Determination of Ultratrace Amounts of Copper(Ⅱ) in Water Samples by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry After Cloud Point Extraction

A novel approach was developed for the determination of ultratrace amounts of copper in water samples by using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry （ETAAS） after cloud point extraction （ CPE ）. 1-（ 2-Pyridylazo ） -2- naphthol was used as the chelating reagent and Triton X-114 as the mieellar-forming surfactant. CPE was conducted in a pH 8. 0 medium at 40 ℃ for 10 rain. After the separation of the phases by contrifugafion, the surfactant-rieh phase was diluted with 1 mL of a methanol solution of 0. 1 mol/L HNO3. Then 20μL of the diluted surfactant-rieh phase was injected into the graphite furnace for atomization in the absence of any matrix modifier. Various experimental conditions that affect the extraction and atomization processes were optimized. A detection limit of 5 ng/L was obtained after preconeentration. The linear dynamic range of the copper mass concentration was found to be 0-2.0 ng/mL, and the relative standard deviation was found to be less than 3. 1% for a sample containing 1.0 ng/mL Cu （ Ⅱ ）. This developed method was successfully applied to the determination of uhratraee amounts of Cu in drinking water, tap water, and seawater samples.

Determination of Trace Amounts of Nickel (Ⅱ) by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Coupled with Cloud Point Extraction

A new method based on the cloud point extraction（CPE） for separation and preconcentration of nickel（Ⅱ） and its subsequent determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry（GFAAS） was proposed, 8-hydroxyquinoline and Triton X-100 were used as the ligand and surfactant respectively. Nickel（Ⅱ） can form a hy-drophobic complex with 8-hydroxyquinoline, the complex can be extracted into the small volume surfactant rich phase at the cloud point temperature（CPT） for GFAAS determination. The factors affecting the cloud point extraction, such as pH, ligand concentration, surfactant concentration, and the incubation time were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, a detection limit of 12 ng/L and a relative standard deviation（RSD） of 2.9% were obtained for Ni（Ⅱ） determination. The enrichment factor was found to be 25. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of nickel（Ⅱ） in certified reference material and different types of water samples and the recovery was in a range of 95%―103%.

Preconcentration of copper with multi-walled carbon nanotubes pretreated by potassium permanganate cartridge for solid phase extraction prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A procedure for the preconcentration of copper was described in this paper using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) oxidized by potassium permanganate as the adsorbent for the enrichment of trace copper in water samples. Important parameters, such as the sample pH, the concentration and volume of eluent, sample flow rate and volume, and interference of coexisting ions, were investigated. The obtained results indicated that proposed method possessed an excellent analytical performance. The linear range, the detection limit, and precison (RSD) were 1–100 ng/mL (R(2) = 0.9993), 0.32 ng/mL and 2.88%, respectively. The results showed that copper could be adsorbed quantitatively on the pretreated MWCNTs with potassium permanganate, and proposed method was very useful in the monitoring of copper in the environment.

Determination of Heavy Metals at Sub-ppb Levels in Water by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using a Direct Introduction Technique after Preconcentration with an Iminodiacetate Extraction Disk

A direct analysis method combining an iminodiacetate extraction disk (IED) with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was developed for the determination of Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Sn, Pb, and Bi at sub-ppb levels in water. A 100 mL water sample was adjusted to pH 5.6 with nitric acid and a 1 mol?L–1 ammonium acetate solution, and then passed through an IED (diameter, 47 mm;effective filtering diameter, 35 mm) at a flow rate of 80 - 100 mL?min–1 to preconcentrate seven analytes. The IED was dried at 100?C for 20 min in an electric oven, and 110 - 145 small disks, each 2 mm in diameter, were punched out from the IED. A small disk was introduced into the graphite furnace and atomized according to a heating program. For Cd, Sn, Pb, and Bi measurements, Pd was used as a chemical modifier to enhance the absorbances. Calibration was performed using aqueous standard solutions. The detection limits, corresponding to three times the standard deviation (n = 5) of the blank values, were 0.092 μg·L–1 for Co, 0.12 μg·L–1 for Ni, 0.40 μg·L–1 for Cu, 0.077 μg·L–1 for Cd, 0.92 μg·L–1 for Sn, 0.61 μg·L–1 for Pb, and 0.80 μg·L–1 for Bi with an enrichment factor of 140 using a 100-mL water sample. A spike test for the seven analytes in tap water, rainwater, river water, and mineral drinking water showed quantitative recoveries (93% - 108%).

Application of multiwalled carbon nanotubes treated by potassium permanganate for determination of trace cadmium prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry

In this study we investigated the enrichment ability of oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes （MWCNTs） and established a new method for the determination of trace cadmium in environment with flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The MWCNTs were oxidized by potassium permanganate under appropriate conditions before use as preconcentration packing. Parameters influencing the recoveries of target analytes were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the target analyte exhibited a good linearity （R^2=0.9992） over the concentration range 0.5-50 ng/ml. The detection limit and precision of the proposed method were 0.15 ng/ml and 2.06%, respectively. The proposed method was applied to the determination of cadmium in real-world environmental samples and the recoveries were in the range of 91.3%-108.0%. All these experimental results indicated that this new procedure could be applied to the determination of trace cadmium in environmental waters.

Flow-Injection Flame Atomic Absorption Determination of Hexavalent Chromium with On-Line Preconcentration on an Anion Imprinted Polymer

A flow injection preconcentration system for the flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of hexavalent chromium has been developed. The method employs on-line preconcentration of Cr(VI) on a minicolumn packed with Cr(VI)-imprinted poly(4-vinyl pyridineco-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) placed into a flow injection system. Hexava-lent chromium was eluted with a small volume of diluted hydrochloric acid into the nebulizer-burner system of a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. An enrichment factor of 550 and a 3σ detection limit of 0.04 μg·L-1 along a sampling frequency of 4 h-1 at a sample flow rate of 3.5 mL·min-1. The relative standard deviation is 2.9% for 1 μg·L-1 Cr(VI) (n = 11). The flow injection system proposed has the advantage of being simpler because the use of expensive and sophisticated instruments is avoided. Ease of use, continuous process and selectivity make this method suitable for Cr(VI) determination in different environmental samples such as sea and river waters, soils and sediments.

Gold Determination by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry After Preconcentration Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Menthol and Camphor

A novel analytical procedure for the determination of gold by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry combined with selective liquid-liquid extraction by natural deep eutectic solvents(NADESs)is presented.The extraction ability of the NADESs prepared using menthol,thymol and camphor toward gold in hydrochloric acid solutions was studied.The extraction efficiency was improved by optimizing the parameters including the composition of the NADES s,the volume ratio of organic and aqueous phases,kinetics,and acidity of the solution.Quantitative determination of gold was carried out by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry directly in the NADES s phase dissolved in isopropyl alcohol.The extraction recovery of gold from 1 mol/L HCl with the NADESs based on menthol and camphor mixed in a molar ratio 1:1 was 99.7%at an enrichment factor of 100.The limits of detection and quantification of the proposed procedure were 1μg/L and 3.3μg/L,respectively,with a relative standard deviation of less than 5%.The developed procedure was applied for determination of gold in the certified reference material of ore,environmental and waste waters.

Preconcentration and Determination of Chromium Species Using Octadecyl Silica Membrane Disks and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A novel and selective method for the fast determination of trace amounts of chromium species in water samples has been developed. The procedure is based on the selective formation of chromium diethyldithiocarbamate complexes at different pH in the presence of Mn（Ⅱ） as an enhancement agent of chromium signals followed by elution with organic eluents and determination by atomic flame absorption spectrometry. The maximum capacity of the employed disks was found to be （396±3） pg and （376±2） pg for Cr（Ⅲ） and Cr（Ⅵ）, respectively. The detection limit of the proposed method is 49 and 43 ng·L^-1 for Cr（Ⅲ） and Cr（Ⅵ）, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for determination of chromium species Cr（Ⅲ） and Cr（Ⅵ） in different water samples.

Preconcentration of Cadmium in Environmental Samples by Cloud Point Extraction and Determination by FAAS

Cloud point extraction (CPE) has been used for the preconcentration of cadmium, after the formation of a complex with 1, 5-bis(di-2-pyridylmethylene) thiocarbonohydrazide (DPTH), and further determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) using Triton X-114 as surfactant. The main factors affecting the CPE, such as concentration of Triton X-114 and DPTH, pH, equilibration temperature and incubation time, were optimized for the best extract efficiency. Under the optimum conditions i.e., pH 5.4, [DPTH] = 6x10-3%, [Triton X-114] = 0.25% (v/v), an enhancement factor of 10.5 fold was reached. The lower limit of detection (LOD) obtained under the optimal conditions was 0.95 μg L?1. The precision for 8 replicate deter- minations at 20 and 100 μgL?1 Cd were 2.4 % and 2 % relative standard deviation (R.S.D.). The calibration graph using the preconcentration method was linear with a correlation coefficient of 0,998 at levels close to the detection limit up to at least 200 μgL?1. The method was successfully applied to the determination of cadmium in water, environmental and food samples and in a BCR-176 standard reference material.

Preconcentration and Determination of Trace Amounts of Heavy Metals in Water Samples Using Membrane Disk and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A fast and simple method for preconcentration of Ni^2＋, Cd^2＋, Pb^2＋, Zn^2＋, Cu^2＋ and Co^2＋ from natural water samples was developed. The metal ions were complexed with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate （Na-DDTC）, then adsorbed onto octadecyl silica membrane disk, recovered and determined by FAAS. Extraction efficiency, influence of sample volume and eluent flow rates, effects of pH, amount of Na-DDTC, nature and amount of eluent for elution of metal ions from membrane disk, break through volume and limit of detection have been evaluated. The effect of foreign ions on the percent recovery of heavy metal ions has also been studied. The limit of detection of the proposed method for Ni^2＋, Cd^2＋, Pb^2＋, Zn^2＋, Cu^2＋ and Co^2＋was found to be 2.03, 0.47, 3.13, 0.44, 1.24 and 2.05 ng·mL^-1, respectively. The proposed （DDTC） method has been successfully applied to the recovery and determination of heavy metal ions in different water samples.

原子吸收光谱法和分光光度法测定土壤六价铬对比研究

土壤六价铬监测在耕地保护中具有重要意义,不同原理测定方法结果的一致性是准确测定土壤中六价铬及研制土壤六价铬标准物质的技术基础,目前国内测定土壤六价铬的唯一标准是HJ 1082—2019《土壤和沉积物六价铬的测定碱溶液提取-火焰原子吸收分光光度法》,但土壤中六价铬的测定存在较为严重的基体效应。为建立准确测定土壤中六价铬的方法,采用氢氧化钠-碳酸钠碱溶液、磷酸盐缓冲溶液-氯化镁体系提取土壤六价铬,用原子吸收光谱法(AAS)和分光光度法(UV-Vis)测定,研究了基体效应对两种方法测定结果的影响。AAS测定土壤六价铬,基体干扰较为严重,制作标准曲线需要进行基体匹配,在线性范围0~2 mg/L线性良好,检出限0.42 mg/kg,方法精密度为2.1%;UV-Vis测定土壤六价铬几乎不受基体效应影响,以水为溶剂制备标准曲线,在线性范围0~0.2 mg/L线性良好,检出限0.12 mg/kg,方法精密度为3.4%。对分别来自安阳、安顺、兰州的低、中、高3种含量的实际样品测定,两种方法平行测定6次,经t检验两种方法无显著性差异,一致性较好,邀请国内十家高水平实验室进行协作定值实验,两种方法测定结果与其他实验室测定结果一致。通过基体匹配、稀释待测液和添加高锰酸钾等方法可显著减小基体效应、颜色及有机质对两种方法测定土壤六价铬的影响,两种方法均具有良好的精密度和正确度,适用于土壤六价铬的测定。

双水相萃取-连续光源石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水样中的痕量锑

提出了以吡咯烷基二硫代氨基甲酸铵(APDC)为螯合剂,乙腈为萃取剂,氯化钠为无机盐的双水相萃取-连续光源石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水样中痕量锑的方法。优化的双水相萃取Sb^(3+)的条件如下:螯合反应体系酸度为pH 4,0.5 mL的2 g·L^(-1)APDC储备溶液,1.6 mL的乙腈,1.2 g的氯化钠,反应时间为20 min。在此试验条件下,Sb^(3+)的质量浓度在1.00~20.00μg·L^(-1)内与对应的吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3 s/k)为0.048μg·L^(-1)。分别对5.00,10.00μg·L^(-1)的Sb^(3+)标准溶液测定10次,测定值的相对标准偏差为4.6%和3.3%。按照标准加入法对实际样品进行回收试验,回收率为95.8%~102%。将此方法用于检测自来水、河水、湖水中的痕量锑,显示这些环境样品中含有部分痕量锑。

Solid Phase Extraction of Trace Copper（Ⅱ） Using Octadecyl Silica Membrane Disks Modified with N,N′-Disalicylideneethylenediamine

A simple and reproducible method for the rapid extraction and determination of trace amounts of copper（Ⅱ） ions using octadecyl-bonded silica membrane disks modified by N,N′-disalicylideneethylenediamine （DESDA） and atomic absorption spectrometry was presented. The method is based on complex formation on the surface of the ENVI-18 DISK^TM disks followed by stripping of the retained species by minimum amounts of appropriate organic solvents. The elution is efficient and quantitative. The effects of potential interfering ions, pH, ligand amount, stripping solvent, and sample flow rate were also investigated. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the break-through volume was found to about be 1000 mL providing a preconcentration factor of 500. The maximum capacity of the disks was found to be （389±4） μg for Cu^2＋. The limit of detection of the proposed method is 5 ng per liter. The method was applied to the extraction and recovery of copper in different water samples.

ICP-MS法和GF-AAS法检测乳粉中铬元素的测量系统评价

铬元素是食品质量安全重点监测项目,GB 5009.123—2023《食品安全国家标准食品中铬的测定》中规定了食品中铬的2种常用检验方法:石墨炉原子吸收光谱(graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry,GF-AAS)法和电感耦合等离子体质谱(inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,ICP-MS)法。使用Minitab统计分析工具,运用控制图法、独立样件法、t检验法及方差分析法对上述2种常用检验方法测量系统的稳定性、偏倚、线性、重复性与再现性进行分析。结果表明:2种检测方法测量系统极差图和均值图均无异常点,组内误差处于统计受控状态,稳定性良好;量具线性和偏倚分析结果均不存在显著偏倚和显著线性误差;量具R&R报告分析结果表明,ICP-MS法和GF-AAS法测量系统重复性和再现性良好;双因子方差分析表明,样品是唯一显著影响测量误差的因子;研究变异分析表明,测量系统误差可以接受。ICP-MS法和GF-AAS法不仅能有效保障乳粉中铬元素含量检测数据的可靠性和可重复性,为实验室进行测量系统的误差分析与控制提供科学依据,同时也为乳制品中其他重金属检测及其他食品中重金属检测的测量系统评价提供一定参考。

超声提取-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定高纯石墨中铅的含量

为解决高纯石墨样品前处理中高温灰化耗时长(4~10h)的问题,提出了题示方法。取高纯石墨样品0.3000g,置于50mL聚丙烯样品管中,用15mL 10%(体积分数)王水(体积比为3∶1的盐酸-硝酸混合液)超声提取20min,提取时会有部分石墨漂浮于液面上,用注射器吸取样品管中部的提取液约3mL,过0.45μm水系滤膜后收集在样品管中,在灰化温度为900℃、原子化温度为2000℃等条件下采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法进行测定。结果表明,超声提取缩短了样品处理时间(仅为20min)。铅元素的质量浓度在5~50μg·L^(-1)内与对应的吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3s/k)为0.11mg·kg^(-1)。对同一样品分析7次,测定值的相对标准偏差为4.6%。按照标准加入法进行回收试验,回收率为91.0%~94.0%。

水浴磁力搅拌碱消解-火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中铬(Ⅵ)

建立水浴磁力搅拌碱消解火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定土壤中铬(Ⅵ)。称取5.00 g土壤样品置于250 mL聚乙烯瓶中,以20 g/L氢氧化钠和30 g/L碳酸钠碱性提取液提取,提取温度为93℃,提取时间为75 min;加入400 mg氯化镁,调节滤液pH值为7.0~8.0。铬(Ⅵ)质量浓度在0.0~2.0 mg/L范围内线性相关系数为0.9995,检出限为0.4 mg/kg。该方法应用于低、中、高3种铬(Ⅵ)土壤国家标准物质的分析,测定值与认定值相符,测定值的相对标准偏差为5.0%~7.7%(n=12)。

Preconcentration and Determination of Copper（Ⅱ） Using Octadecyl Silica Membrane Disks Modified by 1,5-Diphenylcarhazide and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

A simple and reproducible method for the rapid extraction and determination of trace amounts of copper（Ⅱ） ions using octadecyl-bonded silica membrane disks modified by 1,5-diphenylcarbazide （DPC） and atomic absorption spectrometry was presented, which was based on complex formation on the surface of the ENVI-18 DISK^TM disks followed by stripping of the retained species by minimum amounts of appropriate organic solvents. The elution was efficient and quantitative. The effect of potential interfering ions, pH, ligand amount, stripping solvent, and sample flow rate were also investigated. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the break-through volume was found to be about 1000 mL providing a preconcentration factor of 400. The maximum capacity of the disks was found to be （255±5） lag for Cu^2＋, and the limit of detection of the proposed method was 5 ng per 1000 mL. The method was applied to the extraction and recovery of copper in different water samples.

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中铬时金属离子干扰的研究

对火焰原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中铬时共存金属离子对测定结果的干扰进行研究。结果表明,在单纯基体的溶液中,钙、镁、铁、铝、钛、锰、钒、镍、钴对铬的测定有显著影响,但由于不同元素共存及浓度不同,干扰效应也不同,可通过加入氯化铵基体改进剂消除此干扰;在实际土壤样品和有证标准物质样品消解试样中添加干扰元素后,由于自身基体复杂,各元素干扰作用相互抵消,无论添加基体改进剂与否,有证标准物质均能够满足保证值要求,实际样品铬的测定无显著差异,基体改进剂的作用弱化。在实际分析工作中,土壤铬试样可以与其它金属元素(铜、锌、镍、铅、镉等)的试样一同制备,不需额外添加基体改进剂,简化了样品预处理的过程,提高了分析测试速度。

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定混合型饲料添加剂、微量元素预混料和矿物质饲料原料中铬含量的研究

试验旨在建立火焰原子吸收光谱法测定混合型饲料添加剂、微量元素预混料、矿物质饲料原料中铬含量的分析方法。试验通过改变样品溶解体系,优选狭缝宽度、燃助比等,将混合型饲料添加剂、微量元素预混合饲料、矿物质饲料原料样品经盐酸、硝酸、氢氟酸和高氯酸溶解,于原子吸收分光光度计上进行检测。结果显示,试验方法检出限为0.0009 mg/kg,线性相关系数为0.9999,样品加标回收率为95.50%~103.10%;矿物质饲料原料相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5.91%,微量元素预混料RSD小于3.06%,混合型饲料添加剂RSD小于3.00%。研究表明,试验所用方法具有良好的灵敏度、精密度和准确度,可操作性强,可实现快速准确测定混合型饲料添加剂、微量元素预混合饲料、矿物质饲料原料中铬的含量。