Puerarin partly counteracts the inflammatory response after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion via activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway

Puerarin, a major isoflavonoid derived from the Chinese medical herb radix puerariae （Gegen）, has been reported to inhibit neuronal apoptosis and play an anti-inflammatory role in focal cerebral ischemia model rats. Recent findings regarding stroke pathophysiology have recognized that anti-inflammation is an important target for the treatment of ischemic stroke. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is a highly robust neural-immune mechanism for inflammation control. This study was to investigate whether activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway can be involved in the mechanism of inhibiting the inflammatory response during puerarin-induced cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Results showed that puerarin pretreatment （intravenous injection） re- duced the ischemic infarct volume, improved neurological deficit after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion and decreased the levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a in brain tissue. Pretreatment with puerarin （intravenous injection） attenuated the inflammatory response in rats, which was accompanied by janus-activated kinase 2 （JAK2） and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 （STAT3） activation and nuclear factor kappa B （NF-KB） inhibition. These observa- tions were inhibited by the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor （a7nAchR） antagonist a-bungarotoxin （a-BGT）. In addition, puerarin pretreatment increased the expression of a7nAchR mRNA in ischemic cerebral tissue. These data demonstrate that puerarin pretreatment strongly protects the brain against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury and inhibits the inflammatory re- sponse. Our results also indicated that the anti-inflammatory effect of puerarin may partly be medi- ated through the activation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.

MicroRNA-124 mediates the cholinergic anti-inflammatory action through inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines

The vagus nerve can control inflammatory response through a ＇ cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway＇, which is mediated by the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor （α7nAChR） on macrophages. However, the intracel- lular mechanisms that link α7nAChR activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine production remain not well under- stood. In this study, we found that miR-124 is upregulated by cholinergic agonists in LPS-exposed cells and mice. Utilizing miR-124 mimic and siRNA knockdown, we demonstrated that miR-124 is a critical mediator for the cho- linergic anti-inflammatory action. Furthermore, our data indicated that miR-124 modulates LPS-induced cytokine production by targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3） to decrease IL-6 production and TNF-α converting enzyme （TACE） to reduce TNF-ot release. These results also indicate that miR-124 is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Berberine Relieves Insulin Resistance via the Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway in HepG2 Cells

Berberine（BBR） is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Rhizoma coptidis and has been used for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus（T2DM） in China. The development of T2 DM is often associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose uptake in peripheral tissues. In this study, we examined whether BBR attenuated glucose uptake dysfunction through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in Hep G2 cells. Cellular glucose uptake, quantified by the 2-[N-（7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl）-amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose（2-NBDG）, was inhibited by 21% after Hep G2 cells were incubated with insulin（10-6 mol/L） for 36 h. Meanwhile, the expression of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor（α7n ACh R） protein was reduced without the change of acetylcholinesterase（ACh E） activity. The level of interleukin-6（IL-6） in the culture supernatant, the ratio of phosphorylated I-kappa-B kinase-β（IKKβ） Ser181/IKKβ and the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B（NF-κB） p65 protein were also increased. However, the treatment with BBR enhanced the glucose uptake, increased the expression of α7n ACh R protein and inhibited ACh E activity. These changes were also accompanied with the decrease of the ratio of p IKKβ Ser181/IKKβ, NF-κB p65 expression and IL-6 level. Taken together, these results suggest that BBR could enhance glucose uptake, and relieve insulin resistance and inflammation in Hep G2 cells. The mechanism may be related to the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and the inhibition of ACh E activity.

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Polysaccharide from Embelia parviflora Wall.on Rheumatoid Arthritis in Rats

[Objectives]To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Embelia parviflora Wall.polysaccharide on rheumatoid arthritis(RA)in rats.[Methods]RA rat model was induced by type II collagen.After successful modeling,the rats were divided into model group,positive group,low,medium and high dose of E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide groups,and normal control group.Body mass,toe volume and arthritis index were measured,and thymus index and spleen index were calculated.The levels of interleukin-1β,interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-αin serum and synovial tissue of ankle joint were detected by ELISA.[Results]Compared with the normal control group,the pathological changes such as synovial hyperplasia and unclear layer were observed in the model group,the body mass was decreased(P<0.05),the toe volume,arthritis index,thymus and spleen index were increased(P<0.05),and the levels of IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-αin serum and ankle synovial tissue were increased(P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the histopathological changes in synovium of ankle joint in the positive group and the medium and high dose groups of E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide were significantly improved,and the body mass was increased(P<0.05).The toe volume,arthritis index,thymus index and spleen index were decreased(P<0.05).The levels of IL-Iβ,IL-6 and TNF-αin serum and synovial tissue of ankle joint were increased(P<0.05),while there was no significant difference between the low dose group of E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide and the model group(P>0.05).[Conclusions]E.parviflora Wall.polysaccharide can reduce the body's inflammatory response and improve RA,which may be related to the inhibition of the activation of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α.

Effects of melatonin on learning abilities, cholinergic fibers and nitric oxide synthase expression in rat cerebral cortex

BACKGROUND: Melatonin is a kind of hormones derived from pineal gland. Recent researches demonstrate that melatonin is characterized by anti-oxidation, anti-senility and destroying free radicals. While, effect and pathogenesis of pineal gland on learning ability should be further studied. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of pinealectomy on learning abiliy, distribution of cholinesterase and expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in cerebral cortex of rats and probe into the effect of melatonin on learning ability, central cholinergic system and nNOS expression. DESIGN: Randomized grouping design and animal study. SETTING: Department of Neurology, the 187 Hospital of Chinese PLA. MATERIALS: A total of 12 male SD rats, of normal learning ability testing with Y-tape maze, of clean grade, weighing 190-210 g, aged 6 weeks, were selected in this study. METHODS: The experiment was carried out in the Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital from July 1997 to June 2000. All SD rats were divided into experimental group (n =6, pinealectomy) and control group (n =6, sham operation). Seven days later, rats in both two groups were continuously fed for 33 days. ① Learning ability test: The learning ability of rats was tested by trisection Y-type maze and figured as attempting times. ② Expression of acetylcholinesterase (AchE) was detected by enzyme histochemistry and nNOS was measured by SABC method. ③ Quantitative analysis of AchE fibers: AchE fibers density in unit area (surface density) was surveyed with Leica Diaplan microscope and Leica Quantimet 500+ image analytic apparatus and quantitative parameter was set up for AchE fibers covering density (μm2) per 374 693.656 μm2, moreover, the AchE fibers density was measured in Ⅱ-Ⅳ layers of motor and somatosensory cortex (showing three layers per field of vision at one time), in radiative, lacunaria and molecular layers of CA1, CA2 and CA3 areas, and in lamina multiforms of dentate gyrus. Three tissue slices were picked up randomly in the same part of each rat, together six tissue slices for nNOS expression and four near view (× 400) were selected in the parts of right neocortex, medial septal nucleus-diagonal band nucleus (SM-DB), corpus striatus and hippocampus to count nNOS-positive cells. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Learning ability; distribution and quantitative analysis of AchE fibers; expression of nNOS in various cerebral areas. RESULTS: The twelve rats were all involved in the final analysis. ① Learning ability test: The learning abilities before operation in the experimental group [(14.67±4.97) times] were consistent with those in the control group [(14.33±4.32) times, P > 0.05], the learning abilities in the experimental group at 40 days after pinealectomy [(28.67±2.42) times] were obviously more than those before pinealectomy and those in the control group after operation [(13.83±8.33) times, P < 0.01]. ② Results of AchE-positive fibers density in cerebral cortex of rats: The AChE-positive fibers densities in motor and somatosensory cortex, CA1, CA2 and CA3 areas of hippocampus and in lamina multiforms of dentate gyrus in the experimental group were obviously lower than those in the control group [experimental group: (15 244±1 339), (14 764±1 391), (12 991±970), (15 077±1 020), (19 546±1 489), (19 337±1 378) μm2; control group: (21 001±1 021), (17 930±2 225), (17 260±1 342), (18 911±1 048), (24 108±1 671), (22 917±1 909) μm2, P < 0.01]. ③ Expression of nNOS in various cerebral areas: nNOS-positive cells in cerebral cortex of rats of the experimental group were more, furthermore the ones in somatosensory cortex were slightly more in motor cortex and the number (5.90±0.68) was more than that in the control group (3.68±0.39,P < 0.05). The nNOS-positive cells in SM-DB (16.21±2.03) were markedly more than those in the control group (9.32±1.05,P < 0.01). The nNOS-positive cells in hippocampus (4.27±0.75) and in corpus striatus (9.35±2.58) were not different with those in the control group (3.94±0.53, 8.96±2.31, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Decrease of melatonin due to pinealectomy of rats can result in learning disorder, which may be related to trauma of cholinergic neuron in cerebral cortex which were caused by nitric oxide neurotoxicity arose from the overexpression of nNOS in cerebral neocortex and SM-DB.

Anti-viral and anti-inflammatory effects of kaempferol and quercetin and COVID-2019:A scoping review

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2(SARS-CoV-2)is a novel coronavirus identified at the end of 2019.It is recognized as the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19).Flavonoids have been shown to exhibit therapeutical effect on complications related to COVID-19.The present study reviews possible therapeutic benefits of flavonoids on SARS-CoV-2.The Web of Science,PubMed,Scopus,and Google Scholar were searched using keywords:“COVID-19”,“SARS-CoV-2”,“Kaempferol”and“Quercetin”in the Title/Abstract.Relevant published articles in the English language until August 2020 were considered.Kaempferol and quercetin showed antiviral properties such as inhibition of protein kinase B and phosphorylation of protein kinase and blocking effects on a selective channel(3a channel)expressed in SARS-CoV infected cells.They also reduced the level of reactive oxygen species,expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase,pro-inflammatory mediators including TNF-α,IL-1α,IL-1β,IL-6,IL-10,and IL-12 p70,and chemokines.Kaempferol and quercetin might exert beneficial effects in the control or treatment of COVID-19 because of their antiviral,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and immunomodulatory effects.

Classic mechanisms and experimental models for the anti-inflammatory effect of traditional Chinese medicine

Inflammation is a common disease involved in the pathogenesis,complications,and sequelae of a large number of related diseases,and therefore considerable research has been directed toward developing anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention and treatment of these diseases.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has been used to treat inflammatory and related diseases since ancient times.According to the re-view of abundant modern scientific researches,it is suggested that TCM exhibit anti-inflammatory effects at different levels,and via multiple pathways with various targets,and recently a series of in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory models have been developed for anti-inflammation research in TCM.Currently,the reported classic mechanisms of TCM and experimental models of its anti-inflammatory effects pro-vide reference points and guidance for further research and development of TCM.Importantly,the research clearly confirms that TCM is now and will continue to be an effective form of treatment for many types of inflammation and inflammation-related diseases.

Phytochemical constituents,analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of methanol extract of Triumfetta rhomboidea leaves in animal models

Objective:To investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Triumfetta rhomboidea on mice and rats respectively.And to screen the phytochemical constituent of the extract. Methods:The analgesic effect was determined by acetic acid-induced writhing test in mice.While the anti-inflammatory activity was determined by egg albumin-induced oedema of the rat paw.Phytochemical screening was done by standard procedures.Results:Triumfetta rhomboidea leaf extract(50 -400 mg/kg) caused a statistically significant inhibition on the egg albumin-induced eodema or inflammation in Wister albino rats with P【0.001(ANOVA).This effect was higher than the observed effect with Piroxicam(0.5 mg/kg) which was used as a standard.The effect was also dose-dependent.Furthermore,Triumfetta rhomboidea extract caused a statistically significant reduction in the number of acetic acid-induced writhing in mice,with P【0.001(ANOVA).These effects were also does-dependent and greater than the analgesic effects by paracetamol which was used as a reference drug.Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids,steroids, triterpenoids alkaloids,tannins and saponins in Truimfetta rhomboidea leaf extract.Conclusion:Triumfetta rhomboidea can be recommended for acute inflammatory disorders and diseases associated with pains.This also supports its traditional use as an anti-snake bite and anti-cancer or anti-tumor agent.Further study is on the way to find out the mechanism of its action and also to isolate,identify and characterize the active principle responsible for these effects in this plant.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities with gastroprotective effect of semi-purified fractions and isolation of pure compounds from Mediterranean gorgonian Eunicella singularis

Objective: To explore anti-inflammatory activities of organic extract and its semi-purified fractions(ethanol, acetone, methanol/dichloromethane) from the Mediterranean gorgonian Eunicella singularis. Methods: The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities were evaluated, using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model and the acetic acid writhing test in mice. The gastroprotective activity was determined using HCl/Et OH induced gastric ulcers in rats. The purification and structure elucidation of compound(s) from the more effective fraction were determined by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods and in comparison with data reported in the literature. Results: The fraction F-Et OH showed an important antiinflammatory activity associated with significant analgesic and gastroprotective properties. The purification and structure elucidation of compound(s) from this fraction lead to the identification of one diterpenoid and four sterols. Conclusions: These results suggested that components from the active fraction can be used to treat various anti-inflammatory diseases.

Extraction and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Colchicine from Sagittaria sagittifolia

[Objective] This study was to study the optimal extraction technology and anti-inflammatory effects of colchicine from Sagittaria sagittifolia. [Method] The ef- fects of ethanol concentration, extraction time, extraction temperature and solid-liquid ratio on the extraction rate of colchicine from S. sagittifolia were investigated. On the basis of single-factor experiments, an L9 （34） orthogonal test was carried out to optimize the extraction process. According to the optimal extraction process, the content of colchicine in S. sagittifolia was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The anti-inflammatory ability of colchicine was evaluated through an anti-inflammatory test in vitro. [Result] The optimal extraction process of colchicine from S. sagittifolia was as follows： ethanol concentration of 60%, extraction temper- ature of 50℃, extraction time of 30 min, and solid-liquid ratio of 1：25 （g/ml）. The content of colchicine in S. sagittifolia was determined as 40.58 μg/100 mg. Com- pared with the control, the colchicine from S. sagittifolia （9.0 and 4.5 g/kg） inhibited the increase in PGE2, TNF-α and IL-1β contents in pleural fluid （P〈0.05）. High-dose colchicine inhibited the increase in TNF-α, IL-1β and MDA contents in lung tissue （P〈0.01）, and middle-dose colchicine inhibited the increase in IL-1β content in lung tissue （P〈0.01）. [Conclusion] The colchicine in S. sagittifolia has a good anti-inflam- matory effect, which may be achieved through hindering the production of inflam- matory mediators and antioxidation.

Electrospinning of a sandwich-structured membrane with sustained release capability and long-term anti-inflammatory effects for dental pulp regeneration

Current electro spun membranes used for pulp capping still lack the sustained-release capability and long-term anti-inflammatory effects that are favorable for dental pulp regeneration.In this work,a single-layered poly(lac tic acid)(PLA)electro spun membrane loaded with amorphous calcium phosphate(ACP)and aspirin(PLA/ACP/Aspirin membrane,i.e.,PA A membrane)is sandwiched between two poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA)electro spun membranes as a novel sandwich-structured PLGA and PA A composite electro spun membrane(PLGA-PAA membrane)to resolve the need for sustained-release design and anti-inflammatory effects.Contact angle measurements indicate that the PLGA-PAA membrane is more hydrophilic than the PAA membrane.An in vitro release study reveals that PLGA membranes coated on PAA membrane could slightly slow down ion release,while signiificantly prolonging aspirin release.We also co-cultured membranes with dental pulp stem cells(DPSCs)and human monocytic THP-1 cells to evaluate their osteogenic ability and anti-inflammatory effects,respectively.Compared with the PAA membrane,the PLGA-PAA membrane promotes cell adhesion,proliferation,and osteogenic differentiation.A prolonged anti-inflammatory effect of up to 18 days is also observed in the PLGA-PAA group.The results suggest a promising strategy for fabricating an electro spun membrane system with controlled release capabilities and long-term anti-inflammatory effects for use as pulp-capping material for regeneration of the dentin-pulp complex.

Experimental Study on the Anti-inflammatory Effect of Ficus pumila L.

[Objectives]To study the anti-inflammatory effects of extracts from different parts of Ficus pumila L.[Methods]Inflammatory models of xylene-induced ear swelling,glacial acetic acid-induced celiac capillary permeability and carrageenan-induced toe swelling were established to evaluate the effects of extracts from different parts of F.pumila L.on inflammation.The inflammatory model of ear swelling in mice with bilateral adrenalectomy induced by xylene was established to determine whether its anti-inflammatory effect depends on hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis(HPAA)system.[Results]Compared with the blank control group,except that there was no statistical significance in the low dose group(P>0.05),the high and middle dose groups of extracts from different parts of F.pumila L.had significant inhibitory effects on xylene-induced ear swelling in mice.The high,middle and low dose groups of F.pumila L.extract could significantly increase the celiac capillary permeability of mice induced by glacial acetic acid,and significantly inhibit the toe swelling induced by carrageenan.Compared with the blank control group,the high and middle dose groups of extracts from different parts of F.pumila L.could significantly inhibit xylene-induced ear swelling and carrageenan-induced toe swelling in bilateral adrenalectomy mice.[Conclusions]The extracts from different parts of F.pumila L.had anti-inflammatory activity,and its anti-inflammatory effect was independent of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis(HPAA)system.

A Preliminary Study on Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Millettia speciosa and Tinpspora sinensis and Their Compatibility

[Objectives]To study the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Millettia speciosa and Tinpspora sinensis and their compatibility.[Methods](i)In the glacial acetic acid writhing experiment,60 SPF-grade Kunming mice were adopted,and the mice were randomly divided into 6 groups at male-female ratio of 1∶1,namely,the blank control group,M.speciosa group,T.sinensis group,M.speciosa compatible with T.sinensis group at the ratio of 1∶2(expressed as 1∶2 compatibility group),M.speciosa compatible with T.sinensis group at the ratio of 1∶1(expressed as 1∶1 compatibility group),and M.speciosa compatible with T.sinensis group at the ratio of 2∶1(expressed as 2∶1 compatibility group),12 mice for each group.Mice of the experimental groups were administered at a dose of 20 mL/kg,and the corresponding concentration of the Chinese medicine extract was given at 1 g/mL.The control group was administered with an equal volume of 0.9%physiological saline,and was intragastrically administered once every 24 h for 14 d.After intragastric administration for one hour on day 14,intraperitoneal injection of 0.5%glacial acetic acid solution was performed to induce pain.(ii)In the hot plate experiment,60 Kunming female SPF mice were adopted,grouped,intragastrically administered with the same glacial acetic acid writhing experiment for 14 d.After intragastric administration for one hour on day 14,the mice were placed on a hot plate apparatus at(55±0.5)℃.to measure the time of licking their hind feet.(iii)In the anti-inflammatory experiment,60 Kunming SPF mice were adopted,grouped,intragastrically administered with the same glacial acetic acid writhing experiment for 14 d.After intragastric administration for one hour on day 14,xylylene was administered to the left ears of mice at a dose of 50μL/piece to induce inflammation.[Results](i)In the glacial acetic acid writhing experiment,compared with the blank control group,the experimental group showed analgesic effects.Specifically,M.speciosa group,T.sinensis group,1∶2 compatibility group,1∶1 compatibility group,2∶1 compatibility group showed significant effect(P<0.05),the writhing inhibition rate was 17.65%,20.59%,29.41%,26.47%,and 44.12%,respectively,and 2∶1 compatibility group showed the most significant analgesic effects.(ii)In the hot plate experiment,compared with the control group,all experimental groups showed analgesic effect.Specifically,M.speciosa group,T.sinensis group,1∶2 compatibility group,1∶1 compatibility group,2∶1 compatibility group showed significant effect(P<0.05),the pain threshold improvement rates were 16.13%,14.55%,14.96%,29.95%,and 58.68%,respectively,and 2∶1 compatibility group showed the most significant analgesic effect.(iii)In the anti-inflammatory experiment,the swelling degree of the 1∶2 compatibility group was significantly different from that of the blank control group,M.speciosa group,T.sinensis group(P<0.05).and 1∶2 compatibility group showed the most significant anti-inflammatory effect.[Conclusions]M.speciosa,T.sinensis,and their compatibility had anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.The 2∶1 compatibility group had the best analgesic effects,and 1∶2 compatibility group had the best anti-inflammatory effects.

Anti-inflammatory effect of extracts of Dendropanax dentige and Lycopodiastrum casuarinoides on rheumatoid arthritis and their underlying mechanism in rats

OBJECTIVE To investigate the anit-inflammatory effect of extracts of Dendropanax dentiger(Harms)Merr and Lycopodiastrum casuarinoides(Spring)Holub on rheumatoid arthritis(RA)using adjuvant arthritis(AA)rat model and possible mechanisms.METHODS The AA rat model of RA was induced in adult SparagueDawley(SD)rats by injecting of the adjuvant at base oftail.One-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into the following groups:normal saline group(blank control),D.dentiger decoction group(80g·kg-1·d-1),L.Casuarinoides decoction group(80 g·kg·d-1),the total of glucoside Tripterygium(GTT)group(positive control,2 mg·kg-1·d-1).They were administered orally for 6weeks.Histopathology of tissues arthritis rats was observed by H.E staining.The volume of paw swelling was measured and the arthritis inflammation index was calculated.The expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interlukin-1β(IL-1β)were detected by the ELISA assay.In addition,previous study has reported that plant-derived mi RNAs play a role for cross kingdom regulatory potential.Thus,we also performed RNA-seq technique to identify bioactive mi RNAs via comparative transcriptome analysis between D.dentiger and L.Casuarinoides.RESULTS Comparing with AA model group,the volume of paw swelling and the arthritis index were increased significantly in the AA rat model group(P<0.01),suggesting that the AA model rats were prepared properly.Compared with the AA model group,the volume of paw swelling of D.dentiger decoction group,L.Casuarinoides decoction group was decreased by 25.2%and 10.3%,respectively,and the arthritis index was decreased by 27.2%and 18.3%,respectively.Compared with AA model group,TNF-αprotein expression of D.dentiger decoction group and L.Casuarinoides decoction groups were decreased by 16.3%and 14.7%,and IL-1βprotein expression was decreased by 23.6%,18.9%(P<0.05,P<0.01),respectively.Besides,we found that some plant-derived homologous mi RNAs(such as mi RNA192 and mi RNA30a)associated with cell apoptosis processing have been screened out via comparative transcriptome analysis.But the underlying mechanisms about two mi RNAs function needs much more investigate.CONCLUSION Results showed significant anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous extracts of D.dentiger and L.Cauarinoides and justifying their therapeutic role in inflammatory condition.Furthermore,anti-inflammatory effect of D.dentiger and L.Cauarinoides may be attribute to the herb-derived mi RNAs cross-kingdom regulation.

A preliminary study on the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of two extracts of pine pollen on anoxia and fatigue resistance

Background:To study the anti-inflammatory,analgesic,fatigue resistant and antihypoxia effects of ethanol extract and water extract of pine pollen.Methods:Two different extracts of pine pollen were prepared into there different concentrations,that is 1.5 mg·mL^-1,4.5 mg·mL^-1 and 7.5 mg·mL^-1 respectively.The extract were studied by xylene-induced ear swelling,acetic acid distortion test and hot plate test.The antihypoxia and antifatigue effects were explored by weight-bearing swimming experiment,routine pressure hypoxia tolerance experiment and liver weight coefficient comparison.Results:Through the study of the four pharmacological effects of ethanol extract and water extract,we found that the anti-inflammatory,analgesic,antithyposia and antifatigue effects of ethanol extract were better than that of water extract.Moreover,the experimental effects significantly improved with the increase of the concentration,and the effect of alcohol increased dose group was accurate(P<0.05).Conclusion:Pine pollen has excellent effects of anti-inflammatory,analgesic,antihypoxia and anti-fatigue.Besides,with the increase of drug concentration,effects tend to be more obvious with positive correlation.

Anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol fraction from Disporum cantoniense （Lour.） Merr. in LPS-stimulated RAW264. 7 cells

Aim To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol fraction prepared from Disporum cantoniense （Lour.） Merr. 70% ethanol extract with a cellular model of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cell. Methods RAW264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of ethanol fraction （25,50 and 100 g · L^-1 ） and stimu- the conditioned media was collected and analyzed. The quantity of ni- lated with LPS （10 μg· L^-1） for 24 hours, tric oxide （NO） was assayed by Griess reagent. The production of inflammatory mediators was determined by en- zyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）, such as prostaglandin E2 （PGE2）, tumor necrosis factor ot （TNF-ot） interleukin- 1 β （IL-1 β） and interleukin 6 （IL-6） in cell supernatant. The concentrations of inflammatory medi- 9 ators were calculated according to the standard curves generated by each of the recombinant cytokines provided with LPS can induce RAW264.7 cells to promote the pro- the ELISA kits. Results Compared with the control group, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Compared with the duction of inflammatory mediators （P 〈 0.01 ） , including NO, PGE2, model group, ethanol fraction significantly suppressed LPS induced release of inflammatory mediators such as nitric NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in a good dose dependent manner （P 〈 0.05, P 〈 0.01 ）. Conclusions Eth- anol fraction could significantly inhibit the production of LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 cells, and its anti-inflammatory effect may be related to reduce the production of inflammatory mediators NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1 β and IL-6. These results demonstrate that the ethanol fraction is the bioactive component of Disporum can- toniense （Lour.） Merr. , and the ethanol fraction will be further developed as a herbal remedy for preventive and/ or curative purposes in various inflammatory diseases.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Volatile Oil of Ocimum basilicum L. in Bozhou and Its Mechanisms

[Objectives] The research aimed to study the anti-inflammatory effects of volatile oil from Ocimum basilicum L. in Bozhou through the experimental animal model of inflammation.[Methods] Xylene-induced mouse ear swelling model and carrageenan-induced mouse paw swelling model were used to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of volatile oil from O. basilicum L.[Results] The extremely high, high, medium, and low doses of volatile oil from O. basilicum L. had a certain inhibitory effect on the ear swelling of mice induced by xylene ( P <0.05), and the inhibitory effect of high-dose group on the ear swelling of mice was better. The swollen degree of the mice s toes in the different dose groups of volatile oil from O. basilicum L. was significantly lower ( P <0.05), and the high-dose and middle-dose groups had better inhibition.[Conclusions] The volatile oil from O. basilicum L. in Bozhou had a significant inhibitory effect on xylene-induced mouse ear swelling and carrageenan-induced mouse paw swelling. It proved and clarified the anti-inflammatory effects of volatile oil from O. basilicum L. in Bozhou.

Anti-inflammatory Effect and Mechanism of Characteristic Medicine Baeckea frutescens L. in Guangxi

[Objectives] This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Baeckea frutescence L.in vitro and in vivo.[Methods]The anti-inflammatory activity of B.frutescence was measured by mouse peritoneal capillary permeability test,mouse auricle swelling test and rat cotton granuloma test.The RAW264.7 macrophage model was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide(LPS),and the effects of B.frutescence on tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-6(IL-6) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and the relative expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase(i NOS) and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) proteins was detected by Western blot.Thus,the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of B.frutescence was studied.[Results] B.frutescence significantly inhibited mouse peritoneal capillary permeability,inhibited xylene-induced mouse auricle swelling and rat cotton granuloma,significantly inhibited TNF-α and IL-6 levels,and down-regulated the expression of i NOS and COX-2 proteins in cells.[Conclusions]B.frutescence showed good anti-inflammatory activity both in vitro and in vivo,and the mechanism may be related to the release inhibition of inflammatory factors TNF-α and the regulation of COX-2.

Screening of Effective Fractions for Antitussive and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Miao Medicine Aspidistra caespitosa

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the antitussive and anti-inflammatory effects of Miao medicine Aspidistra caespitosa C.Pei.[Methods]A mouse cough model was made by the SO 2 cough induction method,and the antitussive effects of different extraction fractions of A.caespitosa were observed.The inflammation models of acute inflammatory ear swelling in mice caused by xylene,granuloma in mice caused by cotton balls,and footpad swelling in mice caused by carrageenan were made,and the different extraction fractions were used to observe the effects of different extraction fractions on mouse ear swelling,granuloma and footpad swelling.And the levels of interleukin 6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factor(TNF-a)in the serum of different groups of mice were detected to screen out the extraction fractions of A.caespitosa with good antitussive and anti-inflammatory activity.[Results]Antitussive experiments on mice showed that the water layer extraction fraction,ethyl acetate extraction fraction and petroleum ether extraction fraction of Miao medicine A.caespitosa could prolong the incubation period of cough in mice and reduce the number of coughs within 2 min to varying degrees,and its different extraction fractions all had different inhibitory effects on mouse ear swelling,granuloma and footpad swelling.Compared with the blank control group,the different extraction fractions could reduce IL-6,TNF-a and other indicators to different degrees.[Conclusions]Ethyl acetate extraction fraction of A.caespitosa has good antitussive and anti-inflammatory effects.