therefore, new potato insurance design could be considered specifically for different farmer groups such as those who had previous disaster experiences, and large-or small-scale farm operations.

Choice of operative method for pancreaticojejunostomy and a multivariable study of pancreatic leakage in pancreaticoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND As one of the major abdominal operations,pancreaticoduodenectomy(PD)involves many organs.The operation is complex,and the scope of the operation is large,which can cause significant trauma in patients.The operation has a high rate of complications.Pancreatic leakage is the main complication after PD.When pancreatic leakage occurs after PD,it can often lead to abdominal bleeding and infection,threatening the lives of patients.One study found that pancreatic leakage was affected by many factors including the choice of pancreaticojejunostomy method which can be well controlled.AIM To investigate the choice of operative methods for pancreaticojejunostomy and to conduct a multivariate study of pancreatic leakage in PD.METHODS A total of 420 patients undergoing PD in our hospital from January 2014 to March 2019 were enrolled and divided into group A(n=198)and group B(n=222)according to the pancreatointestinal anastomosis method adopted during the operation.Duct-to-mucosa pancreatojejunostomy was performed in group A and bundled pancreaticojejunostomy was performed in group B.The operation time,intraoperative blood loss,and pancreatic leakage of the two groups were assessed.The occurrence of pancreatic leakage after the operation in different patients was analyzed.RESULTS The differences in operative time and intraoperative bleeding between groups A and B were not significant(P>0.05).In group A,the time of pancreatojejunostomy was 26.03±4.40 min and pancreatic duct diameter was 3.90±1.10 mm.These measurements were significantly higher than those in group B(P<0.05).The differences in the occurrence of pancreatic leakage,abdominal infection,abdominal hemorrhage and gastric retention between group A and group B were not significant(P>0.05).The rates of pancreatic leakage in patients with preoperative albumin<30 g/L,preoperative jaundice time≥8 wk,and pancreatic duct diameter<3 mm,were 23.33%,33.96%,and 19.01%,respectively.These were significantly higher than those in patients with preoperative albumin≥30 g/L,preoperative jaundice time<8 wk,and pancreatic duct diameter≥3 cm(P<0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative albumin<30 g/L,preoperative jaundice time≥8 wk,and pancreatic duct diameter<3 mm were risk factors for pancreatic leakage after PD(odds ratio=2.038,2.416 and 2.670,P<0.05).CONCLUSION The pancreatointestinal anastomosis method during PD has no significant effect on the occurrence of pancreatic leakage.The main risk factors for pancreatic leakage include preoperative albumin,preoperative jaundice time,and pancreatic duct diameter.

Terminal fertility control: Clients’ own reason for the choice of the contraceptive method

Background: The prevalence of contraceptive use has increased worldwide due to the development and introduction of modern contraceptives and the establishment of organized family planning programs. In Nigeria, there is a very slow rise in contraceptive use prevalence, resulting in high fertility rate. Generally contraceptive is either used for birth spacing, or for the purpose of terminal fertility control to limit the number of children, and the choice of method for this purpose varies. Aims and Objectives: To determine the contraceptive methods of choice among clients seeking terminal fertility control, and their reasons for the choice of such methods. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of clients attending the family planning clinic of Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching hospital over a period of twenty-four months, between July, 2009 and June, 2011. All clients who had completed their family, and wanted a contraceptive method to limit their family size filled the semi-structured questionnaire after giving their informed consent. Clients’ own reasons for the choice of the particular contraceptive method were grouped, entered into SPSS work sheet, and analyzed using SPSS version 17. Result: There were five hundred and ninety-two new contraceptive method acceptors during the study period, of which 264 (44.6%) were for terminal fertility control. Progestogen-only injectable contraceptive was the method of choice for terminal fertility control by 145 (54.9%) of the clients, while 85 (32.2%) made intrauterine contraceptive device (copper-T) their method of choice, and the least chosen method was female surgical sterilization (2, 0.8%). Ease of administration, satisfaction with previous use, long duration of action, and husband’s preference were the reasons for the choice of the methods. Conclusion: There is awareness of terminal fertility control in Nigeria, especially in the southwestern region of the country, and this may be responsible for the decreasing prevalence of grandmultiparity in the region. However, reversible contraceptive method is the preferred option for this purpose.

The Path Choice and Method of Chinese Rural Governance Ethics Research

The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the strategy of Rural Revitalization.Effective governance is the key to rural revitalization.Effective rural governance needs to properly deal with the ethical relationship in the process of governance.The study of rural governance ethics in China includes three kinds of path choices.They are paradigm shift from top-down to bottom-up,organic integration of special and general,and interweaving between tradition and modernity.The paradigm shift from top-down to bottom-up needs to be done by methods,such as the use of the relationship between theory and practice,the change from abstract research to applied research,and the implementation of fieldwork surveys.Special and general organic integration depends on methods,such as the law of contradiction specificity and universality,the cooperation of induction and deduction,the operation of case studies,etc.The interweaving of tradition and modernity requires methods to be realized,such as the negation of negation,moral narrative,and non-intrusive research.

A UNIFIED TREATMENT OF REGULARIZATION METHODS FOR LINEAR ILL-POSED PROBLEMS

By presenting a general framework, some regularization methods for solving linear ill-posed problems are considered in a unified manner. Applications to some specific approaches are illustrated.

A Study on the Determinants of Location Choice in Inward Foreign Direct Investment （FDI）： Focusing on the Incheon Free Economic Zone

Inward foreign direct investment （FDI） is expected to grow further by virtue of economic globalization. A thorough understanding of the locational determinants of inward FDI will be conducive to enhanced efficiency in attracting direct and SOC-related investments from foreign entities. This study analyzes 51 cases of inward direct foreign investment made in the Incheon free economic zone （IFEZ） from 2002 to 2009 to determine the factors influencing FDI volume, the relevance of locations and the correlation between investment size and location. First, the relationship between the loeational determinants of FDI and the total investment size （total expected project cost） is analyzed. Second, the relationship between the locational determinants of FDI and the FDI is analyzed. Third, the relationship between the locational determinants of FDI and the location choice is analyzed. The results indicate the determinants that influence locations and investment size of FDI entities; whether these factors exercise influence in the zone; and the factors that have relatively significant effects. Ultimately, based on the analytical findings, a few implications for policy and practice are derived.

The Continuous Analogy of Newton’s Method for Solving a System of Linear Algebraic Equations

We propose a continuous analogy of Newton’s method with inner iteration for solving a system of linear algebraic equations. Implementation of inner iterations is carried out in two ways. The former is to fix the number of inner iterations in advance. The latter is to use the inexact Newton method for solution of the linear system of equations that arises at each stage of outer iterations. We give some new choices of iteration parameter and of forcing term, that ensure the convergence of iterations. The performance and efficiency of the proposed iteration is illustrated by numerical examples that represent a wide range of typical systems.

Procurement Method Selection for Building Maintenance Projects: The Case of Malaysian Public Universities

The purpose of this paper is to implement and validate a decision making framework for building maintenance projects. The growing importance of maintenance sector not only in Malaysia but al- so increasingly globalized, the difficulty in selecting an appropriate procurement method and lack of research in this area provide an impetus for this research. There were 19 procurement selection criteria identified. In addition, there were 4 types of procurements methods which include outsourcing by specialist term contract, outsourcing by tendered schedule term contract, out- sourcing by repair and maintenance contract and outsourcing by measured term contract identified to be the most popular procurement methods adapted by public universities currently and at the same time were considered most important. The decision making framework was developed based on AHP technique and principles. Expert Choice Software was employed as development tool where the criteria and alternatives were integrated into the framework. Finally, structured interview was conducted to validate the framework developed. The validation process was carried out through structured interview with selected public university.

离散选择实验在卫生人力资源领域的应用进展

背景运用离散选择实验(DCE)对卫生人员工作选择倾向性进行研究,可以为制定农村及偏远地区吸引和留用卫生人员相关政策提供科学且有效的依据。目的对DCE应用于卫生人力资源领域的研究进行梳理、总结和归纳,以期为将来的相关研究提供参考。方法于2022年2—4月,系统检索Web of Science、PubMed、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普网中与DCE应用于卫生人力资源领域相关的文献。提取纳入文献的研究对象、分析模型、选择项设置及研究结果等。结果最终纳入44篇文献,文献发表时间为2000—2020年。研究对象主要为在职卫生工作者、学生;纳入文献中,6篇是标签式,其余为一般式;属性数量为4~8个;水平数量以2~4个居多(88.6%,39/44)。高收入国家的研究中将全科医生团队合作、工作量作为工作属性;中低收入国家的研究中工作属性选择最多的是住房(21次),其次是设施、药物等的配备(19次)、学习/培训机会(16次)。各文献的工作属性均纳入了收入(工资)。形成的工作属性框架包含4个层面:社会层面,包括医院规模、社会支持/尊重、身份确认(编制或成为永久员工);工作层面,包括工作地点、工作条件、工作量、工作(管理)氛围、团队合作、上级指导(针对基层卫生工作者);职业发展层面,包括晋升年限、培训(继续教育)机会、学术和研究机会;生活层面,包括收入、住房、交通、子女教育。分析模型运用最多的是Mixed Logit Model(19次),其次是Conditional Logit Model(9次)、Generalized Multinomial Logit Model(3次)。结论该领域研究结果的异质性较大,难以得出统一结论。而且DCE在卫生人力资源领域的应用仍需进一步在全球范围内推广,相关研究十分有限,得到的证据尚需进一步研究的证实。

选择实验视角下塑料污染治理的农业生态价值评估——来自黑、豫、浙、粤、川五省的经验证据

塑料为农业生产带来了极大的便利,但其废弃物的不当管理也造成了严重的环境问题。为了科学评估塑料污染治理的农业生态价值,合理确定污染治理措施的优先序,优化塑料污染治理投入资源配置,论文设计了一个包括源头减量、回收利用、清理整治与价格等属性的选择实验,以黑、豫、浙、粤、川5省487份调研数据为例,利用条件Logit模型测算塑料污染治理的边际支付意愿与塑料污染治理价值的补偿剩余。研究表明:(1)受访农业居民在塑料污染治理特征属性上的偏好为:源头减量>清理整治>回收利用,其支付意愿分别为:32.79元/人、25.27元/人、15.78元/人;(2)通过补偿剩余测算,为解决塑料污染治理难题,受访农业居民污染治理支付意愿为147.68元/人。应逐步构建起“减量化—再利用—资源化”的塑料污染全生命周期治理体系,优先考虑源头减量和清理整治方面的治理措施。

机电系统关键零部件识别的Z-ELECTRE-AISM方法

关键零部件的识别是复杂机电系统设计、制造和运维的基础。为客观准确地辨识关键零部件,提出将Z-选择与消去转换法(ELECTRE)与对抗解释结构模型法(AISM)相结合的多属性决策算法。首先,基于风险管理理论和感知风险理论,从零部件功能、结构、安全和经济属性4个维度,构建关键零部件的评价指标体系;其次,将属性值为语言型Z-数的信息应用于专家权重与各指标权重的计算;最后,融合Z-ELECTRE过程与AISM形成Z-ELECTRE-AISM方法,通过比较两个相互对抗的解释结构模型得到零部件重要程度排序,根据敏感性分析结果确定系统的关键零部件。空调系统关键零部件辨识的应用研究结果表明,Z-ELECTRE-AISM方法较现有方法更具区分度,能够得到更为合理、精确的结论。

投资便利化对中国对“一带一路”沿线国家OFDI区位选择影响研究

为了研究投资便利化对中国对“一带一路”沿线国家直接投资区位选择的影响,本文首先选取了宏观经济环境、营商环境、基础设施建设、金融服务效率、科学教育供给水平以及制度环境6个一级指标和38个二级指标,建立了测评投资便利化水平的指标体系,应用熵值法算得52个沿线国家在2007—2019年期间的投资便利化水平。接着,运用拓展投资引力模型和面板门槛模型,对投资便利化对中国对“一带一路”沿线国家直接投资区位选择的影响进行实证分析。然后,分别从“一带一路”倡议提出前后及不同投资动机视角进行异质性检验。最后,提出中国应积极推动有关投资便利化规则的多边和区域谈判,不断加深同沿线各国的投资便利化建设与合作,促使其投资便利化水平提高,助推共建“一带一路”高质量发展。

高精主轴装配工艺设计与测试

主轴单元是数控机床的重要功能部件之一,其装配质量将影响机床的加工精度及稳定性等性能指标。为满足数控机床高精高速的实际需求,降低机床主轴单元的故障率,对主轴运转噪声大、轴承温升过高、切削工件表面有振纹等常见故障现象进行研究。结合上述故障产生的原因,分别对相关装配过程作了梳理和总结,如:影响主轴运转噪声的主轴组件动平衡校核工序;影响轴承温升及切削性能的选择配置主轴轴承等工序。通过对主轴单元的温升测试及抗振性切削测试,从而验证了所述装配工艺的正确性和合理性,具有一定的借鉴价值。

畜禽遗传资源价值框架与评估方法研究进展

畜禽遗传资源是保障国家畜产品有效供给的战略性资源,是畜牧科技创新与现代种业发展的物质基础。开展畜禽遗传资源价值评估,是促进我国畜禽遗传资源保护和开发利用的现实选择。本文综述了遗传资源价值框架和评估方法,并评述了畜禽遗传资源价值评估实证研究中广泛采用的选择实验法,以期为建立我国畜禽遗传资源价值评估体系提供参考。

农户森林保险支付意愿与政策偏好——基于选择实验法的实证分析

从行为经济学决策理论出发构建分析框架,研究农户森林保险决策,设计包含保障额、保险费、财政补贴率、获得补贴及时性和赔付的难易程度5个属性的森林保险方案,利用选择实验法获取福建省和湖南省共20个县的745个农户的样本数据,通过RPL模型对异质性森林经营主体的森林保险支付意愿及其政策偏好进行研究和比较分析,得出以下基本结论:(1)从随机参数均值估计结果来看,保障额、保险费、财政补贴率、获得补贴及时性和赔付的难易程度的均值系数均在1%的统计水平上显著;(2)对设计方案中农户各属性边际价值的计算结果表明,属性的边际价值从高到低排序依次是保险费、财政补贴率、获得补贴及时性、赔付的难易程度、保障额。

西南欠发达地区社区医疗服务建设对慢性病患者就医选择的影响

目的:分析西南欠发达地区社区医疗服务建设内容对慢性病患者就医选择的影响,并探讨社区医疗服务各项建设内容的边际影响和贡献程度。方法:在西南欠发达地区采取分层整群随机的抽样方法抽取20个社区(村)1205名慢性病患者进行问卷调查,采用描述性分析、无序多分类Logistic回归和Shapley值分解法进行统计对比和因素分析。结果:1205名调查对象中,776名慢性病居民选择社区医院就诊(64.4%)。Logistic回归结果显示,社区医院的隐私保护(OR=0.789;95%CI:0.543~0.818)、医疗设备(OR=0.736;95%CI:0.599~0.903)、医学检查(OR=0.559;95%CI:0.381~0.680)建设对慢性病居民由省市级医院流向社区医院有积极影响;社区医院的隐私保护(OR=0.806;95%CI:0.629~0.910)、专家坐诊(OR=0.741;95%CI:0.575~0.954)、医疗设备(OR=0.690;95%CI:0.533~0.785)、护理服务(OR=0.630;95%CI:0.443~0.894)、医学检查(OR=0.611;95%CI:0.452~0.792)、服务态度(OR=0.499;95%CI:0.356~0.741)和收费标准(OR=0.499;95%CI:0.385~0.648)建设对慢性病居民由县区级医院流向社区医院有积极影响。Shapley值分析结果显示,社区医院的隐私保护、医学检查、服务态度、诊疗成本和护理服务建设对慢性病居民就医选择的影响贡献率最大,分别为38.91%,12.44%,11.70%,9.84%和7.15%。结论:加强西南欠发达地区社区医疗服务建设对慢性病居民由省市级医院、县区级医院流向社区医院的促进作用明显。当地政府应加大社区医院在医疗设备、医学检查和专家坐诊方面的投入,发挥医保的杠杆作用,降低社区医院收费标准,提升社区医院服务水平,进一步落实分级诊疗政策。

基于选择实验法的国家公园周边社区农户生态补偿偏好分析——以大熊猫国家公园为例

【目的】社区农户是国家公园建立中重要的利益相关者之一,从农户偏好视角出发研究生态补偿政策问题对于缓解国家公园建立带来的保护与社区发展利益冲突具有重要意义。【方法】基于大熊猫国家公园周边601户农户微观调查数据,运用选择实验法对农户的生态补偿偏好和受偿意愿进行分析。【结果】结果表明,农户对于生态补偿的受偿意愿较高,而对生态补偿方案选择的总体积极性不高。在生态补偿属性的最优组合方面,农户对于补偿实施年限的偏好并不高,但普遍希望可以达到更高的补偿土地比例和农药减少比例。农户最优生态补偿方案为方案实施年限1年、补偿土地比例100%和农药使用减少比例40%。【结论】农户因承担了较高的保护成本,对生态补偿政策整体态度较消极,且保护带来的损失在国家公园建设初期较明显,因此农户对补偿期限偏好不高。由于生态产品价值实现不充分,农户绿色生产转型动力不足。因此,国家公园建立必须考虑周边社区农户利益,应通过科学测度利益损失、建立补偿标准动态调整机制、打好政策“组合拳”、加快推进生态产品价值实现等措施,健全国家公园生态补偿机制。

前景理论和灰色关联法下定制公交出行分担率选择模型

为提高公共交通服务水平和定制公交分担率,以定制公交、常规公交、出租车和地铁4种出行方式为对象,考虑乘坐时间、出行费用、便捷性和舒适性4个出行影响因素,基于多项Logit模型构建前景理论和灰色关联相结合的出行选择模型,并以董屿·福建师大地铁站到福州南火车站为例进行研究。结果表明:定制公交、常规公交、出租车和地铁4种出行方式的分担率分别为28.35%、14.63%、23.14%、33.88%,与实际问卷调查的最大误差在5%以内,与运用效用理论计算所得的分担率相比更符合现实情形;定制公交分担率在票价为1元或2元增减时,并没有产生较大变化,而乘坐时间的缩短却使分担率有较大提升。

A Kind of a Posteriori Parameter Choices for the Iterated Tikhonov Regularization Method

Let X and Y be real Hilbert spaces and A: X→Y be a bounded linear operator with nonclosed range R(A). If y∈ D(A^+)=R(A)+R(A)~⊥, there exists a unique Moore-Penrose generalized solution to the equation Ax=y. In practice, however, the given equation is usually of an approximate form Ax=yδ, (1)