Chromium (Ⅲ) Biosorption of Deinococcus radiodurans and Its Vitreoscilla Haemoglobin (vgb) Gene-Transferred Recombinants

Objectives:This study used Deinococcus radiodurans,which is extremely resistant to oxidative damage,genotoxic chemicals,high levels of ionising and ultraviolet radiation and drying,and its Vitreoscilla haemoglobin(vgb)gene-cloned recombinant with the vgb−recombinant strain as a control.In addition to the conditions wherein bacteria have an optimum Cr(Ⅲ)biosorption capacity,the contribution of the vgb gene to the biosorption ability of the bacteria has been investigated by providing the organism with a more oxygenic environment.Methods:Bacteria were produced and metal stock solution was prepared.To determine the Cr(Ⅲ)removal capacities of wild and recombinant D.radiodurans strains,the residual metal concentration in aqueous media at the beginning and after biosorption was determined in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.Some optimal conditions were created for the biosorption conditions to occur.Conclusions:The optimisation tests showed that Cr(Ⅲ)reached the highest biosorption capacity within 15 minutes at a metal concentration of 2,000 ppm,30°C,pH 5.0 and 150 rpm stirring speed in all the three bacteria.The vgb gene had no significant contribution to the biosorption capacity.

Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr(Ⅲ)

Loofa sponge （LS） immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana （LSIBCS）, isolated from industrial wastewater, was investigated as a new biosorbent for the removal of Cr（Ⅲ） from aqueous solution. A comparison of the biosorption of Cr（Ⅲ） by LSIBCS and free biomass of C. sorokiniana （FBCS） from 10-300 mg Cr（Ⅲ）/L aqueous solutions showed an increase in uptake of 17.79% when the microalgal biomass was immobilized onto loofa sponge. Maximum biosorption capacity for LSIBCS and FBCS was found to be 69.26 and 58.80 mg Cr（Ⅲ）/g biosorbent, respectively, whereas the amount of Cr（Ⅲ） ions adsorbed onto naked LS was 4.97 mg/g. The kinetics of Cr（Ⅲ） biosorption was extremely rapid and equilibrium was established in about 15 and 20 min by LSIBCS and FBCS, respectively. The biosorption equilibrium was well defined by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The biosorption was found to be pH dependent and the maximum sorption occurred at the solution pH 4.0. Desorption studies showed that 98% of the adsorbed Cr（Ⅲ） could be desorbed with 0.1 mol/L HNO3, while other desorbing agents were less effective in the order： EDTA 〉 H2SO4 〉 CH3COOH 〉 HCl. The regenerated LSIBCS retained 92.68% of the initial Cr（Ⅲ） binding capacity up to five cycles of reuse in continuous flow-fixed bed columns. The study revealed that LSIBCS could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr（Ⅲ） from wastewater.

Improvement of chromium biosorption through protoplast electrofusion between Candida tropicalis and Candida lipolytica

Protoplasts from Candida tropicalis and Candida lipolytica were fused under an optimized electrofusion （electrical pulse strength 6 kV/cm, pulse duration time 40μs and pulse times 5） and then regenerated on YEPD media for achieving new genotypes with higher chromium loading capacity. A target fusant RHJ-004 was screened out by its chromium resistance and chromium-sorbing capacity tests for further research. The comparative study of applicability shows that the fusant has better performance than its parent strains in respect of solution pH, biomass concentration and chromium loading capacity. Especially for treating low concentration Cr（VI） （〈20 mg/L）, above 80% chromium is sequestered from the aqueous phase at pH 1-9. Atomic force microscopy （AFM） visualizes the distribution of chromium on the binding sites of the cells, suggesting that the altered surface structure and intracellular constitutes of the fusant associate with its increased biosorption capacity. The rapid biosorption processes of chromium foUow the Langmuir model well.

Biosorption of Chromium from Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan

Adsorption experiment from aqueous solutions containing known amount of Cr （chromium） using chitosan was explored to evaluate the efficiency of chitosan as sorbent for Cr. Some variable parameters such as pH, reaction time and chitosan dosage were optimized. Under the optimum experiment condition, the effect of common ions on the adsorption of Cr （i.e., Na^＋, K^＋, Mg^2＋, Ca^2＋ for Cr（Ⅲ）, and Cl^-, NO3^-, SO4^2- for Cr（Ⅵ）） was also investigated. Furthermore, the sorption mechanism of Cr by chitosan was investigated by applying Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations to the data obtained. In addition, to confirm the characteristics of the chitosan, the surface morphology of the biomass was determined by SEM （scanning electron microscope） and specific surface area analyzer （N2-BET （Brunaeur, Emmet and Teller））. Consequently, the following matters have been mainly clarified： （1） chitosan can be an efficient sorbent for Cr （both Cr（Ⅲ） and Cr（Ⅵ））; （2） the effect of common ions on the adsorption ofCr （Cr（Ⅲ） and Cr（Ⅵ）） was not significant under this experimental conditions; （3） adsorption isotherms using the chitosan can be generally described by Langmuir isotherm more satisfactorily for Cr. The adsorption may have occurred mainly by monolayer reaction; （4） the rates of adsorption were found to conform to pseudo-second order kinetics.

Biosorption of chromium from electroplating and galvanizing industrial effluents under extreme conditions using Chlorella vulgaris

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(Ⅵ)] is a toxic oxidized form and an important metal pollutant in the water bodies. Biosorption of chromium(VI)offers a potential alternative to conventional metal removal methods. Dried biomass of Chlorella vulgaris was used as biosorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from electroplating and galvanizing industry effluents as a function of biosorbent dosage, contact time, pH, salinity and initial metal ion concentration. Batch experiments were conducted for biosorption and the optimum conditions were 1 g/L biomass, 4 h contact time, pH 2 and 2.893 mS/cm of electrical conductivity. The chromium biosorption was strictly pH dependent with a maximum Cr removal of 63.2 mg/L at pH 2. Highest Cr removal at a concentration of 81.3 mg/L was observed at Electrical conductivity(EC) value of 2.893 mS/cm. A comparison of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models revealed that Freundlich isotherm model fitted the experimental data based on R^2, q_(max) and standard error values. The results suggest that C. vulgaris biomass could be considered a promising low-cost biosorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from electroplating and galvanizing industry effluents.

Biosorption of Trivalent Chromium from Aqueous Solution by Red Seaweed Polysiphonia nigrescens

This paper presents the biosorption of chromium onto red seaweed (Polysiphonia nigrescens). Batch mode experiments were performed to determine experimental parameters affecting sorption process such as pH, contact time, initial metal ion concentration and biomass dosage. The Cr(III) sorption was dependent on pH and adsorbent dosage. The adsorption kinetic data could be fitted with a pseudo-second-order model and the equilibrium data with a Langmuir model. The maximum sorption capacity was of 16.11 mg/g at pH 4 and 10 g/L of biomass dosage. 0.1 M H2SO4 showed good desorption efficiency (>80%). Spectroscopy analysis showed that Cr(III) sorption on seaweed was mainly through the ion-exchange mechanism. This report indicates that P. nigrescens is an effective and economical sorbent for removal of Cr(III) from wastewaters.

Chromium Biosorption by Dried Biomass of Water Spinach （Ipomoea Aquatica）

Chromium is a toxic heavy metal that is widely used in industries such as metallurgical industries, and tannery industries. This study investigates the use of an alternative adsorption technology, biosorption, using dried biomass of water spinach （Ipomoea aquatica） in removing chromium from aqueous solutions. Dried biomass was prepared through washing, drying, cutting and alkali treatment. K,Cr207 solutions at an initial concentration of 200~ 14.72 mg/L were added to biomass weight of 200.0~ 1.1 mg at varying pH values of 1.00, 2.00, 3.00~0.02, 4.00~0.58 and 5.00~0.44. The maximum total chromium ion uptake was at pH=2, wherein the biomass adsorbed was 9.56~0.64 ppm Cr/mg biomass. K2Cr207 solutions at concentrations of 10.00~0.32, 50.00~0.95, 100.00~0.76, 200.00~4.82 and 300.00~4.69 mg/L were added to flasks with a biomass weight of 200.00~0.75 mg and pH of 2.00~0.25. The behavior of chromium ion biosorption unto the dried water spinach best fits the Langmuir isotherm with a coefficient of determination （R2） value of 0.9993. The calculated maximum adsorption （%） is 0.13889 kg/kg. The adsorption equilibrium constant （K） is 1705.83 mg/L. The continuous experiment showed that the kinetic behavior of the biomass in a packed bed column followed the following equation with a coefficient of determination （R2） value of 0.7039： C/C0=0.266e^-0.004t

Study on Tolerance and Biosorption of Various Microalgae Species to Arsenic

[Objective] This study aimed to select microalgae species which are capable to effectively remove arsenic contamination from water under natural conditions. [Method] Four microalgae species [Chlorella sp. （zfsaia）, Chlorella minata, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenastrum capricormulum] were used as experimental materials and cultured with six different concentrations of As （Ⅲ） （0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 mg/L）. Biomass, chlorophyll a content and other physiological indicators were determined to investigate the arsenic tolerance and biosorption of four microalgae species. [Result] Chlorella sp. is sensitive to arsenic toxicity, its growth was inhibited when arsenic concentration exceeded 10 mg/L, with an EC 50 of 17.32 mg/L; when the arsenic concentration was 0-20 mg/L, growth of S.c, ww1 and C.v was not affected, which showed relatively high tolerance to arsenic, with arsenic removal rates of 77.02% , 72.18% and 81.36% respectively after 24 h. [Conclusion] This study indicates that microalgae have good application prospects for processing arsenic wastewater and being indicator plants of arsenic wastewater.

Influence of Temperature on Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters of Biosorption of Cr(VI) onto Fish Scales as Suitable Biosorbent

In this work the potential of fish scales as a suitable biosorbent for removal of Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated at various temperatures. The influence of temperature on equilibrium, kinetics as well as thermodynamic parameters was investigated. Various isotherm models such as Langmuir, Freundlich, R - P, D - R, Temkin and Halsey were used for the mathematical description of the biosorption of Cr(VI) ions onto fish scales. It was observed that Freundlich model exhibited the best fit to experimental data. Amongst the various kinetic models tested, the pseudo-first-order kinetic model represented the best correlation for the biosorption of Cr(VI) onto fish scales at various temperatures. In addition, various thermodynamic parameters such as ?Go, ?Ho and ?So were also determined. The biosorption of Cr(VI) was found to be a spontaneous and endothermic process.

Rapid biosorption and reduction removal of Cr(Ⅵ) from aqueous solution by dried seaweeds

Four types of common seaweeds(Laminaria japonica,Undaria pinnatifida,Porphyra haitanensis,and Gracilaria lemaneiformis) were examined to remove Cr(Ⅵ) ions from aqueous solution.The experimental parameters that affected the biosorption process including pH,biomass dosage,contact time and temperature were investigated via batch experiments.The surface characteristics of seaweeds before and after Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption were studied with scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The results show that an initial solution with the pH of 1.0 is most favorable for Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption.Rapid adsorption is observed in the initial stage and adsorption equilibrium state is reached within 1 h.The adsorption efficiency by Porphyra haitanensis is the maximum among four types of seaweed powders,followed by Laminaria japonica and Undaria pinnatifida with biosorption efficiency up to 90%.The removal rate of Gracilaria lemaneiformis is less than 60%.The kinetic data obtained using the seaweeds are found to follow pseudo-second order kinetic model.Experimental sorption data adequately correlate with the Langmuir model.FTIR indicates that amino and carboxyl groups play an important role in the process of Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption and a large percentage of Cr(Ⅵ) ions are reduced by reductive groups on the surface of seaweeds.

A Study on Biosorption Potential of <i>Aspergillus</i>sp. of Tannery Effluent

Chromium toxicity is one of the major environmental pollutants. As conventional methods for heavy metal removal are very expensive, bioremediation using fungi is extensively explored. Therefore in the present investigation, out of 23 fungi isolated from tannery effluent, 4 Aspergillus species namely A. terreus, A. tamarii, A. flavus and A. niger were selected for evaluating chromium tolerance and biosorption potential. Growth of the fungi was tested using various concentrations of Potassium dichromate (Cr VI) viz., 1 mM, 3 mM and 5 mM amended in potato dextrose agar. For all the fungi, growth was observed only in 1 mM and 3 mM. No growth was observed in 5 mM. Biosorption efficiency of both live and alkali pretreated Aspergillus species was compared. In the present study, alkali pretreated form exhibited highest biosorption efficiency than the live biomass in which A. terreus showed highest chromium biosorption potential compared to the other fungi.

Removal of Chromium(Ⅲ) from Monoammonium Phosphate Solutions by a Porous Adsorbent of Fluor(calcium silicate) Composites

The products of monoammonium phosphate containing Cr^3+resulted in disqualification,and further posed a serious threat to ecological environment and human beings.Herein,the porous adsorbent of fluor(calcium silicate)composites(FCSc)was prepared by hydrothermal method using diatomaceous earth,hydrated lime and additive(NaF)as raw materials,which was characterized and used for the removal of Cr^3+from monoammonium phosphate solutions.The effects of different parameters,such as solution pH,initial Cr^3+concentration,temperature and contact time on the adsorption of Cr^3+onto FCSc were investigated in details.The results indicated that the adsorption process was in agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm.The spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process was obtained by analyzing various thermodynamic parameters(△G0,△H0,and△S0).In addition,computational monte carlo simulations between Cr3+ions and FCSc were conducted to elucidate the adsorption mechanism.Such kind of porous adsorbent provided a potential application in the removal of impurities from monoammonium phosphate industry.

Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Interaction with DNA of a Novel Chromium(Ⅲ) Complex Containing Salicylaldehyde Semicarbazone

The novel chromium（Ⅲ） complex with salicylaldehyde semicarbazone was synthesized and characterized by IR spectra and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystal belongs to the orthorhombic system, space group Pbca with a = 8.9849（13）, b = 12.0475（16）, c = 34.522（5）A, V = 3736.9（9）A3, Z = 8, C16H18C1CrN6O5, Mr= 461.81, De= 1.642 g/cm^3, F（000） = 1896,A（MoKα） = 0.799 mm^-1, the final R = 0.0370 and wR = 0.0827 for 2908 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. The interaction between the chromium（Ⅲ） complex with calf thymus DNA （Ct-DNA） has been investigated by absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and viscosity measurements. The results indicated that the complex was bonded to Ct-DNA through a non-classical intercalative mode.

A flow chemiluminescence paper-based microfuidic device for detection of chromium(Ⅲ)in water

In this work,a solely gravity and capillary force-driven flow chemiluminescence(GCF-CL)paper-based microfuidic device has been proved for the first time as a new platforn for inex-pensive,usable,mini mally instrumented dynamic chemiluninescence(CL)detection of chromium(Ⅲ)[Cr(Ⅲ)],where an appropriate angle of inclination between the loading and detection zones on the paper produces a rapid flow of CL prompt solution through the paper charnel.For this study,we use a cost-effective paper device that is manufactured by a simple wax screen-printing method,while the signal generated from the Cr(Ⅲ)-catalyzed oxidation of luminol by H_(2)O_(2) is recorded by a low-cost and luggable CCD camera.A series of GCF-CL affecting factors have been evaluated carefully.At optimal conditions,two linear relationships between GCF-CL intensities and the logarithms of Cr(Ⅲ)concentrations are obtained in the concentration mnges of 0.025-35 mg/L and 50-500 mg/L separately,with the detection limit of 0.0245mg/L for a les than 30s assay,and relative standard deviations(RSDs)of 38%,4.5%and 2.3%for 0.75,5 and 50 mg/L of Cr(Ⅲ)(n=8).The above results indicate that the GCF-CL paper-based microfluidic device possesses a receivable sensitivity,dynamic range,storage stability and reproducibility.Finally,the developed GCF-CL is utilized for Cr(Ⅲ)detection in real water samples.

Cr(Ⅲ)对锰氧化菌P.putida MnB1活性及功能的影响规律与机制

三价铬(Cr(Ⅲ))与锰氧化菌在环境中通常伴同存在,锰氧化菌介导生成的锰氧化物是Cr(Ⅲ)的主要天然氧化剂,探究Cr(Ⅲ)对锰氧化菌活性和功能的影响对于阐明环境中的锰循环和铬的迁移转化行为具有重要意义。以锰氧化模式菌Pseudomonas putida MnB1为研究对象,通过批实验探究了Cr(Ⅲ)对MnB1活性与功能的影响及其机制。结果表明,Cr(Ⅲ)浓度高于0.05 mmol/L时会造成MnB1的显著死亡,且Cr(Ⅲ)浓度越高杀菌作用越显著,当Cr(Ⅲ)高于0.02 mmol/L时会推迟锰的生物氧化,当Cr(Ⅲ)浓度高于0.2 mmol/L时完全抑制锰的生物氧化。机制研究表明,Cr(Ⅲ)诱导产生的胞内活性氧和Cr(Ⅲ)颗粒引起的细胞膜通透性改变共同影响了MnB1的生长代谢和功能。研究结果为认识锰的生物地球化学循环和铬的迁移转化行为提供了新的理论依据。

流动注射在线分离富集火焰原子吸收光谱法测定环境水样中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的形态

采用单阀阴离子和阳离子交换树脂微柱并联 ,两柱交替采样逆向洗脱流动注射在线分离富集环境水样中Cr(Ⅲ )和Cr(Ⅵ ) ,分别用 15 %HNO3和 8%NH4 NO3洗脱 ,火焰原子吸收光谱法直接检测。富集 1min时Cr(Ⅲ )和Cr(Ⅵ )的特征浓度分别为 :1 5 0 μg·L- 1 和 1 39μg·L- 1 ,Cr(Ⅲ )和Cr(Ⅵ )检出限 (3σ)分别为 1 0 3μg·L- 1 和 0 5 4 μg·L- 1 ;相对标准偏差 (10 μg·L- 1 )分别为 :3 4 1%和 1 80 % ,分析样品加标回收率在 93 5 %～ 10 7 5 %之间。

Au(Ⅲ)离子在黑曲霉菌上的吸附热力学和动力学特性

以黑曲霉菌作为生物吸附剂,研究其对Au(Ⅲ)离子的吸附特性,考察了pH值、吸附时间、温度和初始Au(Ⅲ)离子浓度等因素对吸附过程的影响。结果表明,Au(Ⅲ)离子在黑曲霉菌上的吸附过程对溶液pH值具有一定的依赖性,最佳pH值为2.0～3.0。升温能明显加快吸附进程,20℃下吸附过程分为2个阶段进行,分别对应于Au(Ⅲ)离子还原前和还原后的吸附,24h后吸附趋于平衡,而30、40、60℃下吸附过程均无明显分段现象,并分别于12、6、1h后趋于吸附平衡。Au(Ⅲ)离子初始浓度<233.32mg.L-1时,吸附量几乎不随温度的变化而变化,初始浓度>367.94mg.L-1时,升温明显促进了吸附的进行。Au(Ⅲ)离子在黑曲霉菌上的吸附等温线可用Langmuir方程很好地模拟,20、30、40、50℃时其饱和吸附量分别为185.19、202.02、235.85、277.78mg.g-1。热力学参数Gibbs自由能变(ΔG0)、吸附焓变(ΔH0)和吸附熵变(ΔS0)的计算结果表明,Au(Ⅲ)离子在黑曲霉菌上的吸附过程是一个自发的吸热和熵增过程。吸附动力学可用准二级速率方程描述,吸附活化能为55.71kJ.mol-1。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析的结果进一步揭示了菌体表面的酰氨基、羧基和羟基是参与吸附的主要功能基团。

微囊藻吸附剂对Sb(Ⅲ)的生物吸附特征

为去除锑矿山废水中Sb(Ⅲ)污染,采用静态吸附试验,调查了湖泊水华主要藻种——微囊藻(Microcystis)对Sb(Ⅲ)的生物吸附特征及机理,并推断其反应方程式.结果表明:微囊藻吸附剂对Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附作用受生物量、pH、离子强度和吸附时间影响.最佳微囊藻吸附剂投加量为0.50 g,pH为4.0,吸附时间为60 min,室温条件,此时Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附量最大,为5.67 mg/g;微囊藻吸附剂对Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附速率非常快,遵循假二级动力学模型;pH对Sb(Ⅲ)吸附的影响与Sb形态以及吸附剂表面官能团质子化作用密切相关.阳离子(Na+和Ca2+)对Sb(Ⅲ)生物吸附效率的抑制作用随离子强度增加而加强,阴离子(NO_3^-、Cl^-和SO_4^(2-))未对其吸附产生影响.研究显示,微囊藻吸附剂对Sb(Ⅲ)的生物吸附以化学吸附为主.羧基和羟基为主要吸附位点,通过表面络合作用与Sb(OH)_3相结合形成内源络合物.