Research progress of miRNA and chronic nonbacterial prostatitis

Chronic nonbacterial prostatitis(CNP),also the typeⅢprostatitis account for more than 90%of all patients with prostatitis.It has a long course of disease,easy to repeat,unknown pathogenesis and poor clinical efficacy.At present,some scholars at home and abroad have found that there is differential expression of microRNA(miRNA)in prostatic fluid of CNP patients or prostate tissue of CNP rat model.Intervention of miRNA expression can alleviate the symptoms and pharmacodynamics of CNP to a certain extent,which opens up a new way and direction for the pathogenesis and diagnosis and treatment of CNP.Therefore,this paper reviews the research progress of miRNA and CNP in recent years.

A comparative study of two methods for establishing a chronic non‑bacterial prostatitis model in rats‑

Objective:To compare the biological characteristics and stability of the chronic non-bacterial prostatitis(CNP)model in rats induced by the depot combined with estrogen induction method and the autoimmune response induction method.Methods:The CNP rat model was prepared using the depot combined with 17β-estradiol induction method in the depot hormone group and three concentrations of prostate protein homogenate at 40 mg/mL,20 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL in the autoimmune group,respectively.The degree of prostate tissue damage was evaluated by pathology(HE staining),and the immunoturbidimetric method was used to evaluate the contents of immunoglobulins IgA,IgM and IgG.ELISA was used to evaluate interleukin-1β(IL-1β),interleukin-10(IL-10),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and high-sensitivity-C-reactive protein(hs-CRP),and electrochemiluminescence was used to evaluate the expression level of testosterone(T),and the two model methods were compared.Results:Compared with the sham-operated group,the body mass of rats in both models was significantly lower in the depot hormone group and autoimmune group before extraction(P<0.01,P<0.01),and histopathology of the prostate in both models showed destruction of glandular structure and a significant increase in inflammatory cells.Compared with the depot hormone group and the autoimmune group,the histopathological changes and inflammatory pathological scores of prostate and the contents of immune indexes IgA,IgM and IgG were significantly different in the depot hormone group(P<0.05,P<0.05,P<0.05),and the levels of IL-1β,IL-10,TNF-α,hs-CRP and T were significantly changed in the autoimmune group(P<0.01).The comparison between the high,medium and low dose groups of the autoimmune group,in which the pathological changes in the medium dose of the autoimmune group were slightly better than the other two groups between the groups,but the changes in IL-1β,IL-10,TNF-α,hs-CRP,and T in the low dose of the autoimmune group were the most significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:The pathological tissues of the chronic non-bacterial prostatitis model established by the depot combined with estrogen induction method and the autoimmune response induction method both showed significant changes,and the comprehensive indexes indicated that the depot combined with estrogen induction method was a more appropriate modeling choice.

Clinical Study on Treatment of Chronic Prostatitis with Lingze Tablets Combined with TCM Herbal Acupoint Plasters

Objective:To study the therapeutic effect of Lingze tablets combined with traditional Chinese medicine herbal acupoint plasters on chronic prostatitis.Methods:A total of 64 patients with chronic prostatitis who were admitted to the Andrology Clinic of Shuyang County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from March 2021 to March 2023 were randomly divided into a treatment group and a control group,with 32 cases in each group.The control group took Lingze tablets orally,4 tablets/time,3 times/d;the treatment group took the same medication along with traditional Chinese medicine acupoint herbal plasters.The two groups of patients were treated continuously for 6 weeks,and the differences in the relevant indexes of the curative effect were observed.Results:The NIH-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index(NIH-CPSI)scores of the two groups significantly reduced after treatment(P<0.05),and the scores of the patients in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group(P<0.05).The treatment received in the treatment group achieved and efficacy of 96.88%,which was significantly higher than that of the group,which was 81.25%(P<0.05).The maximum flow rate(MFR),average flow rate AFR,and urine output of the patients of both groups improved significantly after treatment(P<0.05).However,the experimental group showed better improvements in these indicators(P<0.05).Conclusion:Lingze tablets combined with traditional Chinese medicine acupoint herbal plasters can significantly improve the symptoms and urodynamic function of patients with chronic prostatitis.

Management of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome(CP/CPPS):an evidence-based approach

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of the treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS).Methods:The randomized controlled trials(RCTs) about the treatment for CP/CPPS all over the world were searched.MEDLINE(January 1966 to June 2007).EMBASE (January 1988 to June 2007),and 4 Chinese databases were electronically searched.The studies included in the refer- ences of eligible studies were additionally searched.Two reviewers independently screened the studies for eli gibility,evaluated the quality and extracted the data from the eligible studies,with confirmation by cross checking.Divergences of opinion were settled by discussion or consulted by the experts.Meta analysis was performed by using RevMan 4.2 software.Results:Twelve original studies involving 1003 participants met inclusion criteria.Compared with placebo,alpha blockers could improve the symptoms of CP/CPPSobvious- ly with WMD of NIH CPSI,total score and pain score were -4.10 (95%CI:-6.92 to -1.98) and -1.68 (95%CI:-2.64 to -0.82).Antibiotics could not improve the symptoms obviously with WMD of NIH-CP- SI:total score and pain score were-2.71(95%CI:-4.78 to -0.64) and -0.86 (95%CI:2.07 to 0.36).Flavoxate could not improve the NIH-CPSI total score obviously,but could relieve the pain,with WMDof NIH CPSI total score and pain score being -2.96(95%CI:-5.17 to -0.74) and -2.31 (95% CI:-4.05 to 0.03).Prostat could improve the NIH-CPSI total score obviously,but could not relieve the pain,with WMD of NIH-CPSI total score and pain score being-7.60(95%CI:-9.97 to -5.23) and -2.02 (95%CI:-4.07 to 0.04).Conclusion:Drug intervention could improve total symptoms of CP/CPPS in some degree,but no universally effective treatment is available that can prove significant lasting benefit for all the symptoms of CP/CPPS.Future RCT must use an appropriate sample size and optimal duration and fol- low up of participants.It is important to improvc the quality of internal original studies.

红外热成像对鸟引提肛术联合热淋清颗粒治疗LUTS/CP湿热证疗效评价

目的:通过红外热成像技术观察鸟引提肛术联合热淋清颗粒对于LUTS/CP湿热证患者的临床疗效。方法:将同期在河南中医药大学第一附属医院男科和泌尿外科就诊LUTS/CP患者分为3组,对照组使用盐酸坦索洛新(0.2 mg, Qd, Po)联合左氧氟沙星(0.2 g, Bid, Po)治疗,常规组使用提肛运动(15次/组,1次/日)联合热淋清颗粒(8 g, Tid,冲服)进行干预,鸟引组使用鸟引提肛术(15次/组,1次/日)联合热淋清颗粒(8 g, Tid,冲服)进行干预,疗程2周,分别于治疗前后对红外热成像指标、NIH-CPSI和SAS评分测定,并观察3组患者疗程中的不良反应。结果:与同组治疗前相比较,3组患者治疗后NIH-CPSI与SAS评分均显著降低(P<0.05),与对照组(21.15±3.56,52.62±5.38)和常规组(15.55±2.77,52.35±3.87)相比较,鸟引组NIH-CPSI与SAS评分(10.49±2.97,49.73±2.79)改善情况显著优于两者(P<0.05);与同组治疗前相比较,3组患者治疗后关联部位红外热成像温度显著降低(P<0.05),与对照组(33.39±0.6,33.64±1.07,32.78±0.58,33.18±0.78)和常规组(31.93±1.14,33.06±0.8,33.08±0.82,33.17±1.05)相比较,鸟引组关联部位红外热成像温度改善情况(30.47±1.61,32.14±1.25,31.16±1.58,31.97±1.19)显著优于两者(P<0.05);与治疗前(34.26±0.06)相比较,鸟引组治疗12 h(32.65±0.05)与治疗24 h(32.72±0.09)平均温度均显著降低(P<0.05),与治疗12 h比较,鸟引组治疗24 h平均温度无明显改善(P>0.05);与对照组相比较,常规组与鸟引组患者治疗过程中不良反应发生率均显著低于对方(P<0.05),且两组之间比较,无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:鸟引提肛术能显著改善LUTS/CP湿热证患者红外热成像相关指标和NIH-CPSI评分,并具有较高临床安全性。

Fluoroquinolone-macrolide combination therapy for chronic bacterial prostatitis： retrospective analysis of pathogen eradication rates, inflammatory findings and sexual dysfunction

We previously demonstrated the safety and efficacy of fluoroquinolone-macrolide combination therapy in category Ⅱ chronic bacterial prostatitis （CBP）. The aim of this study is to retrospectively compare the microbiological and clinical findings of two treatment schemes for CBP based on the combination of azithromycin （500 rag, thrice-weekly） with a once-daily 500- or 750-mg dose of ciprofloxacin （Cipro-500 or Cipro-750 cohort, respectively）. Combined administration of azithromycin （1500 mg week^-1） with ciprofloxacin at the rate of 750 mg day^- 1 for 4 weeks rather than at 500 mg day^- 1 for 6 weeks increased the eradication rates from 62.35% to 77.32% and the total bacteriological success from 71.76% to 85.57%. A significant decrease in pain and voiding signs/symptoms and a significant reduction in inflammatory leukocyte counts and serum prostate-specific antigen （PSA） were sustained throughout an 18-month follow-up period in both groups. Ejaculatory pain, haemospermia and premature ejaculation were significantly attenuated on microbiological eradication in both groups, but the latter subsided more promptly in the Cipro-750 cohort. In total, 59 Cipro-750 patients showed mild-to-severe erectile dysfunction （ED） at baseline, while 22 patients had no ED on microbiological eradication and throughout the follow-up period. In conclusion fluoroquinolone-macrolide therapy resulted in pathogen eradication and CBP symptom attenuation, including pain, voiding disturbances and sexual dysfunction. A once-daily 750-mg dose of ciprofloxacin for 4 weeks showed enhanced eradication rates and lower inflammatory white blood cell counts compared to the 500-mg dose for 6 weeks. Our results are open to further prospective validation.

Increased oxidative stress and oxidative damage associated with chronic bacterial prostatitis

Aim： To investigate whether chronic bacterial prostatitis might increase oxidative stress and oxidative damage in chronic bacterial prostatitis patients （CBPP）, and to explore its possible mechanism. Methods： Enrolled in a casecontrol study were 70 randomly sampled CBPP and 70 randomly sampled healthy adult volunteers （HAV）, on whom plasma nitric oxide （NO）, vitamin C （VC）, vitamin E （VE） and β-carotene （β-CAR） level, erythrocyte malondialdehyde （MDA） level, as well as erythrocyte superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and glutathione peroxidase （GPX） activities were determined by spectrophotometry. Results： Compared with the HAV group, values of plasma NO and erythrocyte MDA in the CBPP group were significantly increased （P 〈 0.001）; those of plasma VC, VE and β-CAR as well as erythrocyte SOD, CAT and GPX activities in the CBPP group were significantly decreased （P 〈 0.001）. Findings from partial correlation for the 70 CBPP showed that with prolonged course of disease, values of NO and MDA were gradually increased （P 〈 0.001）, and those of VC, VE, β-CAR, SOD, CAT and GPX were gradually decreased （P 〈 0.05- 0.001）. The findings from stepwise regression for the 70 CBPP suggested that the model was Y= -13.2077 ＋ 0.1894MDA ＋ 0.0415NO - 0.1999GPX, F = 18.2047, P 〈 0.001, r = 0.6729, P 〈 0.001. Conclusion： The findings suggest that there exist increased oxidative stress and oxidative damage induced by chronic bacterial prostatitis in the patients, and such phenomenon was closely related to the course of disease.

Characterisation of the bacterial community in expressed prostatic secretions from patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and infertile men： a preliminary investigation

The expressed prostatic secretions （EPSs） of men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome （CP/CPPS）, infertile men and normal men were subjected to microbiological study. EPSs were collected from the subjects, which included 26 normal men, 11 infertile patients and 51 CP/CPPS patients. DNA was extracted from each specimen, and the V3 regions of the 16S rRNA genes were amplified using universal bacterial primers. The results showed that the EPS 16S rRNA gene-positive rate in the CP/CPPS and infertile patients was much higher than in the normal men, but without any difference among the three patient groups. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） method was used to characterize the EPS bacterial community structure of the prostate fluid from patients with CP/CPPS or infertility issues. Principal component analysis （PCA） and partial least squares （PLS） analyses of PCR-DGGE profiles revealed that the EPS bacterial community structure differed among the three groups. Three bands were identified as the key factors responsible for the discrepancy between CP/CPPS patients and infertile patients （P〈O.05）. Two bands were identified as priority factors in the discrepancy of category IliA and category IIIB prostatitis patients （P〈O.05）. According to this research, the ecological balance of the prostate and low urethra tract, when considered as a microenvironment, might play an important role in the maintenance of a healthy male reproductive tract.

Treatment of chronic prostatitis in Chinese men

The aim of this study is to assess the status of treatment of chronic prostatitis(CP)in Chinese men.A population-based cross-sectional survey was performed,in which 15000 men aged between 15 and 60 years were randomly selected to receive a questionnaire designed to assess National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptoms Index(NIH-CPSI)status,therapeutic efficacy and 28 other items.A total of 12743 men(84.95%)completed the questionnaire,of whom 1071(8.4%)were identified as having prostatitis-like symptoms and 517(4.5%)were diagnosed with CP according to NIH-CPSI criteria and prostatitis-like symptomatology.Of the CP patients,372(65%)underwent long-term routine treatment 12 times per year.Additionally,217(72.8%)patients received antibiotic therapy and 215(79.3%)men showed therapeutic effects.The treatment cost USD 1151(8059 yuan)per person per year on average.Most CP patients received routine treatment,in most cases with antibiotics.Treatment was costly and most CP patients were not satisfied with its effectiveness.Antibacterial treatment might have been effective primarily in patients with bacterial disease.

Safety and efficacy of levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis in Chinese patients

Levofloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone that is usually used to treat chronic bacterial prostatitis. We investigated the safety and efficacy of levofloxacin compared with ciprofloxacin for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis in Chinese patients. This was a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Four hundred and seventy-one patients with clinical symptoms/ signs were enrolled into the study, and 408 patients were microbiologically confirmed chronic bacterial prostatitis, who were randomized to either oral levofloxacin （500 mg q,d.） or ciprofloxacin （500 mg b.i^d.） for 4 weeks. Bacterial clearance rate, clinical symptoms/signs, adverse reactions and disease recurrence were assessed. The clinical symptoms and signs （including dysuria, perineal discomfort or pain） and bacteria cultures in 209 patients treated with levofloxacin and 199 patients treated with ciprofloxacin were similar. The most common bacteria were Escherichia cofiand Staphylococcus aureus. One to four weeks after the end of 4 weeks treatment, the bacterial clearance rate （86.06% vs. 60.03%; P〈O.05） and the clinical efficacy （including clinical cure and clinical improvement（93.30% vs. 71.86%; P〈0.05）） were significantly higher in the levofloxacin-treated group than in the ciprofloxacin-treated group. The microbiological recurrence rate was significantly lower in the levofloxacin-treated group than in the ciprofloxacin-treated group （4.00% vs. 19.25%; P〈0.05）. Rates of adverse events and treatment-related adverse events were slightly lower in the levofloxacin-treated group than in ciprofloxacin-treated group. Levofloxacin showed some advantages over ciprofloxacin in terms of clinical efficacy and disease recurrence, with a low rate of adverse events, for the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis in Chinese patients.

Chronic prostatitis in Korea:a nationwide postal survey of practicing urologists in 2004

Aim： To examine the diagnosis and treatment of chronic prostatitis by means of a nationwide postal survey of practicing urologists in 2004. Methods： A random sample of 850 Korean urologists from the Korean Urological Association Registry of Physicians were asked to complete a questionnaire that explored practicing characteristics, attitudes and diagnostic and treatment strategies in the management of chronic prostatitis. Results： Of the 850 questionnaires sent, 302 were returned （response rate 35.5 %） and 275 were induced in the final analysis. More than 50 % believed in a multifactorial etiology for chronic prostatitis and 52 % considered chronic abacterial prostatitis to be bacterial in nature. For routine diagnostic assessment, the most commonly used tests were reported to be urinalysis （95.3 %）, analysis of expressed prostatic secretions （89.5 %） and digital rectal examination （81.1%）. Only a few urologists use specific lower urinary tract cultures. Symptom assessment according to the National Institute of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index was less frequently used （12.7 %）. First choices for therapy included antibiotics （96.4 %）, alpha-blockers （71.6 %） and sitz baths （70.5 %）. If unsuccessful, urologists frequently continued to prescribe a second course of either alpha-blockers （69.5 %） or antibiotics （57.8 %）. Conclusion： These data provide a picture of current practice regarding the management of chronic prostatitis in Korea. The diagnostic and treatment practices for prostatitis do not follow standard textbook algorithms. Further studies are needed to elucidate the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis and to establish guidelines for its diagnosis and treatment.

Prostatic calculi influence the antimicrobial efficacy in men with chronic bacterial prostatitis

We studied the efficacy of culture-specific antibiotic therapy for chronic bacterial prostatitis （CBP） patients with or without prostatic calculi. This study included 101 patients （21-62 years old） who met the consensus criteria for CBP （National Institutes of Health category II）. According to the results of transrectal ultrasonography （TRUS）, all patients were divided into two groups： Group 1, CBP with prostatic calculi, n=39; Group 2, CBP without prostatic calculi, n=62. All patients received optimal antimicrobial therapy for 4 weeks and followed up for a minimum of 3 months （range： 3-8 months）. In addition to expressed prostatic secretions （EPS） and urine culture, all patients were asked to complete the National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index （NIH-CPSI） and the subjective global assessment （SGA）. The microbiological eradication rate at the end of treatment were 32/39 （82.1%） and 54/62 （87.1%）, while the rates for continued eradication at the end of study were 17/39 （43.6%） and 45/62 （72.6%） in Group I and Group 2 （P〈0.01）, respectively. We observed a decrease in the total NIH-CPSI score median values from 24 to 19 in Group I and from 24 to 11 in Group 2. The pain subscore （P〈0.01）, urinary sunscore （P〈0.05） and quality of life （QoL; P〈0.05） as well as the total NIH-CPSI score （P〈0.01） were significantly improved after antimicrobial treatment in Group 2 compared to Group 1. Response, defined as a decrease of the NI H-CPSI total score by at least 50%, was seen in Group I versusGroup 2 in 38.5% and 58.1% （P〈0.01）, respectively. Our results showed that prostatic calculi influence the antimicrobial efficacy in men with CBP, There was a noticeable decrease in the cure rate of CBP patients with prostatic calculi due to relapse after antimicrobial therapy.

Semen analysis in chronic bacterial prostatitis： diagnostic and therapeutic implications

The significance and diagnostic value of semen analysis in chronic bacterial prostatitis has been extensively debated and remains controversial. To investigate the diagnostic relevance of semen culture in the bacteriological workup of prostatitis patients, we retrospectively analyzed a clinical database of 696 symptomatic patients. All patients were routinely subjected to a four-glass test, followed by semen culture and analysis. This allowed to dissect from the database three different diagnostic scenarios, and to compare the ＇two-glass＇ pre-/post- massage test and the standard ＇four-glass＇ test with a ＇five-glass＇ test （four-glass plus post-VB3 semen culture）. The ＇five-glass＇ test showed 3.6- or 6.5-fold increases in relative sensitivity and lesser reductions （-13.2% or -14.7%） in relative specificity for traditional uropathogens （TUs） compared with the four-glass or two-glass test, respectively. The area under the ROC curve and Jouden＇s index were increased, whereas positive and negative likelihood ratios were lower than comparators, indicating that the ＇five-glass＇ assay may be superior in confirming the negative outcome of both standard tests. The five-, four-, and two-glass tests detected TUs （Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococci, etc.） in 120, 33, and 20 patients and unusual pathogens （Streptococci, other Gram-positive species, Mycoplasmata, and others） in 130, 56, and 45 patients, respectively. When patients were subjected to pharmacological treatment, including a combination of a fluoroquinolone and a macrolide, no differences in eradication rates were observed between groups diagnosed with different tests, irrespective of pathogen category. Eradication was associated with long-term sign/symptom remission; no significant intergroup differences in sign/symptom scores were observed throughout a 24-month off-therapy follow-up period. In conclusion, our data support the usefulness of semen analysis in the diagnostic workup ofprostatitis patients when this test is used to complement the four-glass Meares and Stamey test. Improvement of microbiological assays conveys important diagnostic and therapeutic implications.

Endotoxins in the prostatic secretions of chronic prostatitis patients

Aim: To evaluate the clinical significance of the quantitative determinations of endotoxins in the expressed prostatic secretions (EPS) of chronic prostatitis (CP) patients. Methods: The EPS of 45 patients with CP and 15 normal volunteers were obtained for microscopic examination, bacterial culture and endotoxin determination. The level of endotoxins was determined by the Limulus-amebocyte-lysate test with chromogenic substrate. Results: Patients with CP had higher mean levels of endotoxins in EPS than normal volunteers [52.06 ± 32.83 EU.L^(-1) vs. 4.77 ± 4.14 EU'L^(-1) (P < 0.05)]. The levels of endotoxins in CP type Ⅱ, type Ⅲa and type Ⅲb were 68.62 ± 34.78 EU.L^(-1), 45.30± 23.33 EU.L^(-1) and 15.83 ± 5.31 EU·L^(-1), respectively [type Ⅱ vs. type Ⅲa (P > 0.05), type Ⅲb vs. normal controls (P > 0.05), type Ⅱ/type Ⅲa vs. normal controls P < 0.05)]. Conclusion: CP patients have elevated levels of endotoxins in the EPS, which suggests that inflammation is a feature of this disease. EPS endotoxin determination is not only helpful in diagnostic confirmation, but also in evaluating the response to treatment in CP patients.

Increased Oxidative Stress and Damage in Patients With Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis

Objective To investigate whether chronic bacterial prostatitis （CBP） increases oxidative stress and damage in patients with CBP, and to explore its possible mechanism. Methods Eighty patients with CBP and 80 healthy adults as controls were enrolled in a case-control study, in which levels of nitric oxide （NO）, vitamin C （VC）, and vitamin E （VE） in plasma, as well as malondialdehyde （MDA）, activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, and eatalase （CAT） in erythrocytes were determined by spectrophotometry. Results Compared with the average values of NO, VC, VE, MDA, SOD, and CAT in the healthy control group, those of plasma N O and erythrocyte MDA in the CBP group were significantly increased （P〈0.00 1）, and those of plasma VC and VE as well as erythrocyte SOD and CAT in the CBP group were significantly decreased （P〈0.001）. Findings from partial correlation analysis for course of the disease and NO, VC, VE, MDA, SOD, and CAT in 80 patients with CBP, adjusted for age, suggested that with prolonged course of the disease, values of NO and MDA were gradually increased （P〈0.001）, and those of VC, VE, SOD, and CAT were gradually decreased （P〈0.05-0.001）. The findings from stepwise regression analysis for course of the disease and NO, VC, VE, MDA, SOD, and CAT in CBP group suggested that the model of stepwise regression was Y = -19.1160 ＋0.3112MDA ＋ 0.0337NO, F = 22.1734, P〈0.001, r = 0.6045, P〈0.001. The findings from the reliability analysis for VC, VE, SOD, CAT, NO, and MDA in the CBP group showed that the reliability coefficients＇ alpha （6 items） was 0.7195, P〈0.0001, and the standardized item alpha was 0.9307, P〈0.0001. Conclusion There exist increased oxidative stress and damage induced by chronic bacterial prostatitis in patients, and such a phenomenon is closely related to the course of disease.

Factors influencing the diagnosis and treatment of chronic prostatitis among urologists in China

Aim. To identify the factors influencing diagnosis and treatment of chronic prostatitis （CP） among Chinese urologists. Methods： A sample of 656 urologists from 29 provinces of China were asked to complete a questionnaire that explored attitudes towards CP as well as diagnosis and treatment patterns in the management of CP. Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis schemes were used to determine the factors that influence the diagnosis and treatment of CP. Results： A total of 656 questionnaires were given out. All were returned and 410 of those were included in the final univariate and multivariate analysis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that belief of bacterial infection in the etiology of CP （odds ratio [OR], 2.544; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.650-3.923; P 〈 0.001） was the most significant factor influencing the routine performance of bacterial culture test. Using the same model, the type of hospital （OR, 2.799; 95% CI, 1.719-4.559; P 〈 0.001） and the routine use of the 4- or the 2-glass test （OR, 3.194; 95% CI, 2.069-4.931; P 〈 0.001） were determined to be significant factors influencing the use of the National Institutes of Health （NIH） new classification system. According to the same model, belief of bacterial infection in the etiology of CP （OR, 3.415; 95% CI, 2.024-5.762; P 〈 0.001） and the routine use of bacterial culture test （OR, 2.261; 95% CI, 1.364-3.749; P 〈 0.01） were important factors influencing the routine prescription of antibiotics. Conclusion： Our findings suggest that attitudes towards CP, and the characteristics of individual urologists＇ practices may influence the diagnosis and treatment of CP among Chinese urologists.

Clinical classification of chronic prostatitis:a preliminary investigation

Aim: To propose a practical clinical classification for the chronic prostatitis (CP). Methods: The clinical fea-tures and the findings in the expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) in 804 cases of CP patients were retrospectively ana-lyzed. Results: Four types of CP were identified based on the clinical manifestations and the amounts of whiteblood cells (WBC) and lecithin in EPS. They were the latent type (85 cases; 10.6%), the common type (423 cases;52.6%), the persisting type (104 cases; 12.9%), and the active type (192 cases, 23.9%). The therapeutic efficacyfor these 4 subtypes were 40.4%, 76.8%, 30.8% and 37%, respectively; a statistical difference was noticed be-tween the common type and the persisting type (P < 0.01 ). Conclusion: The method of classification proposed bythe authors may help clinicians in the diagnosis and predicting the prognosis of CP. (Asian J Androl 2000 Dec; 2:311-313)

Boswellia resin extract and propolis derived polyphenols in patients with type III chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome:An Italian prospective multicenter study

Objective:To assess the efficacy and safety of a treatment regimen based on rectal administration of Boswellia resin extract and propolis derived polyphenols in patients with type IIIa and type IIIb chronic prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome(CP/CPPS).Methods:Patients with type IIIa and type IIIb CP/CPPS received one rectal suppository a day for 15 days per month for 3 consecutive months.Participants were evaluated with National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index(NIH-CPSI),the International Prostate Symptom Scores(IPSS),International Index of Erectile Function(IIEF),four-glass test,uroflowmetry,and prostate-specific antigen assessments at baseline and at Week 4,and Week 12.Primary endpoints were improvement in pain domain of NIH-CPSI and improvement of NIH-CPSI total score.Secondary outcomes included improvement of micturition and quality of life(QoL)domains of NIH-CPSI questionnaire.Results:A total of 61 males were enrolled.No adverse events were reported.Significant improvements from baseline to Day 30 were reported for NIH-CPSI total score(mean difference:-9.2;p<0.01),NIH-CPSI pain domain(mean difference:-5.5;p<0.01),NIH-CPSI micturition domain,NIH-CPSI QoL domain,and IPSS total score(mean difference:-5.6;p<0.01).No significant changes from baseline in terms of IIEF score or maximum flow rate were observed.At final follow-up(Day 90),further significant improvements in terms of NIH-CPSI total score(mean difference:-12.2;p<0.01),NIH-CPSI pain domain(mean difference:-6.6;p<0.01),NIH-CPSI micturition domain,NIH-CPSI QoL domain,and IPSS total score were reported.Conclusion:Rectal administration of Boswellia resin extract and propolis derived polyphenols is well tolerated and delivers a significant symptomatic improvement in most patients with type IIIa and type IIIb CP/CPPS.

Experimental studying of the drug efficiency Prostamax in the therapy of chronic aseptic prostatitis and its complications

The treatment of one of the most common urological diseases, a chronic aseptic prostatitis, is an exigeant problem. Used methods of pharmacotherapy are insufficiently effective and after treatment, as a rule, there comes a recrudescence. The efficiency of new prostatotropic agent Prostamax is studied in the present work, this drug is related to bioregulator peptides at experimental chronic aseptic inflammation of prostate gland. It is established that Prostamax reduces intensity of signs of a chronic inflammation (swelling, hyperemia of vessels, lymphoid infiltration), prevents development of sclerotic and atrophic processes. It is shown that the agent intensifies sexual activity of animals. Efficiency of the preparation Prostamax surpasses that among widespread prostatotropic agents derived from the extract of Serenoa repens and prostate of animals.

A review of the literature on randomized controlled trials of acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic-pain syndrome within 2016-2021

Chronic prostatitis(CP)/chronic pelvic-pain syndrome(CPPS)is a common urinary-system disease with a high incidence in young and middle-aged men,seriously affecting patients'ability to work and their quality of life(Qo L).Western medicine(WM)has some limitations in treating CP/CPPS.Acupuncture is an ancient Chinese medical method that is commonly used to treat this condition and has a relatively good effect on it.Many randomized controlled trials(RCTs)on this subject have been published.For this study,we searched the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Chinese Science and Technology Periodical(VIP),Wanfang,Sino Med,and Pub Med databases for RCTs on acupuncture treatment of CP/CPPS in the last 5 years(2016/01/01-2021/12/01).In addition,we conducted analysis and research,aiming to summarize acupuncture treatment in CP/CPPS RCTs and the clinical efficacy,with the goal of providing clinical reference.A total of 466 related documents were retrieved in the search,and 62 articles were retained after screening.We obtained RCT information on acupuncture treatment of CP/CPPS.The results showed that several relevant clinical studies have been performed over the last 5 years and that acupuncture and moxibustion have better curative effect on CP/CPPS than WM.Due to the small number of included studies,more experimental evidence is needed to verify the clinical efficacy of acupuncture.