CHANGES OF ENDOGENOUS HORMONE CONTENTS DURING FLORAL BUD AND VEGETATIVE BUD DIF FERENTIATION IN THIN CELL LAYER CULTURE OF CICHORIUM INTYBUS L. EXPLANT

The sectioned thin cell layers (TCL) of flower stalk of Cichorium intybus L. were cultured in MS medium supplemented with NAA and BA or IAA and BA where floral and vegetative buds were developed from the explant. Endogenous IAA, DHZ+DHZR, iPA increased significantly during the floral bud formation, while Z+ZR remained changed. The levels of cytokinins, DHZ+DHZR, iPA, and Z+ZR all increased significantly during the vegetative bud formation, however IAA level was reduced during the first 7 days of culture and increased to two thirds of initial values on the day when the bud primordia were formed. The results suggested that the initiation of floral buds was associated with a high IAA/CTK ratio, whereas the induction of vegetative bud differentiation was related to a low IAA/CTK ratio.

Anti-insect Bioactivity of the Extracts from Cichorium intybus L. Leaves

In order to develop a new plant-source insecticide,some active components from Cichorium intybus L.were extracted with mineral ether,ethyl ether,ethyl acetate,respectively.It were testified the effects of the components on the development of Mythimna separate Walker and anti-feeding by feeding and weighting method.The results showed that the body weight of the larvae fed by the extracts with organic solvents was significantly lower than the control;the body weight of the larvae fed by the extracts with organic solvents was significantly different in different solvents in 3-5 days.The corrected mortality of the ethyl acetate treatment was the highest（52.05%）,and the development period of the larvae treated by ethyl acetate was about 4-10 days longer than the control and the corresponding pupating rate was the lowest（43.30%）.Therefore,the effect of ethyl acetate extract was most significant.Moreover,the pupa weight of the treatments was little more than the control.The extracts from Cichorium intybus L.leaves had highest bioactivity mainly in anti-feeding activity on Mythimna separate Walker.

Effects of Dairy Cattle Manure and Chemical Fertilizers on Fertility of Soils Grown with Cichorium intybus

[Objective] The aim was to explore recycling utilization of manure of dairy cattle through returning of manures into fields. [Method] Effects of dairy cattle ma- nure and chemical fertilizer on fertility of soils grown with Cichorium intybus were in- vestigated through a pot experiment. [Result] After manure of dairy cattle was ap- plied, it can be concluded that organic matter, total N, total P, alkali-hydrolyzable ni- trogen, available P, activities of urease and invertase in soils increased by 0.14-1.28 times, 43.8%-79.7%, 17.4%-30.8%, 147%-188%, 7 times, 17.2%-38.5%, and 1.36%- 3.34%, respectively. Furthermore, organic matter, total N. urease and invertase activi- ties in group of M7F3 increased most; total P and available P achieved the best in group of M3F7. These indicated that the applied manures of dairy cattle would maintain and improve soil fertility, providing better soils for Cichorium intybus. [Conclusion] The research provides reference for recycling of cattle manures and construction of ecological cyclical pattern of ＂grass planting-cattle breeding-methane fermentation-returning of manures into fields＂.

Hepatoprotective effect of Cichorium intybus L.,a traditional Uighur medicine,against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats

AIM: To investigate the hepatoprotective effect of a Cichorium intybus L. extract (CIE) on CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats.

Effects of chicory(Cichorium intybus L.)on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

There is a dramatic increase in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which is slowly turning into apandemic as well as a major challenge across the world. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is described as a range ofliver conditions such as fat accumulation, hepatic steatosis, or end-stage liver disease. Patients with nonalcoholicfatty liver disease are asymptomatic and their mortality is higher than people without nonalcoholic fatty liverdisease. The pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has not been clearly determined yet. The “two hits”hypothesis is designed to explain the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dyslipidemia, oxidativestress, insulin resistance, obesity, and chronic inflammation are some of the morbidities involved in the progressionof nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is an herbaceous perennial, known as chicory.Chicory contains various compounds, such as vitamins, sonchuside A, caffeic acid derivatives,fructo-oligosaccharides, chlorogenic acid, magnolialide, polysaccharides, coumarins, phenolic acids, terpenoids,flavonoids, polyphenol, cichoriosides, ixerisosides, eudesmanolides, inulin, bitter sesquiterpene lactones, andalkaloids. Current research has revealed that chicory supplementation might be effective in the treatment ofnonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic,antihyperglycemic, and antioxidant properties of chicory provide plausible mechanisms by which chicory mayaffect the various steps of disease progression and severity. Existing studies have shown that chicorysupplementation has beneficial effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, but the existence of only one humanstudy and possible side effects of chicory necessitate further studies.

Change in Activities of Protective Enzymes in New Strains of Cichorium intybus L. Mutated in Outer Space under Water Stress

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of space mutation on the activities of protective enzymes in different strains of Cichorium intybus L. and provide theoretical basis for screening drought-tolerant plants in southern karst area. [Method] C. intybus seeds were sent into outer space by ＇Shijian No.8＇ seed- breeding satellite. The new strains and original variety of C. intybus L. were used as experimental materials to determine the activities of catalase （CAT）, peroxidase （POD）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, and malondialdehyde （MDA） content. [Result] The results showed that MDA content in PA-82, Puna chicory and PA-43 increased gradually with the increase of water stress duration, which was enhanced by 0.575, 0.72 and 0.844 μmol/g respectively at 12 days. In addition, the activities of SOD, POD and CAT increased rapidly; at 9 days, the activities of SOD in PA-82, Puna chicory and PA-43 were enhanced by 878.9, 809.2 and 711.1 U/g, with the increas- ing range of 139.1%, 136.7% and 121.1%, respectively; the activities of POD were enhanced by 4 397, 3 754 and 2 767 U/（g ·min）, with the increasing range of 265.84%, 257.65% and 204.06%, respectively; the activities of CAT were enhanced by 402.1, 277.1 and 170.9 KU/L, with the increasing range of 73.08%, 39.69% and 26.20%, respectively; subsequently, the activities of these three protective enzymes were reduced significantly; at 12 days, the activities of SOD in PA-82, Puna chicory and PA-43 were reduced to 1206.5, 1144.7 and 1108.6 U/g, respectively; the activi- ties of POD were reduced to 3 145, 2 876 and 2 753 U/（g·min） , respectively; the activities of CAT were reduced to 587.2, 698.1 and 584.1 KU/L, respectively. [Con- clusion] According to the results of comprehensive evaluation, drought resistance in three C. intybus varieties exhibited a descending order of PA-82 〉 Puna chicory 〉 PA-43.

Advances in Research of Cichorium intybus L.in Preventing and Treating Hyperuricemia

With the rapid social development,people s living habits have undergone great changes.Fast-paced lifestyles have led to an increase in people s unhealthy living habits,especially in diet,such as unreasonable dietary structure and irregular diet.In this situation,the number of patients with hyperuricemia has also been increasing,and the hyperuricemia trend is becoming younger.Clinically,western medicines for lowering uric acid are commonly used,which are not safe and have the risk of injuring the liver and kidney functions.Cichorium intybus L.as a medicinal and edible material,plays an important role in treating the hyperuricemia.Recent studies have shown that C.intybus has significant effect of lowering the uric acid.This paper reviewed the experimental studies of C.intybus inhibiting uric acid production and promoting uric acid excretion,discussed its therapeutic effects and action mechanism,to provide a reference for the development of C.intybus drugs for lowering the uric acid.

Effects of the Mixture of <i>Cichorium intybus</i>L. and <i>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</i>on Hepatic Enzymes Activity and Biochemical Parameters in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as a metabolic disorder affecting the liver function is rapidly increasing and there is a need to develop new and more efficient treatment. This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of Cichorium intybus L. and Cinnamon mixture infusion (2.5 and 0.5 g/100mL and twice/day) on patients with NAFLD. This before-after clinical trial study was performed on 25 patients with NAFLD. They were administered the mixture of extract prepared in special bags twice a day for 30 days. Hepatic and metabolic markers of NAFLD like alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphates (ALP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), cholesterol (chol), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in plasma and also, fatty liver ultrasonographic grading were determined before and after using the extracts. 30-day treatment with extracts in NAFLD patients resulted in a significant decrease in ALT and AST. FBS, TG and ALP were also decreased after administration of the extracts but not significantly. A significant linear correlation was found between age and ALP, and between gender and liver enzymes. It is concluded that the mixture of Cichorium intybus L. and Cinnamon extracts has some benefits in NAFLD patients making them valuable for future investigations.

不同有机肥对菊苣(Cichorium intybus)产量和品质的影响

为了探究施用不同有机肥(羊粪,牛粪,鸡粪)对菊苣产量和品质的影响,利于在贵州地区种植优质高产的菊苣牧草。本研究通过田间试验,在贵州遵义播州区西坪镇研究施用不同的有机肥对将军菊苣生产性能和营养成分的影响。结果得出:施用3种不同有机肥后均可提高菊苣粗蛋白的含量,其中鸡粪的效果较好,含量为142.7 mg/g,较空白组提高32.4 mg/g,且对于菊苣的粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分的含量变化影响比羊粪和牛粪的相对要大;牛粪处理后的菊苣株高和鲜草产量最高,株高、产量分别为36.1 cm、22658 kg/hm^2,株高和产量比空白组分别提高出13.8 cm、2504 kg/hm^2。本研究发现,鸡粪作为有机肥料后,能提高菊苣的生产性能和营养成分含量,对菊苣生长具有促进作用。本试验为菊苣在贵州地区高产优产种植以及生态养鸡提供一定的来源和参考。

12C^(6+)辐射对菊苣根黄酮类物质及抗氧化活性的影响

为探究12C^(6+)辐射对菊苣中黄酮类物质及抗氧化活性的影响,以菊苣根为试验材料,测定不同12C^(6+)辐射剂量下总黄酮含量及抗氧化活性。利用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四级杆质谱仪(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS),对总黄酮含量显著增加的20、40 Gy辐射组与对照组中黄酮类物质进行靶向代谢组学分析。结果表明,10~40 Gy12C^(6+)辐射均提高了菊苣根总黄酮含量,其中20、40 Gy辐射组含量提升最显著;鉴定出5类11种黄酮类代谢物,橙皮素、氯化矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷是响应12C^(6+)辐射致菊苣根总黄酮含量升高的关键差异代谢物,12C^(6+)辐射影响了紫云英苷、异鼠李素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、木犀草素和橙皮素的合成。类黄酮生物合成途径(ko00941)、黄酮和黄酮醇的生物合成途径(ko00944)富集显著。20、40 Gy剂量辐射提高了菊苣根黄酮提取液的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2’-联氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS+)自由基清除能力及铁离子还原能力(FRAP),显著增强了其抗氧化活性。综上,20、40 Gy剂量的12C^(6+)辐射能提高菊苣根中总黄酮含量,改变菊苣根中黄酮类物质种类及含量,并增强其抗氧化活性。本研究结果为进一步研究菊苣辐射诱变育种提供了理论依据。

基于果蝇模型建立的菊苣提取物抗尿酸盐沉积作用研究

目的:建立尿酸盐沉积果蝇模型并确定其造模条件,并初步观察菊苣提取物抗尿酸盐沉积的作用。方法:以5%酵母提取物饲喂诱导果蝇尿酸盐沉积,通过果蝇马氏小管及后肠偏振光成像、六胺银染色及其匀浆液尿酸水平评价果蝇尿酸盐沉积状态,考察雌雄性别、不同造模时间对果蝇尿酸盐沉积的影响,并应用该模型研究菊苣提取物抗尿酸盐沉积的作用。结果:5%酵母提取物饲喂可成功诱导果蝇尿酸盐沉积;雄性果蝇在造模3 d后开始出现尿酸盐沉积,在造模7 d后大部分出现尿酸盐沉积,各造模时间点果蝇马氏小管及后肠匀浆液尿酸水平持续升高,各造模时间点之间差异不明显;雌性果蝇在造模10 d后开始出现尿酸盐沉积,在造模14 d后大部分出现尿酸盐沉积,各造模时间点果蝇马氏小管及后肠匀浆液尿酸水平持续升高,马氏小管及后肠匀浆液尿酸水平持续升高,各造模时间点之间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);菊苣提取物可减少果蝇马氏小管及后肠偏振光信号,并明显降低其匀浆液的尿酸水平(P<0.001)。结论:以5%酵母提取物饲喂雌性果蝇14 d可较稳定诱导尿酸盐沉积,菊苣提取物可在果蝇模式动物上发挥抗尿酸盐沉积的作用。

菊苣肉质根膨大与其生理及基因表达变化初步研究

初步探究菊苣肉质根膨大发育进程的农艺性状、生理指标和基因表达变化,以期进一步探讨肉质根发育的生理和分子调控机理。以盆栽根用菊苣‘Hera’和叶用菊苣‘将军’为材料,获取8个不同发育时期的肉质根样品,对糖和内源激素进行定量分析,并对转录因子基因进行qPCR表达量分析。结果表明,根用菊苣根径、根干质量、根冠比和根库活性均大于叶用菊苣。‘Hera’肉质根果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量分别在S2、S3和S4时期最高,且葡萄糖、果糖含量在各时期均高于‘将军’。‘Hera’肉质根生长素IAA、细胞分裂素CTK和赤霉素GA含量均呈现膨大前期高、中期低、后期较高的态势,转录因子基因CiMYB73、CiERF13、CiNAC017、CibZIP53均在S2时期(播种后38 d)呈现高表达。根用菊苣与叶用菊苣农艺性状差异显著,糖和激素可能协同作用于肉质根的膨大发育,播种后38 d可能为菊苣肉质根膨大发育的关键时期。研究结果对后续菊苣肉质根的遗传调控研究、基因工程改良等有一定的参考价值。

菊苣根水提物对正常大鼠糖脂尿酸代谢及肝肾安全性的影响研究

目的:观察菊苣根水提物对正常大鼠糖、脂、尿酸代谢及肝肾安全性的影响。方法:SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组(水灌胃),菊苣高剂量、中剂量、低剂量组(10 mg/kg、5 mg/kg、2.5 mg/kg菊苣根水提物),别嘌醇组(20 mg/kg别嘌醇溶液),连续灌胃28 d,动态检测实验大鼠血清葡萄糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、血清尿酸(SUA)、尿尿酸(UUA)、粪便尿酸(FUA)水平,并计算尿酸清除率(CUUA)及12 h尿尿酸排泄量;检测实验大鼠血清中尿酸代谢相关酶,如黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)水平;检测肝肾功能指标,如谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr),并计算肝脏指数及肾脏指数。结果:实验期间,相较于空白对照组,菊苣各给药组大鼠糖、脂、尿酸代谢相关指标GLU、TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、SUA、XOD、ADA、UUA、FUA水平、CUUA、12 h尿尿酸排泄量,以及肝肾安全相关指标GPT、GOT、BUN、Cr、肝脏指数及肾脏指数均无明显差异。结论:菊苣根水提物不会影响正常大鼠糖、脂及尿酸代谢,且具有较好的肝肾安全性。

菊苣CiGL2基因克隆及功能分析

菊苣(Cichorium intybus L.),菊科菊苣属多年生草本生植物,是一种新型的牧草。菊苣叶片具有表皮毛,表皮毛可能影响其作为牧草的饲用价值。GLABRA 2(GL2)是植物转录因子,有研究显示其可能参与植物表皮毛的发育。本研究克隆了菊苣的GL2基因(CiGL2),并通过遗传转化手段初步分析和验证该基因的功能。CiGL2开放阅读框为2208 bp,编码一个735个氨基酸的转录因子。进化分析表明,菊苣与生菜(Lactuca sativa L.)的亲缘关系较近;亚细胞定位显示,该蛋白定位于细胞核内;过表达植株叶片边缘、叶腹表皮毛密度较高。利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术获得菊苣CiGL2突变植株,与对照普通菊苣株系相比,突变植株叶腹面、叶片背面表皮毛长度较短,表皮毛密度下降。研究结果说明菊苣CiGL2基因功能可能与菊苣表皮毛发育相关。本研究为菊苣GL2基因功能分析提供理论基础,也为菊苣牧草品质的改良提供了创新种质资源。

菊苣TCP基因家族鉴定与分析

TCP转录因子参与调控植物多种生理过程,包括植物叶片发育、花发育、分枝的形成等方面。菊苣(Cichorium intybus L.)是一种优良牧草,但目前还未有关于其TCP基因家族研究的报道。本研究基于菊苣全基因组数据,利用拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、生菜(Lactuca sativa L.)TCP基因家族的氨基酸序列,对菊苣TCP基因家族成员进行鉴定筛选,最终得到39个菊苣TCP基因家族成员。接着利用生物信息学方法对这些成员进行分析发现,39个成员不均匀分布在9条染色体上;氨基酸数目为113~498,分子量为12425.84~56266.57Da;所有成员分为3个亚家族;均含有保守的basic-helix-loop-helix(bHLH)结构域;顺式作用元件分析发现,菊苣TCP家族成员具有多种激素、非生物胁迫和生长发育响应元件;对CIN类TCP基因在菊苣各组织和高温胁迫下进行表达分析发现,这些成员可能参与菊苣的叶片发育调控且对高温胁迫响应。本研究可以为改良菊苣牧草品质提供理论依据。

菊苣苦味素提取工艺优化及其体外抗氧化活性分析

为充分利用菊苣资源,探究菊苣生产菊粉加工副产品中菊苣苦味素利用价值,本文在单因素实验的基础上,采用超声波结合响应面法对菊苣根苦味素进行提取与参数优化,以获得最佳提取参数,以液质分析对菊苣苦味素进行了成分分析,最后对菊苣苦味素的体外抗氧化活性进行了研究。结果表明:在乙醇浓度80%、超声温度35℃、超声时间24 min、超声功率450 W,液料比33:1 mL/g条件下,菊苣苦味素的得率为1.18%±0.015%。液质分析结果显示,菊苣苦味素主要含有7种化合物,分别为地胆草丁、秦皮甲素、秦皮乙素、绿原酸、莴苣酸、山莴苣素及山莴苣苦素。体外抗氧化活性实验结果表明,菊苣苦味素对DPPH·、ABTS^(+)·、羟自由基清除能力的半数清除浓度(IC_(50))分别为0.271、0.0734和0.130 mg/mL,且清除能力与浓度呈现浓度依赖性;菊苣苦味素浓度为1.0 mg/mL时,菊苣苦味素的总还原能力达到了1.108,研究为菊苣苦味素的利用提供了理论和实践基础。

菊苣种子中五种生物活性成分检测分析

采用加热回流法提取菊苣(Cichorium intybus L.)种子中的总多糖、总黄酮、总多酚、总皂苷、总生物碱的含量,利用紫外可见分光光度计测定其吸光度,计算活性成分含量率。结果表明,菊苣种子中菊苣总多糖(29%)、总黄酮(19%)含量较高,总多酚(11%)、总皂苷(8%)含量相近,总生物碱含量最低(2%)。该方法提取工艺简便,重现性好,具有一定的参考价值。

不同采收期对菊苣根系营养成分和芽球产量的影响

以自选的菊苣株系为研究对象,于2020年9月9日播种,播种后76~181 d每隔1周左右采收1次,测定根的糖分、可溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸含量以及软化后芽球的形态指标,探讨不同采收期对根系营养成分及芽球产量的影响。结果表明:根和叶含水量均随气温下降而降低并在大寒节气前后达到最低点;在播种后76~153 d,根的总糖含量持续增加,而还原糖含量则为当最低气温低于0℃且持续时间较长时增加,153 d以后根的总糖含量逐渐下降而还原糖含量的变化规律也发生了改变;根的可溶性蛋白质含量在104~146 d明显下降,游离氨基酸含量在90~160 d上升,以后下降。相关性分析表明,播种后76~153 d采收的植株,其芽球直径和重量分别与根的干重、总糖、还原糖、游离氨基酸含量呈显著相关,芽球转化率仅与单位重量根中的还原糖含量呈显著相关,软化天数分别与根干重、总糖、还原糖、游离氨基酸含量呈显著负相关。综合分析表明,所选菊苣株系在越冬期间未发生冻害,适当延期采收可使包括糖分和氨基酸在内的干物质充分积累,在南京地区1月初至2月上旬采收植株有利于保证芽球产量和品质。

菊苣不同部位的化学成分

利用液质联用技术对菊苣(Cichorium intybus Linn.)根、茎和叶中的化学成分进行分析。结果显示:菊苣中含有绿原酸和3,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸2个酚酸类成分以及菊苣萜苷B、11β,13-二氢山莴苣素、山莴苣素、山莴苣苦素、8-脱氧山莴苣素、notoserolide A和假还阳参苷B 7个倍半萜内酯类成分。各成分含量在根、茎和叶中存在显著差异,叶中各酚酸类成分含量均最高,绿原酸含量(6.877 mg·g^(-1))分别为根和茎中的18.0和208.4倍,3,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸含量(3.583 mg·g^(-1))分别为根和茎中的53.5和14.2倍;茎和叶中各倍半萜类成分含量总体上高于根,其中,茎中山莴苣素、山莴苣苦素和notoserolide A含量最高,叶中11β,13-二氢山莴苣素、8-脱氧山莴苣素和假还阳参苷B含量最高。综上所述,菊苣地上部分含有丰富的次生代谢产物,开发利用价值较高。

菊苣活性成分研究进展

菊苣是一种分布广泛的菊科植物,主要以多糖类、黄酮类、多酚类、倍半萜内酯类、香豆素类等活性成分,还含有矿物质、氨基酸、维生素等成分,被认为是一种食品功能的潜在载体。本文主要针对菊苣不同生物活性研究进展进行归纳,为菊苣的研究开发和利用提供借鉴参考。