Response letter to “Acute cholangitis: Does malignant biliary obstruction vs choledocholithiasis etiology change the outcomes?” with imaging aspects

Radiological imaging findings may contribute to the differentiation of malignant biliary obstruction from choledocholithiasis in the etiology of acute cholangitis.

Effect of the extrahepatic bile duct anatomy on choledocholithiasis and its clinical significance

BACKGROUND A comprehensive understanding of the extrahepatic bile duct anatomy is vital to guide surgical procedures and perform endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.Anatomical irregularities within the extrahepatic bile duct may increase susceptibility to bile duct stones.AIM To investigate the anatomical risk factors associated with extrahepatic bile ducts in patients diagnosed with choledocholithiasis,with a specific focus on preventing stone recurrence after surgical intervention and endoscopic lithotomy.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 124 patients without choledocholithiasis and 108 with confirmed choledocholithiasis who underwent magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography examinations at our center between January 2022 and October 2022.Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the anatomical risk factors influencing the incidence of common bile duct stones.RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that several factors independently contributed to choledocholithiasis risk.Significant independent risk factors for choledocholithiasis were diameter of the common hepatic[adjusted odds ratio(aOR)=1.43,95%confidence interval(CI):1.07-1.92,adjusted P value=0.016]and common bile(aOR=1.68,95%CI:1.27-2.23,adjusted P value<0.001)ducts,length of the common hepatic duct(aOR=0.92,95%CI:0.84-0.99,adjusted P value=0.034),and angle of the common bile duct(aOR=0.92,95%CI:0.89–0.95,adjusted P value<0.001).The anatomical features of the extrahepatic bile duct were directly associated with choledocholithiasis risk.Key risk factors include an enlarged diameter of the common hepatic and bile ducts,a shorter length of the common hepatic duct,and a reduced angle of the common bile duct.

Biliary complications associated with weight loss,cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis

Biliary complications like cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis are more common in bariatric surgery patients due to obesity and rapid weight loss.Patients with a body mass index>40 face an eightfold risk of developing cholelithiasis.Postbariatric surgery,especially after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass(LRYGB),30%of patients develop biliary disease due to rapid weight loss.The aim of this review is to analyze the main biliary complications that occur after bariatric surgery and its management.A review of the literature was conducted mainly from 2010 up to 2023 with regard to biliary complications associated with bariatric patients in SciELO,PubMed,and MEDLINE.Patients undergoing LRYGB have a higher incidence(14.5%)of symptomatic calculi post-surgery compared to those undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy at 4.1%.Key biliary complications within 6 to 12 months post-surgery include:Cholelithiasis:36%;Biliary colic/dyskinesia:3.86%;Acute cholecystitis:0.98%-18.1%;Chronic cholecystitis:70.2%;Choledocholithiasis:0.2%-5.7%and Pancreatitis:0.46%-9.4%.Surgeons need to be aware of these complications and consider surgical treatments based on patient symptoms to enhance their quality of life.

超声检测子宫动脉血流参数联合uE3、β-HCG对胎儿生长受限的临床预测价值

目的:分析超声检测子宫动脉血流参数联合雌三醇(uE3)及人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)的预测价值,为临床预防胎儿生长受限(FGR)提供依据。方法:选取2022年6月—12月期间于衡水市第二人民医院妇产科接受产前检查的180例孕妇作为研究对象,将确诊为FGR的92例孕妇作为观察组,余下非FGR的88例孕妇作为对照组。依次对患者进行超声检测、uE3及β-HCG的实验室检测,对比两组孕妇的子宫动脉的血流阻力指数(RI)、血流搏动指数(PI)以及收缩期与舒张期的血流速度比值(S/D)和uE3、β-HCG的浓度。结果:检测后可见观察组的RI、PI及S/D的参数均大于对照组,而uE3及β-HCG浓度均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析可见,RI、PI、S/D、uE3、β-HCG及联合检测的曲线下面积分别为0.822、0.819、0.790、0.785、0.739、0.971,由大到小的排列顺序为联合检测>RI>PI>S/D>uE3>β-HCG;其中联合检测的灵敏度为93.50%、特异度为93.20%。结论:超声检测子宫动脉血流参数联合uE3、β-HCG的检测对于FGE具有一定的预测。

Risk factors of recurrent choledocholithiasis following therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Background:The risk factors for the recurrent choledocholithiasis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)have not been well studied.The aim of this study was to explore the risk factors of recurrent choledocholithiasis.Methods:We carried out a retrospective analysis of data collected between January 1,2010 and January 1,2020.Univariate analysis and multivariate analysis were used to explore the independent risk factors of recurrent choledocholithiasis following therapeutic ERCP.Results:In total,598 patients were eventually selected for analysis,299 patients in the recurrent choledocholithiasis group and 299 patients in the control group.The overall rate of recurrent choledocholithiasis was 6.91%.Multivariate analysis showed that diabetes[odds ratio(OR)=3.677,95%confidence interval(CI):1.875-7.209;P<0.001],fatty liver(OR=4.741,95%CI:1.205-18.653;P=0.026),liver cirrhosis(OR=3.900,95%CI:1.358-11.201;P=0.011),history of smoking(OR=3.773,95%CI:2.060-6.908;P<0.001),intrahepatic bile duct stone(OR=4.208,95%CI:2.220-7.976;P<0.001),biliary stent(OR=2.996,95%CI:1.870-4.800;P<0.001),and endoscopic papillary balloon dilation(EPBD)(OR=3.009,95%CI:1.921-4.715;P<0.001)were independent risk factors of recurrent choledocholithiasis.However,history of drinking(OR=0.183,95%CI:0.099-0.337;P<0.001),eating light food frequently(OR=0.511,95%CI:0.343-0.760;P=0.001),and antibiotic use before ERCP(OR=0.315,95%CI:0.200-0.497;P<0.001)were independent protective factors of recurrent choledocholithiasis.Conclusions:Patients with the abovementioned risk factors are more likely to have recurrent CBD stones.Patients who eat light food frequently and have a history of drinking are less likely to present with recurrent CBD calculi.

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration to treat choledocholithiasis in situs inversus patients:A technical review

Situs inversus(SI)is a rare congenital condition characterized by a mirror-image transposition of the major visceral organs.Since the 1990s,more than one hundred SI patients have been reported to have successfully undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy.In these cases,the major problem is to overcome is the left-right condition for right-handed surgeons.Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration(LCBDE),an alternative to treat patients with bile duct stones,has shown equivalent efficacy and is less likely to cause pancreatitis than endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.Recent updated meta-analyses revealed that a shorter postoperative hospital stay,fewer procedural interventions,cost-effectiveness,a higher stone clearance rate,and fewer perioperative complications are additional advantages of LCBDE.However,the technique is technically demanding,even for skilled laparoscopic surgeons.Conducting LCBDE in patients with difficult situations,such as SI,is more complex than usual.We herein review published SI patients with choledocholithiasis treated by LCBDE,including our own experience,and this paper focuses on the technical aspects.

Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in choledocholithiasis

AIM:To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography(MRCP) in patients with choledocholithiasis.METHODS:We systematically searched MEDLINE,EMBASE,Web of Science,and Cochrane databases for studies reporting on the sensitivity,specificity and other accuracy measures of diagnostic effectiveness of MRCP for detection of common bile duct(CBD) stones.Pooled analysis was performed using random effects models,and receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to summarize overall test performance.Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of studies using standards for reporting diagnostic accuracy and quality assessment for studies of diagnostic accuracy tools.RESULTS:A total of 25 studies involving 2310 patients with suspected choledocholithiasis and 738 patients with CBD stones met the inclusion criteria.The average inter-rater agreement on the methodological quality checklists was 0.96.Pooled analysis of the ability of MRCP to detect CBD stones showed the following effect estimates:sensitivity,0.90(95%CI:0.88-0.92,χ2 = 65.80; P < 0.001); specificity,0.95(95%CI:0.93-1.0,χ2 = 110.51; P < 0.001); positive likelihood ratio,13.28(95%CI:8.85-19.94,χ2 = 78.95; P < 0.001); negative likelihood ratio,0.13(95%CI:0.09-0.18,χ2 = 6.27; P < 0.001); and diagnostic odds ratio,143.82(95%CI:82.42-250.95,χ2 = 44.19; P < 0.001).The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.97.Significant publication bias was not detected(P = 0.266).CONCLUSION:MRCP has high diagnostic accuracy for the detection of choledocholithiasis.MRCP should be the method of choice for suspected cases of CBD stones.

Diagnostic value of elevated serum carbohydrate antigen 199 level in acute cholangitis secondary to choledocholithiasis

AIM To investigate the diagnostic value of abnormal serum carbohydrate antigen 199(CA199) level in acute cholangitis secondary to choledocholithiasis.METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, the clinical data of 727 patients with choledocholithiasis admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College from June 2011 to June 2017 were collected. Among these patients, 258 patients had secondary acute cholangitis and served as observation group, and the remaining 569 choledocholithiasis patients served as the control group. Serum liver function indexes and tumor markers were detected in both groups, and the receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curves were constructed for markers showing statistical significances. The cutoff value, sensitivity, and specificity of each marker were calculated according to the ROC curves. RESULTS The results of liver function tests showed no significant differences between the two groups(P > 0.05). Tumor markers including serum CA125, CA153, carcinoembryonic antigen, and alpha fetoprotein levels were also not significantly different(P > 0.05); however, the serum CA199 level was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group(P < 0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve was 0.885(95%CI: 0.841-0.929) for CA199, and the cutoff value of 52.5 kU/L had the highest diagnostic accuracy, with a sensitivity of 86.8% and a specificity of 81.6%.CONCLUSION Abnormally elevated serum CA199 level has an important value in the diagnosis of acute cholangitis secondary to choledocholithiasis. It may be a specific inflammatory marker for acute cholangitis.

Synchronous vs sequential laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholecystocholedocholithiasis

AIM: To compare synchronous laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) combined with endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) and sequential LC combined with EST for treating cholecystocholedocholithiasis. METHODS: A total of 150 patients were included and retrospectively studied. Among these, 70 were selected for the synchronous operation, in which the scheme was endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography combined with EST during LC. The other 80 patients were selected for the sequential operation, in which the scheme involved first cutting the papillary muscle under endoscopy and then performing LC. The indexes in the two groups, including the operation time, the success rate, the incidence of complications, and the length of the hospital stay, were observed.RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of the numbers of patients, sex distribution, age, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, serum bilirubin, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, mean diameter of common bile duct stones, and previous medical and surgical history (P = 0.54, P = 0.18, P = 0.52, P = 0.22, P = 0.32, P = 0.42, P = 0.68, P = 0.70, P = 0.47 and P = 0.57). There was no significant difference in the surgical operation time between the two groups (112.1 ± 30.8 min vs 104.9 ± 18.2 min). Compared with the sequential operation group, the incidence of pancreatitis was lower (1.4% vs 6.3%), the incidence of hyperamylasemia (1.4% vs 10.0%, P < 0.05) was significantly reduced, and the length of the hospital stay was significantly shortened in the synchronous operation group (3 d vs 4.5 d, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: For treatment of cholecystocholedo-cholithiasis, synchronous LC combined with EST reduces incidence of complications, decreases length of hospital stay, simplifies the surgical procedure, and reduces operation time.

基于UE4技术平台的赣南苏区红色文化遗址建筑群三维虚拟仿真关键技术研究

随着科技的发展,数字化技术在保护和传承文化遗产方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。红色文化遗址作为我国重要的文化遗产,具有独特的历史价值和文化意义。然而,由于这些遗址往往年代久远,且受到自然和人为因素的侵蚀,保护和传承难度较大。基于UE4技术平台的三维虚拟仿真技术为红色文化遗址的保护和传承提供新的解决方案。该文旨在探讨基于UE4技术平台的赣南苏区红色文化遗址建筑群三维虚拟仿真关键技术研究,以期为数字化保护和传承红色文化遗产提供理论和实践支持。

A Case of Choledocholithiasis Complicated by Choledochoduodenal Fistula

Duodenal fistula refers to the pathological channel formed between the duodenum and the hollow viscera of the human body.If it is connected to a single cavity organ,it is a simple duodenal fistula.If it is connected to≥2 and the hollow viscera are connected,it is a complicated internal duodenal fistula,but simple ones are more common.Once a duodenal fistula develops,it establishes a pathological communication between duodenal contents and related organs,resulting in compromised organ function,infections,malnutrition,bleeding,and other detrimental effects.A patient with choledocholithiasis and choledochoduodenal fistula was treated in our hospital.She underwent laparoscopic left hemi-hepatectomy+laparoscopic choledochojejunostomy and was discharged 4 days after surgery.

基于UE5的虎渡河水流数字仿真技术研究及应用

河流仿真技术是流域数字孪生的重要组成部分,当前实现物理河流向虚拟流域保真建模还有不足。以实测地形、遥感影像与水文数据为基础,基于水文模型计算的沿程水面线,通过UE5与Fluid Flux插件渲染,重构、编译蓝图、训练数据资产,克服坐标系统差异,完成从二维水动力计算到三维模型的转换,最终实现与虎渡河真实场景有较高相似度的仿真效果。校验结果表明模型误差较小,可以反映真实情况。构建的仿真模型能展现不同时期的水流状态、水位与堤防相对高差、人工爆破分洪、水下情景等,通过参数调整,能进行不同预演方案之间的比较,为防洪决策提供可视化支撑。

基于UE+推流架构的数字孪生楼宇建模及可视化应用

随着智慧城市的快速发展,数字孪生技术作为实现城市智慧化管理的关键手段,受到了广泛关注。UE以其强大的渲染能力和推流架构的高效数据传输特性,为数字孪生楼宇建模及可视化提供了理想的技术支持。本研究基于UE+推流架构,构建了一个高度逼真的数字孪生楼宇模型,实现对建筑内外环境的实时模拟、监测、分析和优化,为建筑行业的智慧化转型提供有力支撑,进而促进建筑与环境之间的和谐共生,推动建筑行业向更加环保、可持续的方向发展。

基于UE引擎的数字孪生大坝安全监测系统

针对传统大坝安全监测系统场景化展示水平较低、精细化管理能力不足的问题,利用虚幻引擎Ureal Engine构建了新型的数字孪生大坝安全监测系统,在传统大坝安全监测系统数据感知、预警分析技术的基础上,结合基于UE引擎的数字孪生场景构建技术,对工程安全相关的监测要素进行全面展示,实现了大坝安全监测的可视化、场景化表达,提供了沉浸式的大坝安全监测体验,为加强水库大坝安全防范、提升风险预警能力、保障水库综合效益提供技术支撑,为水库工程安全管理工作的优化创新提供思路。

母体产前血清AFP、Freeβ-HCG、uE3检测对筛查胎儿染色体异常的临床价值

目的探讨产前母体血清甲胎蛋白(AFP)、游离β绒毛膜促性腺激素(Free-β-HCG)、雌三醇(uE3)检测对筛查胎儿染色体异常的临床价值。方法选取我院2021年9月—2023年3月100例高风险孕妇进行无创DNA检测,根据染色体状态分为阳性组、阴性组。对比2组孕12周时血清AFP、Freeβ-HCG、uE3及NT值水平,Logistic回归分析血清各指标对胎儿染色体异常的影响因素;ROC分析孕12周时血清各指标联合检测对胎儿染色体异常的预测价值。结果阳性组孕12周时血清AFP、uE3均低于阴性组、血清Freeβ-HCG及NT值均高于阴性组(P<0.05);分析认为孕12周时血清AFP、uE3为胎儿染色体异常的保护因素、Freeβ-HCG及NT值为胎儿染色体异常的危险因素(P<0.05);ROC分析孕12周时检测母体血清AFP、Freeβ-HCG、uE3水平对预测胎儿染色体异常的AUC分别为0.654、0.673、0.664,其联合检测对预测胎儿染色体异常的AUC为0.717。结论产前母体血清AFP、Freeβ-HCG、uE3联合检测在胎儿染色体异常的筛查中均具有较高的预测价值,3者联合检测的预测效能更高,可广泛应用于早期临床筛查中。

基于UE5的VR场景制作与探索——Android平台工程设置

本文记录了基于UE5(虚幻引擎)制作Android平台VR工程的过程及问题。详细地从构建场景前期准备工作、VisualStudio安装、PicoG24KVR设备的插件设置、UE(虚幻引擎)插件VR设备连接UE5.2(虚幻引擎)参数调整和构建、蓝图编写等几个方面来探讨分析。

基于UE5的水利工程可视化平台设计与实现

针对目前主流的三维交互开发工具编程技术门槛较高,以及水利业务中可视化应用不充分等问题,开展了可视化平台设计与实践工作。结合水利工程项目需求,提出了基于UE5图形引擎开发可视化平台的技术路线,通过蓝图编辑器调用封装好的编程语言模块进行交互功能的开发。该平台不仅有精美直观、加载流畅的场景效果,而且实现了用户界面管理、漫游位置切换、天气和昼夜调节,以及工程设备运行模拟等核心功能。研究成果应用在多个水利项目中,提升了三维交互功能开发的效率和实现方法的多样性,为工程设计、施工和运维阶段提供辅助,赋能水利工程数字孪生建设。

基于UE5的动画短片《朱雀号》的设计与制作

很多学校的数字媒体类专业分为三维动画和游戏制作两个方向,但随着UE5游戏引擎的发布,这两个领域应用的技术有了越来越多的交汇,同一技术流程既可用于三维动画,也可用于游戏制作。该文使用UE5引擎完成了一个三维动画短片,探索了UE5与传统三维动画制作流程的异同之处,并探讨了其高效性和技术进步。

基于UE4引擎的数字博物馆的交互设计研究

博物馆蕴含着城市精神与文化,亦可赋能城市未来发展。构建数字博物馆的交互体验,依托现代信息技术,可以全方位、多层次地展现自然和人类文化遗产信息。文章基于UE4引擎技术开发数字博物馆,通过SketchUp完成三维建模,利用Datasmith开发组件,运用UE4引擎的可视化编程技术进行交互展示设计,充分发挥虚幻引擎技术的可视性、沉浸性和互动性三大交互特性,探讨UE4引擎技术在数字博物馆中的多种可能性,在互动体验方式下为文博数字化发展提供新的探索方向。

Diagnosis and management of choledocholithiasis in the golden age of imaging, endoscopy and laparoscopy

Biliary lithiasis is an endemic condition in both Western and Eastern countries, in some studies affecting 20% of the general population. In up to 20% of cases, gallbladder stones are associated with common bile duct stones(CBDS), which are asymptomatic in up to one half of cases. Despite the wide variety of examinations and techniques available nowadays, two main open issues remain without a clear answer: how to cost-effectively diagnose CBDS and, when they are finally found, how to deal with them. CBDS diagnosis and management has radically changed over the last 30 years, following the dramatic diffusion of imaging, including endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) and magnetic resonance cholangiography(MRC), endoscopy and laparoscopy. Since accuracy, invasiveness, potential therapeutic use and costeffectiveness of imaging techniques used to identifyCBDS increase together in a parallel way, the concept of "risk of carrying CBDS" has become pivotal to identifying the most appropriate management of a specific patient in order to avoid the risk of "under-studying" by poor diagnostic work up or "over-studying" by excessively invasive examinations. The risk of carrying CBDS is deduced by symptoms, liver/pancreas serology and ultrasound. "Low risk" patients do not require further examination before laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Two main "philosophical approaches" face each other for patients with an "intermediate to high risk" of carrying CBDS: on one hand, the "laparoscopy-first" approach, which mainly relies on intraoperative cholangiography for diagnosis and laparoscopic common bile duct exploration for treatment, and, on the other hand, the "endoscopy-first" attitude, variously referring to MRC, EUS and/or endoscopic retrograde cholangiography for diagnosis and endoscopic sphincterotomy for management. Concerning CBDS diagnosis, intraoperative cholangiography, EUS and MRC are reported to have similar results. Regarding management, the recent literature seems to show better short and long term outcome of surgery in terms of retained stones and need for further procedures. Nevertheless, open surgery is invasive, whereas the laparoscopic common bile duct clearance is time consuming, technically demanding and involves dedicated instruments. Thus, although no consensus has been achieved and CBDS management seems more conditioned by the availability of instrumentation, personnel and skills than cost-effectiveness, endoscopic treatment is largely preferred worldwide.