Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease in a Uygur Adult Population from Urumqi

Evaluating the prevalence of kidney damage according to population-based studies in different communities has been limited in developing countries.We conducted a population-based screening study in Uygur people of Urumqi, aiming to identify the prevalence and associated risk factors of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Uygur populations.A total of 2576 residents (】18 years) from four districts of Urumqi were interviewed from June 2007 to January 2009 and tested for haematuria, albuminuria and reduced renal function.Associations between age, gender, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperuricaemia and kidney damage were examined.There were 2576 subjects enrolled in this study.After age correction, the prevalence of albuminuria, haematuria and reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 3.58%, 2.26% and 1.03%, respectively.Approximately 5.65% of the sample population had at least one indicator of kidney damage.Age, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesteremia, hyperuricaemia and hyperlipidaemia were independently associated with CKD.In the general Uygur adult population from Urumqi, 5.65% had either proteinuria, haematuria or reduced eGFR, indicating the presence of kidney damage, with an awareness of only 1.05%.The high prevalence and low awareness of CKD in this population suggest an urgent need for CKD prevention programs in Uygur people.

Chronic kidney disease in children and adolescents in Brunei Darussalam

AIM： To determine epidemiology of Bruneian paediatric chronic kidney disease （CKD） patients and factors that affect growth and progression of disease.METHODS： A cross-sectional study conducted on all children below 18 years old who were diagnosed with CKD over a ten year period （2004 to 2013）. The reference population was all children （〈 18 years old） suffering from CKD and attending the tertiary paediatric nephrology clinic in Brunei Darussalam. Demographic （current age, age of diagnosis, gender, ethnicity）, anthropometric （weight and height）, diagnosis, laboratory data （serum creatinine and haemoglobin, urinalysis） and blood pressure were extracted from the patients’ clinical case notes and recorded using a data collection form.RESULTS： The study revealed a high national prevalence [736 per million child population （pmcp）] and incidence （91 pcmp） of CKD. If CKD was defned at Stage 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, the associated prevalence fgures were 736, 132, 83, 50 and 33 pmcp. Glomerulonephritis accounted for 69% of all prevalent cases, followed by congenital abnormalities of kidney and urinary tract （20%） and tubulointerstitial diseases （8%）. Minimal change disease being the most common histological diagnosis. The median age of diagnosis was 4.5 years, with congenital disease patients experiencing an earlier onset of diagnosis. A large proportion of patients were below the 5% percentile for height and weight. Non-glomerular diseases, adolescent and female patients were significantly associated with poor growth, but not glomerular filtration rate, age of diagnosis or steroid usage. CONCLUSION： Brunei has a high prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the paediatric population with glome-rulonephritis being the most common disease.

Epidemiological and Clinical Profiles of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Presenting for Emergency Hemodialysis: A Five-Year Retrospective Study in Two Dialysis Centres in Cameroon

Background: Late referral of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients requiring emergency hemodialysis (HD) for survival poses a serious threat to global health particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Objective: Describe the epidemiological and clinical profiles of CKD patients starting HD in emergency. Methodology: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. Files of patient files of CKD patients who underwent dialysis from January 1st, 2016 to December 31st, 2020 were reviewed at the HD centres of the two main hospitals of the Cameroon city capital, Yaoundé. We included all emergency HD for End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD). Socio-demographic and clinical data including past medical history, signs and symptoms at presentation and indications for emergency HD were recorded. Emergency HD was defined as a dialysis session performed in ESRD with a temporary vascular access. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 26 for Windows. Results: Out of 700 recorded CKD patients who started HD, 570 underwent an emergency HD, thus a prevalence of 81.43%. We included 311 patients, 63.7% were males. The mean age was 47.05 ± 15.60 years ranging from 8 to 83 years with a modal age group of 40 - 59 years. The most prevalent co morbidities were hypertension (66.2%), diabetes mellitus (28.6%) and HIV infection (10%). The commonest presenting symptoms were asthenia (68.2%), lower limbs swelling (52.1%) and anorexia (41.8%) and the main clinical signs were high blood pressure (74.92%), and pallor (60.5%) and altered general state (55%). The indications for emergency HD were dominated by uremic encephalopathy (33.4%) and pulmonary oedema (25.7%). Conclusion: More than eight out of ten CKD patients start emergency HD. Patients are mostly middle-aged adults with a male predominance. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus remain the most common co morbidities and uremic encephalopathy is by far the first indication for emergency HD.

Epidemiological Profile of Chronic Kidney Disease at the General Hospital of National Reference of N’Djamena (Chad)

Introduction: Chronic renal failure is a disease that affects many patients worldwide and increasingly in Africa. At the end of 2003, about 1.1 million people were suffering from End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) and were treated with periodic dialysis [12]. In Africa, CKF represents 2% to 10% of hospital admissions and is responsible for 4% to 22% of deaths [14]. So, this study is conducted for the first time in Chad, with the aims to determine the prevalence of CKD. Methods: This was a retrospective, descriptive and analytical study over a period of 12 months from April 29, 2011 to April 28, 2012. All patients with chronic renal failure regardless of etiology and stage of chronic kidney disease were included in the study. Chronic renal failure was defined as a glomerular filtration rate below 60 ml/min/1.73m (MDRD) for more than 3 months. This study was conducted in several departments of the National General Reference Hospital (NGRH) of N’Djamena. Result: Among 2039 inpatients, 195 patients had chronic renal failure, as a frequency of 9.6%. The average age of our patients was 51 ± 16.8 years, ranging from 11 to 85 years. Male predominance was noted to be 59% of men against 41% of women. We noted that high blood pressure accounted for 66.2% (N = 129) of cases, diabetes in 48.2% (N = 94), alcoholism in 28.7% (N = 56), smoking in 14.9% (N = 29) and the association alcoholism-smoking in 19.5% (N = 38). Hypertension was the leading cause of chronic renal failure (66.2%). All patients had a serum creatinine and creatinine clearance was assessed. Among them, we noted 57 patients (29%) with end-stage renal failure. The average calcium and phosphate serum were 1.8 mmol/l and 1.6 mmol/l, respectively. We noted that 120 patients as 61.5%, currently took herbal medicine. 48 out of 57 of our patients with ESRD as 24.6% of patients in the study had received replacement therapy (hemodialysis) with 12.5% of deaths. Conclusion: Chad, who compiled the first study with 195 patients at the General Hospital of N’Djamena National Reference over a period of one year has objectified a prevalence of chronic renal failure of 9.6%.

Epidemiological Clinical Profile of Chronic Kidney Disease in Adults under 50 at the University Hospital of Brazzaville

Introduction: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a major global public health problem. In Congo, we have very few studies on it. Patients and Methods: We carried out an analytical cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection including patients aged 18 to 49 years, hospitalized for CKD in the nephrology department of University Hospital of Brazzaville, during the period from January 1, 2016 to August 31, 2020. The variables considered were socio-demographic, clinical, paraclinical, therapeutic and evolutionary. The statistical test used was Pearson’s chi-square test. Results: CKD in those under 50 represented 21.1% of admissions and 35.6% of CKD. The mean age was 35.9 ± 8.4 years. There was a male predominance with a sex ratio of 1.27. Hypertension was the most common comorbidity (49.2%), followed by HIV (13.6%) and diabetes mellitus (13.2%). Stage 5 CKD was most prevalent (82.7%). Indeterminate kidney disease was in the order of 55.9%. The low socioeconomic level (74.9% of cases) hampered the achievement of dialysis in 66.3% of patients for whom this treatment was indicated. Failure to perform dialysis significantly influenced the occurrence of death (p-value = 0.005). Conclusion: CKD is common among people under 50 and more affects males with a high mortality rate due to lack of access to dialysis. The main causes are hypertension and HIV.

Latin American Dialysis and Transplant Registry:Experience and contributions to end-stage renal disease epidemiology

In 2015, 634387 million people(9% of the world's population) resided in Latin America(LA), with half of those populating Brazil and Mexico. The LA Dialysis and Transplant Registry was initiated in 1991, with the aim of collecting data on renal replacement therapy(RRT) from the 20 LA-affiliated countries. Since then, the Registry has revealed a trend of increasing prevalence and incidence of end-stage kidney disease on RRT, which is ongoing and is correlated with gross national income, life expectancy at birth, and percentage of population that is older than 65 years. In addition, the rate of kidney transplantation has increased yearly, with > 70% being performed from deceased donors. According to the numbers reported for 2013, the rates of prevalence, incidence and transplantation were(in patients per million population) 669, 149 and 19.4, respectively. Hemodialysis was the treatment of choice(90%), and 43% of the patients undergoing this treatment was located in Brazil; in contrast, peritoneal dialysis prevailed in Costa Rica, El Salvador and Guatemala. To date, the Registry remains the only source of RRT data available to healthcare authorities in many LA countries. It not only serves to promote knowledge regarding epidemiology of end-stage renal disease and the related RRT but also for training of nephrologists and renal researchers, to improve understanding and clinical application of dialysis and transplantation services. In LA, accessibility to RRT is still limited and it remains necessary to develop effective programs that will reduce risk factors, promote early diagnosis and treatment of chronic kidney disease, and strengthen transplantation programs.

Relative performance of two equations for estimation of glomerular filtration rate in a Chinese population having chronic kidney disease

Background The new Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration （CKD-EPI） equation was developed to address the systematic underestimation of glomerular filtration rate （GFR） by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease （MDRD） Study equation in patients with relatively well-preserved kidney function.Performance of the new equation in the Chinese population is unknown.The goal of the present study was to compare performance of these two equations in Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease （CKD）.Methods We enrolled 450 Chinese patients （239 women and 211 men） with CKD in the present study.The renal dynamic imaging method was used to measure the referenced standard GFR （rGFR） for comparison with estimations using the two equations.Their overall performance was assessed with the Bland-Altman method and receiver-operating characteristics （ROC） analysis.Performance of the two equations in lower and higher estimated GFR （eGFR） subgroups was further investigated.Results Both eGFRs correlated well with rGFR （r=0.88,0.81,P〈0.05）.In overall performance,the CKD-EPI equation showed less bias,higher precision and improved accuracy,and was better for detecting CKD.In the higher-eGFR subgroup,the CKD-EPI equation corrected the underestimation of GFR by the abbreviated MDRD equation.Conclusions The CKD-EPI equation outperformed the abbreviated MDRD equation not only in overall performance but also in the subgroups studied.For the present,the CKD-EPI equation appears to be the first-choice prediction equation for estimating GFR.

5种估算肾小球滤过率计算公式对肾脏滤过功能进行评估的临床应用评价

目的 评估肾脏病膳食改良试验(MDRD)、MDRD中国公式(MDRD_(CHN))、慢性肾病流行病学协作组(CKD-EPI)_(Cr)、CKD-EPI_(CysC)、CKD-EPI_(Cr-CysC)5种估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)公式在评价肾小球滤过功能和诊断慢性肾病(CKD)的临床应用价值,明确最适公式。方法 纳入2 610例宁波大学附属第一医院门诊和住院患者作为研究对象,检测血清肌酐(Cr)和半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C(CysC)水平,分别采用5种公式评估eGFR,比较不同公式计算值的差异性。选取412例住院患者,以内生肌酐清除率(cCr)作为参考方法,分析其与5种eGFR结果的相关性,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线比较5种eGFR计算值诊断CKD的效能。选取239例健康人群,建立本实验室eGFR参考区间。结果 5种eGFR计算结果均呈偏态分布,两两比较差异大多具有统计学意义。5种eGFR与cCr均呈显著正相关,其中CKD-EPI_(Cr-CysC)的相关系数最高(r=0.903)。5种eGFR诊断CKD的ROC曲线下面积依次为0.968、0.969、0.970、0.967和0.976,CKD-EPI_(Cr-CysC)的诊断效能最佳(敏感性97.3%、特异性89.8%)。5种公式的健康人群95%可信区间下限分别为76、87、82、99和93mL/min/1.73m2。结论 在评估肾小球滤过功能和诊断CKD方面,以参考区间下限为93 mL/min/1.73m2的CKD-EPI_(Cr-CysC)公式诊断效率最佳,值得在宁波地区推广应用。

Analysis of chronic kidney disease staging with different estimated glomerular filtration rate equations in Chinese centenarians

Background: Accurate estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and staging of chronic kidney disease (CKD) are important. Currently, there is no research on the differences in several estimated GFR equations for staging CKD in a large sample of centenarians. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the differences in CKD staging with the most commonly used equations and to analyze sources of discrepancy. Methods: A total of 966 centenarians were enrolled in this study from June 2014 to December 2016 in Hainan province, China. The GFR with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and Berlin Initiative Study 1 (BIS1) equations were estimated. Agreement between these equations was investigated with the k statistic and Bland-Altman plots. Sources of discrepancy were investigated by partial correlation analysis. Results: The k values of the MDRD and CKD-EPI equations, MDRD and BIS1 equations, and CKD-EPI and BIS1 equations were 0.610, 0.253, and 0.381, respectively. Serum creatinine (Scr) explained 10.96%, 41.60% and 17.06% of the variability in these three comparisons, respectively. Serum uric acid (SUA) explained 3.65% and 5.43% of the variability in the first 2 comparisons, respectively. Gender was associated with significant differences in these 3 comparisons (P<0.001). Conclusions: The strengths of agreement between the MDRD and CKD-EPI equations were substantial, but those between the MDRD and BIS 1 equations and the CKD-EPI and BIS 1 equations were fair. The difference in CKD staging of the first 2 comparisons strongly depended on Scr, SUA and gender, and that of CKD-EPI and BIS1 equations strongly depended on Scr and gender. The incidence at various stages of CKD staging was quite different. Thus, a new equation that is more suitable for the elderly needs to be built in the future.

Difference between CKD-EPI and MDRD equations in calculating glomerular filtration rate in patients with cirrhosis

AIM:To evaluate the difference between the performance of the (CKD-EPI) and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equations in cirrhotic patients. METHODS: From Jan 2004 to Oct 2008, 4127 cirrhotic patients were reviewed. Patients with incomplete data with respect to renal function were excluded; thus, a total of 3791 patients were included in the study. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by the 4-variable MDRD (MDRD-4), 6-variable MDRD (MDRD-6), and CKD-EPI equations.RESULTS:When serum creatinine was 0.7-6.8 mg/dL and 0.6-5.3 mg/dL in men and women, respectively, a significantly lower GFR was estimated by the MDRD-6 than by the CKD-EPI. Similar GFRs were calculated by both equations when creatinine was > 6.9 mg/dL and > 5.4 mg/dL in men and women, respectively. In predicting in-hospital mortality, estimated GFR obtained by the MDRD-6 showed better accuracy [81.72%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.94-0.95] than that obtained by the MDRD-4 (80.22%; 95%CI, 0.96-0.97), CKD-EPI (79.93%; 95%CI, 0.96-0.96), and creatinine (77.50%; 95%CI, 2.27-2.63). CONCLUSION: GFR calculated by the 6-variable MDRD equation may be closer to the true GFR than that calculated by the CKD-EPI equation.

Kidney transplantation in Indonesia: An update

Objective:Indonesia has overcome several barriers to the growth of kidney transplantation within the past decade.Currently,the procedure is increasingly performed in several centers across the country.However there are limited publications on kidney transplantation from Indonesia,especially from centers outside Jakarta.This study aims to give a brief overview on transplantation performed,discuss current efforts and progresses of transplantation in Indonesia and chiefly Semarang.Methods:Retrospective analysis of 20 transplant cases in Semarang during 2014e2018 was performed.Information from other transplant centers was acquired through formal correspondences with 11 central teaching hospitals in Jakarta,Surabaya,Yogyakarta,Malang,Bali,Solo,Palembang,Aceh,Medan,Bandung,and Padang.Results:There were 629 recorded kidney transplantations performed in 12 centers,and we report on 245 cases with viable data.The average age of kidney recipients were younger(35.4 years old)compared to the donors(41.3 years old).Approximately half of the kidneys were obtained from related donors(49.0%)and there was only one case of cadaveric donor.The three leading etiologies of end-stage renal disease were hypertension(37.4%),diabetes mellitus(26.1%),and autoimmune disease(11.3%).There is only one center that has performed more than 100 kidney transplants in Indonesia.Conclusion:Indonesia has successfully overcome several major hurdles that had previously hindered the growth of transplantation.Further improvement should concentrate on the development of integrated organ transplant infrastructure,decentralization of transplant professionals,establishment of National kidney transplant database and changing the Nation’s paradigm on cadaveric organ donor through public education.

Risk Factors of Renal Failure in HIV Patients at Initiation of ARV Treatment: Retrospective Study of 3118 Patients Followed in Infectious Diseases Department at Lom&#233;University Hospital

HIV infection is a major cause of chronic kidney disease, associated with high morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and risk factors of renal disease at initiation of antiretroviral therapy. This was a descriptive and analytical retrospective study carried out in the infectious and tropical diseases department at Sylvanus Olympio University Hospital. The data have been extracted from the ESOPE software. Kidney disease was defined by a GFR, estimated by MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) formula, less than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Risk factors associated with kidney disease were assessed using univariate and multivariate analysis. There were 3118 HIV-infected patients included in our study. The median estimated filtration rate was 94.7 ml/min/1.73 m2: 2.9% had an eGFR 2. 1303 had kidney disease (41.8%). Most patients (30.8%) were in the WHO clinical stage 1. The median CD4 count was 165/μL [IQR = 72 - 274/μL];the median hemoglobin level was 10.4 g/dL [IQR = 8.8 - 11.9 g/dL];all patients had thrombocytopenia less than 100.000/mm3;8.5% had leukocytosis greater than 10.000/mm3. Most of patients had HIV1. In the multivariate analysis, age greater than 40 years (p 3 were significantly associated with renal disease. The prevention of kidney disease must go through the identification of its risk factors in the target populations.

Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients

Background Data on the epidemiology of hypertension in Chinese non-dialysis chronic kidney disease （CKD） patients are limited.The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence,awareness,treatment,and control of hypertension in the non-dialysis CKD patients through a nationwide,multicenter study in China.Methods The survey was performed in 61 tertiary hospitals in 31 provinces,municipalities,and autonomous regions in China （except Hong Kong,Macao,and Taiwan）.Trained physicians collected demographic and clinical data and measured blood pressure （BP） using a standardized protocol.Hypertension was defned as systolic BP ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg,and/or use of antihypertensive medications.BP 〈140/90 mmHg and 〈130/80 mmHg were used as the 2 thresholds of hypertension control.In multivariate logistic regression with adjustment for sex and age,we analyzed the association between CKD stages and uncontrolled hypertension in non-dialysis CKD patients.Results The analysis included 8927 non-dialysis CKD patients.The prevalence,awareness,and treatment of hypertension in non-dialysis CKD patients were 67.3%,85.8%,and 81.0%,respectively.Of hypertensive CKD patients,33.1% and 14.1% had controlled BP to 〈140/90 mmHg and 〈130/80 mmHg,respectively.With successive CKD stages,the prevalence of hypertension in non-dialysis CKD patients increased,but the control of hypertension decreased （P〈0.001）.When the threshold of BP 〈130/80 mmHg was considered,the risk of uncontrolled hypertension in CKD 2,3a,3b,4,and 5 stages increased 1.3,1.4,1.4,2.5,and 4.0 times compared with CKD 1 stage,respectively （P〈0.05）.Using the threshold of 〈140/90 mmHg,the risk of uncontrolled hypertension increased in advanced stages （P〈0.05）.Conclusions The prevalence of hypertension Chinese non-dialysis CKD patients was high,and the hypertension control was suboptimal.With successive CKD stages,the risk of uncontrolled hypertension increased.

肾动态显像法与CKD-EPI公式对慢性肾脏疾病患者分期价值的比较

目的:评价、比较肾动态显像法与CKD-EPI方程法在慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患者分期中的准确率,确定临床实践中首选的分期方法。方法:对121例CKD患者同时采用99mTc标记的亚锡喷替酸(99mTc-diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid,99mTc-DTPA)双血浆清除率法、99mTc-DTPA肾动态显像法与CKD-EPI方程法测定肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR),以双血浆清除率法测定的GFR为“金标准”,对患者进行分期,统计分析肾动态显像法与CKD-EPI方程法在CKD患者分期中的准确率。结果:在纳入的121例CKD患者中,肾动态显像法分期的准确率为65.29%,而CKD-EPI方程法分期的准确率为84.29%,二者的差异有统计学意义(P=0.001<0.05),这主要体现在对重度下降期和肾衰竭期的患者(肾功能重度下降期:54.55%VS 86.36%,P=0.016;肾衰竭期:50%VS 83.33%,P=0.031)。而两种方法对肾功能正常期、轻度下降期和中度下降期的分期的准确性则无明显差异。结论:CKD-EPI方程法对CKD患者的分期的准确率优于肾动态显像法,主要体现在肾功能重度下降期和肾衰竭期;同时由于CKD-EPI方程法更加简便、经济,临床实践中对CKD患者进行分期应首选CKD-EPI方程法。

以双血浆法为标准评估肾动态显像法与CKD-EPI公式法测定老年慢性肾病患者肾小球滤过率的临床应用研究

目的对比分析^(99)Tc^m-DTPA肾动态显像法(Gate's法)与CKD-EPI SCr公式法判定老年患者GFR的临床适用性,探索性地建立基于双血浆法以及不同检查方法的回归模型。方法收集我院2011年4月至2013年1月行双血浆法(tGFR)以及Gate's测量GFR的老年患者资料72例,以双血浆法为参考标准,对比分析CKD-EPI Scr公式(eGFR)以及Gate's法(g GFR)测量GFR的准确性。结果 tGFR与gGFR的相关性较好(r=0.724),与eGFR的相关性较差(r=0.632),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。3~5期老年CKD患者的tGFR与eGFR和gGFR之间均具有较好相关性,相关系数分别为0.736和0.749(P<0.05)。结论 Gate's法在老年CKD患者GFR的评估中显示出了较为准确的结果,但仍不推荐作为各种临床公式评估GFR的参考标准。Gate's法和CKD-EPI Scr均可以对3~4期老年CKD患者的GFR进行准确评估,但老年CKD患者GFR的评估仍需要以患者实际情况为基础,进行综合判断。

CKD-EPI方程和Gate’s法在测量高龄老年人肾小球滤过率的适用性比较

目的探讨联合肌酐和胱抑素C的慢性肾脏病流行病合作组方程和Gate’s法计算高龄(年龄≥80岁)老年人肾小球滤过率的适用性。方法收集99例一般高龄老年人的临床资料,以双血浆法所测得肾小球滤过率为标准,分别用慢性肾脏病流行病合作组方程和Gate’s法计算肾小球滤过率,比较两者的估计偏差、精确性、准确性和95%的一致性。结果慢性肾脏病流行病合作组方程比Gate’s法降低了偏差(P=0.000),提高了精确度,15%、30%和50%准确性(P=0.000、0.000、0.004)以及95%一致性,差异有统计学意义。结论对于高龄老年人,在不需要了解双肾形态、血流灌注状态及单侧肾功能的情况下,慢性肾脏病流行病合作组方程可能是较好的选择。

验证四种基于肌酐的肾小球滤过率估算方程的性能

【目的】评估四个基于肌酐(Cr)的估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)方程的预测性能:2012慢性肾脏病流行工作组(CKD-EPIcr)方程、2021CKD-EPIcr方程、湘雅方程和欧洲肾功能协会(EKFC)方程。【方法】本研究纳入198名来自中山大学附属第三医院和澳门镜湖医院的的慢性肾脏病患者。所有参与者通过碘海醇血浆清除率测定肾小球滤过率(mGFR)。eGFR方程计算的结果和mGFR进行对比。研究通过Bland-Altman图、一致性相关系数(CCC)、覆盖概率(CP)和总偏差指数(TDI)描述mGFR和eGFR间的一致性。通过偏差、精确度、均方根误差(RSME)和测量GFR30%偏差范围内的估计百分比(P_(30))评估eGFR方程的估算能力。通过2000次自助抽样的方法获得偏差、IQR、RSME以及P_(30)的95%置信区间(CI)。初步选择最优的eGFR方程后,其他方程和该方程进行统计学检验。统计检验方法如下:①偏差通过Wilcoxon符号秩检验;②P_(30)通过McNemar-Bowker检验;③RMSE和IQR在自助抽样获得2000个样本后,通过独立样本t检验比较组间差异。【结果】总体人群中mGFR和四个eGFR方程(EKFC、2012CKD-EPIcr、2021CKD-EPIcr和湘雅方程)中位数分别是56.2 mL·min^(-1)·(1.73m^(2))^(-1)、67.1 mL·min^(-1)·(1.73m^(2))^(-1)、73.0 mL·min^(-1)·(1.73m^(2))^(-1)、66.9 mL·min^(-1)·(1.73m^(2))^(-1)和63.8 mL·min^(-1)·(1.73m^(2))^(-1)。总体人群中的一致性比较中,Bland-Alt⁃man图表明,EKFC方程的最低平均差和最窄的95%一致性区间。EKFC方程有最优的CCC、TDI和CP,值分别为0.90、24.41和0.50。总体上,EKFC的偏差、精确度、P_(30)和RSME分别为-0.99、14.64、0.80和14.68,95%CI的范围分别为(-2.53,0.94)、(11.82,17.35)、(0.73,0.85)和(12.69,17.35),全面优于其他三个eGFR方程,差异有统计学意义,所有P值均<0.05。mGFR亚组中的结果基本和总体情况一致。【结论】EKFC方程的预测性能全面超越2012CKD-EPIcr方程、2021CKD-EPIcr方程和湘雅方程,且该方程的P_(30)>75%,可以满足临床的诊疗需求。所以推荐EKFC方程用于中国人群的GFR估算,但需要纳入更多的参与者去进一步证明这个结论。

胱抑素C与CKD-EPI 2012在老年高血压肾损伤患者中的研究进展

肾损伤是老年高血压患者的常见并发症之一。相比传统肾损伤标记物及常规肾小球滤过率估算公式,研究发现胱抑素C与美国慢性肾脏病流行病学合作组(CKD-EPI)2012公式对老年人肾功能有着更好的评估效能。本文现对相关研究进行阐述,并探索胱抑素C与CKD-EPI 2012公式在老年高血压肾损伤患者中的诊断价值。

三种常用公式对糖尿病肾病合并高血压患者肾小球滤过率估算的准确性比较

目的比较慢性肾脏病流行病学协作组(CKD-EPI)开发方程(CKD-EPIcr和CKD-EPIcys)和肾脏病膳食改良(MDRD)简化公式对糖尿病肾病(DN)合并高血压患者肾小球滤过率(GFR)估算的准确性。方法收集2015年1月至2017年12月在山西医科大学附属人民医院确诊为DN,已行肾动态显像检查的89例住院患者的临床资料。按是否合并高血压分为DN不合并高血压组(24例)和DN合并高血压组(65例),每组按年龄分为2个亚组(≥60岁和18～59岁)。分别以CKD-EPIcr、CKD-EPIcys、简化MDRD估算其GFR(eGFR)值,分析该人群中不同eGFR公式的诊断准确性。结果以肾动态显像结果为参考标准,≥60岁亚组DN患者不论是否合并高血压,其CKD-EPIcr、CKD-EPIcys、简化MDRD各公式计算eGFR值准确性一致,与标准值差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。18～59岁亚组DN患者DN不合并高血压组,CKD-EPIcys公式计算eGFR值较CKD-EPIcr、简化MDRD公式更为准确(P> 0. 05);相反,DN合并高血压组,CKD-EPIcr、简化MDRD公式计算eGFR值较CKD-EPIcys公式更准确(P> 0. 05)。≥60岁亚组不论是否合并高血压,肾图及各公式计算eGFR结果组间差异无统计学意义(P=0. 347、0. 977)。18～59岁亚组不论是否合并高血压,肾图及各公式计算eGFR结果组间比较差异均有统计学意义(均P <0. 005)。结论 60岁及以上人群中,是否合并高血压对各估算公式影响不大。60岁以下人群中,DN不合并高血压者,CKD-EPIcys公式估算eGFR值更为准确; DN合并高血压者,简化MDRD、CKD-EPIcr公式估算准确性更高。