B Class Floral Homeotic Genes are Involved in the Petal Identity and Flower Meristem Determinations in Chrysanthemum morifolium

Chrysanthemum morifolium,an ornamental crop with diverse forms of inflorescence,is a good model for studying flower development in Asteraceae.However,the genetic background is complex and the mechanisms of regulating flower development are still unclear.Here,we identified two natural mutant lines of chrysanthemum and named them M1 and M2 according to the severity of the phenotype.Both lines showed defects in petal identity,and the petals of the M1 line had a mild phenotype:partially loss of petal identity and conversion of petals into green,leaf-like organs.The M2 line had severe phenotypes:in addition to severe petal defects,secondary inflorescences were produced in the capitulum to replace the normal ray and disc florets,which indicated a transformation of a flower meristem into an inflorescence meristem.Transcriptome sequencing of WT and M2 inflorescences was performed and found altered expression of floral organ development A,B and E class genes,where B and E class genes were significantly down-regulated.qRT-PCR analysis in both M1 and M2 lines revealed that the expression of three chrysanthemum class B genes CmAP3.1,CmAP3.2 and CmPI,was negatively correlated with phenotypic severity.This suggests that class B genes in chrysanthemum not only have conserved functions in determining petal identity but also were involved in the determinacy of the flower meristem.This study provides insights into the functions of class B genes in flower development,and is informative for dissecting the molecular mechanisms of flower development in chrysanthemum.

Optimization of Extraction Process of Polyphenols from Chrysanthemum morifolium and the Development of Chrysanthemum Rice Wine

[Objectives]This study was conducted to provide a theoretical basis for the extraction and comprehensive utilization of functional active components of Chrysanthemum morifolium polyphenols.[Methods]With C.morifolium as a raw material,polyphenols were extracted by water extraction.The extraction process of polyphenols were optimized by single factor tests on solid-liquid ratio,extracting time and times.Old rice wine selected as the base wine was added with C.morifolium polyphenol extract,honey,citric acid and other auxiliary materials to prepare a kind of chrysanthemum old rice wine.Through sensory analysis combined with fuzzy mathematics comprehensive evaluation method,the optimal formula of chrysanthemum old rice wine was determined,and the corresponding physicochemical indicators of the obtained chrysanthemum old rice wine were tested.[Results]The optimal soaking process for C.morifolium was as follows:extraction time of 20 min,a solid-liquid ratio of C.morifolium to warm water at 1:40,extraction times of 3 times.The physical and chemical indicators of the chrysanthemum wine obtained from the above optimal formula were as follows:sugar content 5%,ethanol content 11%,and pH value 4.04.The chrysanthemum old rice wine obtained was clear and transparent,and the fragrance of chrysanthemum was coordinated with the mellow aroma of rice wine.The taste was refreshing and suitable for the vast majority of people to drink.[Conclusions]The new type of chrysanthemum old rice wine combines the polyphenolic active substances in C.morifolium with the low ethanol content of old rice wine,which not only improves the utilization rate of C.morifolium,but also strengthens the health function of old rice wine products,improves the quality of old rice wine,and promotes the healthy and rapid development of the old rice wine industry.

Two New Flavonoid Glycosides from Chrysanthemum morifolium

Two new flavonoid glycosides were isolated from the flowering heads of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Their structures were determined to be luteolin 4＇-methoxy-7- O-（6＂-O-acetyl）-β-D-glucopyranoside （1） and acacetin 7-O-（3＂-O-acetyl）-β-D-glucopyranoside （2） by means of 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis, including 2D NMR technique.

Target prediction of Chrysanthemum morifolium against hepatocellular carcinoma

A novel computational system was used to decipher the targets and mechanisms of Chrysanthemum morifolium against hepatocellular carcinoma.The putative target profile of Chrysanthemum morifolium against hepatocellular carcinoma was identified from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology and DrugBank.Next,identification of the protein-protein interaction network of Chrysanthemum morifolium against hepatocellular carcinoma targets,and the identification of differentially expressed genes in hepatocellular carcinoma,relied on data from the NCBI database.Finally,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology were used to analyze the common targets.Forty-eight active compounds in Chrysanthemum morifolium were identified by Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology and DrugBank,and 71 differentially expressed genes were identified in the GEO database.Further,10 core target proteins were selected,including CYP1A1,ADRB2,ADRA1B,PGR,MAOB,SLC6A4,GABRA1,MAOA,NOS3 and PTGS2.These target genes were also found to be associated with pathways involved in adrenergic receptor activity and catecholamine binding.

Effects of Different Treatment Methods on Virus Elimination of Chrysanthemum morifolium 'Shenma'

[Objective]The paper was to explore the virus elimination technique of Chrysanthemum morifolium′Shenma′.[Method]With C.morifolium ′Shenma′as the test materials,the virus elimination effects of shoot-tip treatment,shoot-tip with virazole treatment and shoot-tip with heat treatment were used to study the effect of virus elimination in the paper.The shoot-tips with the lengths of 0.2-0.3,0.4-0.5,0.6-0.8 and 0.9-1.0 mm were cultured by the shoot-tip treatment.A randomized complete blocks design was conducted to screen the best shoot-tip length and virazole concentration by shoot-tip with virazole treatment.The test-tube seedling were cultured by the method of variable temperature at day and night and stepwise temperature rising.ELISA test was used to identify the elimination efficiencies.[Result]The shoot-tip with the length of 0.4-0.5 mm was the best in shoot-tip treatment;the combination of shoot-tip length of 0.4-0.5mm and virazole mass concentration of 10 mg/L was the best in shoot-tip with virazole treatment;the shoot-tip with the length of 0.4-0.5 mm stripped after heat treatment for 45d was the best in shoot-tip with heat treatment.[Conclusion]The study provides an effective way for virus elimination in C. morifolium′Shenma′.

Protection of Intellectual Property and Authenticity of Chinese Herbal Medicine Chrysanthemum morifolium

This paper first introduced Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. and its medicinal value. Then, it studied agricultural intellectual property resources such as geographical indications, trademarks, patents, new plant varieties, biological genetic resources, and traditional knowledge related to C. morifolium . Finally, it summarized poverty-stricken areas ecologically suitable for planting C. morifolium , analyzed the GAP certification of C. morifolium , pollution-free agricultural product certification, green food certification, and organic food certification, and discussed the strategies for C. morifolium intellectual property protection and authenticity protection in the context of TCM development strategy and rural revitalization strategy.

Flavonoid extracts from chrysanthemum with appropriate anthocyanins turn blue when exposed to iron ions

Although some species that accumulate only cyanidin(Cy)in nature can produce blue flowers through iron ions,there has been no evidence of blue chrysanthemums being generated in this manner.This study revealed that flavonoid extracts from the ray florets of the chrysanthemum cultivar‘Wandai Fengguang’turned blue when exposed to Fe^(3+).Samples that could turn blue were labeled as CB(Cy-determined blue flowers),while samples that did not turn blue were labeled as CN(Cy-determined non-blue flowers).After a series of experiments,a stable screening system was established using flavonoid extracts containing NaAc buffer at pH 5.5 and a total anthocyanin concentration(TAC)of 30 μmol·L^(-1),and the addition of Fe^(3+)from 0 to 0.25 μmol·L^(-1)allowed for the selection of five CB samples from 39 chrysanthemum cultivars.All five CB samples exhibited flower color phenotypes that belonged to Cluster-I with redness(a*)values ranging from 29.03 to 45.99,yellowness(b*)values from-11.31 to 3.77,and brightness(L*)values from 29.07 to 45.99.Additionally,the ratio of TAC to total luteolin concentration(TLC)was found to be a critical factor for distinguishing between CB and CN samples.To realize the desired blue hue in the flavonoid extracts with the participation of Fe^(3+),a TAC to TLC ratio of 2.25 and above is required.Moreover,the protoplasts and ray florets of CB samples that turned blue with the involvement of Fe^(2+)showed great potential for cultivating blue chrysanthemums through ferric-anthocyanin chelate.Overall,this study reveals that blue flowers can be cultivated through the increase in the iron ion concentration,combined with the accumulation of Cy.

Hemmung der exoerythrozytaren Entwicklungsstadien von Plasmodium yoelii im Nagetier （Ratte） durch ChrysantheMum morifolium

Mannliche Wistar Ratten wurden intravenos mit 700 ×103 Sporozoiten von Plasmodium yoelii infiziert. Den Versuchstieren wurde 2 und 24 Stunden nach der Infektion 700 mg/kg eines Extraktes von Chrysanthemum morifolium in die Bauchhohle gespritzt. 40 Stunden nach der Infektion wurden die Tiere getotet und in Leberdunnschnitten wurde die exoerythrozytare Schizogonie bestimmt. Es wurde gefunden, daβ zwar das Eindringen der Sporozoiten in die Leberzellen nicht gehemmt wurde,jedoch die intrazellulare Reifung zu infektiosen Formen der exoerythrozytare Schizogonie deutlich gehemmt war.

Wirkung des Athylazetatextraktes von Chrysanthemum morifolium auf Plasmodium falciparum In Vitro

Die Wirkung des Athylazetatextraktes von Chrysanthemum morifolium auf P. falciparum wurde in vitro untersucht. Wahrend sich die Parasitamie bei der Kontrollgruppe bis zu 10. 90% entwickelte, wurde bei dem mit Athylazetatextrakt in einer Konzentration von 100 μg/ml Medium am 5. Tag der Kultur eine signifikante Hemmwirkung auf die Parasiten beobachtet. Die Parasitamie blieb bei 1.00 %.

不同直插型基质对3种盆栽菊花生长的影响以及综合评价

为提高盆栽菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium)扦插繁殖的成活率,提高菊花生产效率,以既有扦插基质又有营养基质的直插型基质代替传统栽培基质,设置了12种不同扦插基质,配合前期筛选的营养基质,扦插培养3种盆栽菊花‘辉煌’‘波尔多红’‘黄芙蓉’。测量其生长、生理以及光合指标,并利用主成分分析和隶属函数对不同直插型基质的盆栽菊花生长效果进行综合评价。结果表明:扦插基质为Z1(河沙)、Z2(珍珠岩)、Z3(蛭石)时,3个盆栽菊花品种的株高、茎粗、冠幅及花期等生长指标更具优势。‘辉煌’‘波尔多红’‘黄芙蓉’在Z2处理中的综合评价指数最高,分别为0.999、0.940、1.000,说明其育苗效果最好,可作为最佳直插型基质,其次为Z1、Z3处理。而扦插基质中,椰糠、稻壳和泥炭体积占比较大时,并不利于盆栽菊花的生长。

基于主成分及聚类分析的药用菊花品种产量与品质综合评价

为防止品种混杂,筛选药用或茶用菊花的专用品种,以不同产地来源的8个药用菊花品种16个样品为试材,采用超高效液相色谱法和比色法测定不同产地药用菊花的品质成分含量;并基于主成分分析和聚类分析,对不同产地药用菊花品种产量与品质进行综合评价。结果表明,不同产地药用菊花品种单株花头数变异系数(39.03%)最大,是构成药用菊花单株花头干重的主要因素(r=0.800),以枣庄红心菊单株花头数(496.50)最多、单株花头干重最高;绿原酸、3,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸和总黄酮等药效成分在不同来源的样本中差异显著(P<0.05),上述三种成分在滁州产滁菊中相对含量较高,分别为3.75%、8.07%、16.08%,这与其品质成分综合评价结果一致,说明滁州滁菊药效较优。13个性状指标的主成分分析提取出药效因子、高产因子、总黄酮因子和花径因子4个主成分,其累计贡献率为84.34%;综合评价得分排在前3位的依次为枣庄引种的红心菊、早小洋菊、滁菊。结合聚类分析结果,判定在原产地,滁州滁菊适于药用;在枣庄引种地,红心菊为优选的高产品种,早小洋菊为综合品质优良的品种。通过建立药用菊花品种产量和品质的综合评价体系,可为我国药茶两用菊花新品种的引种筛选和药食同源利用提供理论依据。

基于谱-效关系筛选菊茎叶总黄酮抗氧化物质基础及其机制探讨

为探讨菊茎叶总黄酮(total flavonoids from stems and leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium,TFCSL)抗氧化应激的活性成分,阐明其药效物质基础和作用机制。采用HPLC建立不同批次TFCSL指纹图谱;以高浓度葡萄糖诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞建立氧化损伤模型,将丙二醛含量、乳酸脱氢酶含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性作为药效指标;采用灰色关联度和偏最小二乘法分析其谱-效关系确定抗氧化药效物质基础;基于网络药理学结合分子对接探究核心靶点及作用通路。从12批次TFCSL指纹图谱中确定12个共有峰,指认其中9个化学成分;各批次总黄酮样品均可减少细胞凋亡、降低丙二醛及乳酸脱氢酶含量、提高超氧化物歧化酶活性;综合2种数学模型确定峰5(芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷)、峰6(异绿原酸C)、峰7(香叶木素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷)为抗氧化物质基础;筛选出的3个活性成分作用于抗氧化应激的33个靶点;关键靶点为TNF、CASP3、EDNRA、XDH、PTGS2、MMP2,主要涉及脂质和动脉粥样硬化信号通路、IL-17信号通路、糖尿病并发症AGE-RAGE信号通路、TNF通路、MPKA通路等信号通路;分子对接结果显示活性成分与关键靶点之间均有较好的结合力。表明TFCSL抗氧化应激的物质基础可能为芹菜素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、异绿原酸C、香叶木素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷,推测通过TNF、CASP3等靶点作用动脉粥样硬化信号通路、IL17信号通路发挥作用,体现菊茎叶多成分、多靶点抗氧化的作用特点。

39个传统秋菊品种扦插生根能力综合评价

为了筛选出扦插生根能力较强的传统秋菊(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.)品种,对39个传统秋菊品种扦插12 d的8个根系形态指标进行差异分析、相关性分析和主成分分析,并对这些传统秋菊品种的扦插生根能力进行隶属函数分析和分级。结果显示:供试传统秋菊品种的总根数为3.3~44.0,总根长、平均根长和最长根长分别为2.463~129.174、0.632~4.470和1.610~7.964 cm,根直径为0.200~0.405 mm,根投影面积和根表面积分别为0.102~3.062和0.319~9.619 cm 2,总根体积为0.002~0.079 cm 3,且多数指标以‘火凤凰’(‘Huofenghuang’)最小。这些根系形态指标的变异系数为15.789%~51.605%,其中,总根长的变异系数最大,根直径的变异系数最小,其余指标的变异系数均大于32%。供试传统秋菊品种的多数根系形态指标间存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)正相关。主成分分析结果显示:前3个主成分的累计贡献率达97.976%。隶属函数分析和分级结果表明:供试传统秋菊品种的扦插生根能力分为优秀、良好、中等和偏差4个等级,‘龙都春丽’(‘Longdu Chunli’)、‘玉楼人醉’(‘Yulou Renzui’)、‘龙都月华’(‘Longdu Yuehua’)、‘圣光华宝’(‘Shengguang Huabao’)、‘龙都秋枫’(‘Longdu Qiufeng’)、‘龙都春晓’(‘Longdu Chunxiao’)的扦插生根能力优秀,综合得分均大于0.70。根投影面积、根表面积和总根体积在不同等级间差异显著。研究结果显示:不同传统秋菊品种间扦插苗的根系形态指标变异较大,其中,‘龙都春丽’等6个品种的扦插生根能力较强,可作为传统秋菊品种遗传改良的亲本。

菊花中216种农药残留检测分析

目的:建立菊花中216种常用农药残留的快速检测方法。方法:样品经乙腈高速匀浆提取后浓缩,采用液相色谱-质谱法和气相色谱-质谱法,以多反应监测模式进行数据采集,采用空白基质匹配法及校准曲线法进行定量检测。结果:菊花中216种农药的线性关系良好,90%以上农药指标r>0.995,各待测农药指标回收率为70%~115%,符合农药多残留的痕量分析要求;78批菊花中检出农药68种。结论:菊花中农药残留检出率较高、检出品种较多,但检出的多为中低毒性农药。建立的方法有针对性地检测了菊花中高风险的农药品种,涵盖了大多数常用农药品种,检测方法快速、准确,适用于菊花中农药多残留的风险监测和日常快速筛查,可为基质类似的中药材农药多残留检测方法研究提供借参考。

亳州菊花生长与土壤肥力的关系

采用点对点调查取样法在安徽省亳州市菊花种植区采集了116个代表性样点的植株与土壤样品,通过主成分分析法,从19项土壤理化指标中筛选出8个指标:有机质、电导率、速效氮、有效磷、有效钙、有效硫、有效铁、有效铜,构建了最小数据集(MDS),并依据MDS各指标与菊花各生长指标的相关系数确定了土壤综合肥力指数(IFI),利用MDS和IFI探讨了各土壤肥力因子与菊花生长和产量的关系。结果表明:研究区菊花种植土壤总体呈弱碱性,保肥性好,盐度较低,有机质偏低,大中量养分基本充足,但微量养分相对缺乏。土壤综合肥力适中(70.69%的样点IFI分级为中等),而微量养分是土壤综合肥力提升的主要限制因子。总体来看,IFI较高的土壤更有利于菊花生长发育和高产,菊花偏好养分供应量充足、保肥性较好的中性土壤,随施肥带来的过量的硫可能对菊花生长和产量不利。

功能性菊花资源分类及产品开发研究进展

功能性菊花是产业融合性能优异的特色经济作物,市场发展潜力巨大。本文对常见的36种功能性菊花进行了资源分类和特性解析,提出了功能菊花在观赏、茶用、药用以及食用方面的用途,从特色加工产品、景观应用产品及旅游服务产品三个方面探讨了功能性菊花的产品开发策略,以期为功能性菊花的产业化发展提供参考。

5个栽培类型药菊分枝期抗旱性综合评价

为研究干旱胁迫对不同栽培类型药菊分枝期生长的影响,并评价不同药菊种质资源的抗旱性,以5个栽培类型药菊为试验材料,分别测定其农艺性状、生物积累量、生理特性等相关指标,并利用隶属函数法、主成分分析、相关分析进行抗旱性综合评价和抗旱鉴定指标筛选。结果表明,干旱胁迫下药菊分枝期的生长受到抑制,株高降低、茎粗减小、分枝数变少、生物量积累减少;渗透物质脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量普遍增加;抗逆酶活性增强,膜脂过氧化程度加剧。抗旱性综合评价表明,各栽培类型药菊在分枝期的抗旱性强弱依次为:怀菊(‘怀白菊’)>滁菊>亳菊>皇菊>杭菊(‘大洋菊’)。研究结果为药菊种质选育、高产高效栽培奠定了基础。

湖南省双峰县金丝皇菊规范化种植关键技术

近年来,湖南省双峰县加快菊花基地建设和产业发展,做大做强菊花产业,不断完善基础设施建设,打造花海景观,探索休闲、观光旅游农业的发展路径,逐步实现一二三产业融合发展,真正将小菊花打造成乡村振兴大产业。围绕金丝皇菊高产、高效栽培技术,以及深加工技术,分别从种植地块选择、扦插、移栽技术、生长期管理、病虫草害绿色防治及深加工技术等方面进行了论述。

花期杭白菊植株引诱菊小长管蚜的嗅觉和视觉线索及应用

杭白菊是一类顶级的茶用菊,原产地是浙江省桐乡市。菊小长管蚜Macrosiphoniella sanborni是菊属植物重要害虫,常常在花期觅食于花上和匿于花内,随着菊花采摘、加工而残留在菊花产品中。冲饮菊花茶过程中,蚜尸或肢体就浮现在菊花茶汤中,致饮者“倒胃口”。为揭示该蚜嗜好花朵原因和研制有效的防控手段以便在花期控制该蚜,分离鉴定了花期杭白菊植株的36种挥发性化合物,挑选其中含量大的、主要的17种用作味源,对该蚜做行为测定。发现a-蒎烯、反-2-己烯醛、(+)-4-蒈烯、顺-3-己烯乙酯、顺式-β-罗勒烯、γ-萜品烯、或者1-辛烯-3-乙酯7种成分的10-4g/mL的正己烷溶液显著地吸引该蚜雌、雄成蚜。依次将该7种成分的每种10-2g/mL正己烷溶液与蚜虫性信息素荆芥内酯的10-4g/mL正己烷溶液按照60∶10∶10∶2∶2∶20∶2∶1体积比配制成复合型蚜虫引诱剂,在菊园中与专利产品蚜虫引诱剂比较诱效,结果表明前者对于该蚜更具有引诱力。此外,在杭白菊园进行的该蚜趋色行为测定中,测得菊花黄对该蚜诱效稍强于芽绿色。随后,将每块菊花黄粘板附1个复合型蚜虫引诱剂诱芯,组成1个诱捕器,在杭白菊花期的菊园放置相互间距7 m×8 m的诱捕器诱杀成蚜。结果证实:不仅每个诱捕器诱杀了大量菊小长管蚜成虫,而且诱捕器的防效优于吡虫啉药液。认为:花期杭白菊植株的主要挥发性化合物和花朵上雌蚜释放的性信息素(嗅觉线索)与菊花的黄色(视觉线索)叠加引诱了菊小长管蚜;研制的载有复合型蚜虫引诱剂的菊花黄粘板可用作花期有效诱杀菊小长管蚜的手段。