CHANGES OF ENDOGENOUS HORMONE CONTENTS DURING FLORAL BUD AND VEGETATIVE BUD DIF FERENTIATION IN THIN CELL LAYER CULTURE OF CICHORIUM INTYBUS L. EXPLANT

The sectioned thin cell layers (TCL) of flower stalk of Cichorium intybus L. were cultured in MS medium supplemented with NAA and BA or IAA and BA where floral and vegetative buds were developed from the explant. Endogenous IAA, DHZ+DHZR, iPA increased significantly during the floral bud formation, while Z+ZR remained changed. The levels of cytokinins, DHZ+DHZR, iPA, and Z+ZR all increased significantly during the vegetative bud formation, however IAA level was reduced during the first 7 days of culture and increased to two thirds of initial values on the day when the bud primordia were formed. The results suggested that the initiation of floral buds was associated with a high IAA/CTK ratio, whereas the induction of vegetative bud differentiation was related to a low IAA/CTK ratio.

Anti-insect Bioactivity of the Extracts from Cichorium intybus L. Leaves

In order to develop a new plant-source insecticide,some active components from Cichorium intybus L.were extracted with mineral ether,ethyl ether,ethyl acetate,respectively.It were testified the effects of the components on the development of Mythimna separate Walker and anti-feeding by feeding and weighting method.The results showed that the body weight of the larvae fed by the extracts with organic solvents was significantly lower than the control;the body weight of the larvae fed by the extracts with organic solvents was significantly different in different solvents in 3-5 days.The corrected mortality of the ethyl acetate treatment was the highest（52.05%）,and the development period of the larvae treated by ethyl acetate was about 4-10 days longer than the control and the corresponding pupating rate was the lowest（43.30%）.Therefore,the effect of ethyl acetate extract was most significant.Moreover,the pupa weight of the treatments was little more than the control.The extracts from Cichorium intybus L.leaves had highest bioactivity mainly in anti-feeding activity on Mythimna separate Walker.

Effects of Dairy Cattle Manure and Chemical Fertilizers on Fertility of Soils Grown with Cichorium intybus

[Objective] The aim was to explore recycling utilization of manure of dairy cattle through returning of manures into fields. [Method] Effects of dairy cattle ma- nure and chemical fertilizer on fertility of soils grown with Cichorium intybus were in- vestigated through a pot experiment. [Result] After manure of dairy cattle was ap- plied, it can be concluded that organic matter, total N, total P, alkali-hydrolyzable ni- trogen, available P, activities of urease and invertase in soils increased by 0.14-1.28 times, 43.8%-79.7%, 17.4%-30.8%, 147%-188%, 7 times, 17.2%-38.5%, and 1.36%- 3.34%, respectively. Furthermore, organic matter, total N. urease and invertase activi- ties in group of M7F3 increased most; total P and available P achieved the best in group of M3F7. These indicated that the applied manures of dairy cattle would maintain and improve soil fertility, providing better soils for Cichorium intybus. [Conclusion] The research provides reference for recycling of cattle manures and construction of ecological cyclical pattern of ＂grass planting-cattle breeding-methane fermentation-returning of manures into fields＂.

Hepatoprotective effect of Cichorium intybus L.,a traditional Uighur medicine,against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats

AIM: To investigate the hepatoprotective effect of a Cichorium intybus L. extract (CIE) on CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats.

菊苣CiGL2基因克隆及功能分析

菊苣(Cichorium intybus L.),菊科菊苣属多年生草本生植物,是一种新型的牧草。菊苣叶片具有表皮毛,表皮毛可能影响其作为牧草的饲用价值。GLABRA 2(GL2)是植物转录因子,有研究显示其可能参与植物表皮毛的发育。本研究克隆了菊苣的GL2基因(CiGL2),并通过遗传转化手段初步分析和验证该基因的功能。CiGL2开放阅读框为2208 bp,编码一个735个氨基酸的转录因子。进化分析表明,菊苣与生菜(Lactuca sativa L.)的亲缘关系较近;亚细胞定位显示,该蛋白定位于细胞核内;过表达植株叶片边缘、叶腹表皮毛密度较高。利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术获得菊苣CiGL2突变植株,与对照普通菊苣株系相比,突变植株叶腹面、叶片背面表皮毛长度较短,表皮毛密度下降。研究结果说明菊苣CiGL2基因功能可能与菊苣表皮毛发育相关。本研究为菊苣GL2基因功能分析提供理论基础,也为菊苣牧草品质的改良提供了创新种质资源。

Effects of chicory(Cichorium intybus L.)on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

There is a dramatic increase in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which is slowly turning into apandemic as well as a major challenge across the world. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is described as a range ofliver conditions such as fat accumulation, hepatic steatosis, or end-stage liver disease. Patients with nonalcoholicfatty liver disease are asymptomatic and their mortality is higher than people without nonalcoholic fatty liverdisease. The pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has not been clearly determined yet. The “two hits”hypothesis is designed to explain the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dyslipidemia, oxidativestress, insulin resistance, obesity, and chronic inflammation are some of the morbidities involved in the progressionof nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is an herbaceous perennial, known as chicory.Chicory contains various compounds, such as vitamins, sonchuside A, caffeic acid derivatives,fructo-oligosaccharides, chlorogenic acid, magnolialide, polysaccharides, coumarins, phenolic acids, terpenoids,flavonoids, polyphenol, cichoriosides, ixerisosides, eudesmanolides, inulin, bitter sesquiterpene lactones, andalkaloids. Current research has revealed that chicory supplementation might be effective in the treatment ofnonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic,antihyperglycemic, and antioxidant properties of chicory provide plausible mechanisms by which chicory mayaffect the various steps of disease progression and severity. Existing studies have shown that chicorysupplementation has beneficial effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, but the existence of only one humanstudy and possible side effects of chicory necessitate further studies.

Change in Activities of Protective Enzymes in New Strains of Cichorium intybus L. Mutated in Outer Space under Water Stress

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the effects of space mutation on the activities of protective enzymes in different strains of Cichorium intybus L. and provide theoretical basis for screening drought-tolerant plants in southern karst area. [Method] C. intybus seeds were sent into outer space by ＇Shijian No.8＇ seed- breeding satellite. The new strains and original variety of C. intybus L. were used as experimental materials to determine the activities of catalase （CAT）, peroxidase （POD）, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, and malondialdehyde （MDA） content. [Result] The results showed that MDA content in PA-82, Puna chicory and PA-43 increased gradually with the increase of water stress duration, which was enhanced by 0.575, 0.72 and 0.844 μmol/g respectively at 12 days. In addition, the activities of SOD, POD and CAT increased rapidly; at 9 days, the activities of SOD in PA-82, Puna chicory and PA-43 were enhanced by 878.9, 809.2 and 711.1 U/g, with the increas- ing range of 139.1%, 136.7% and 121.1%, respectively; the activities of POD were enhanced by 4 397, 3 754 and 2 767 U/（g ·min）, with the increasing range of 265.84%, 257.65% and 204.06%, respectively; the activities of CAT were enhanced by 402.1, 277.1 and 170.9 KU/L, with the increasing range of 73.08%, 39.69% and 26.20%, respectively; subsequently, the activities of these three protective enzymes were reduced significantly; at 12 days, the activities of SOD in PA-82, Puna chicory and PA-43 were reduced to 1206.5, 1144.7 and 1108.6 U/g, respectively; the activi- ties of POD were reduced to 3 145, 2 876 and 2 753 U/（g·min） , respectively; the activities of CAT were reduced to 587.2, 698.1 and 584.1 KU/L, respectively. [Con- clusion] According to the results of comprehensive evaluation, drought resistance in three C. intybus varieties exhibited a descending order of PA-82 〉 Puna chicory 〉 PA-43.

Advances in Research of Cichorium intybus L.in Preventing and Treating Hyperuricemia

With the rapid social development,people s living habits have undergone great changes.Fast-paced lifestyles have led to an increase in people s unhealthy living habits,especially in diet,such as unreasonable dietary structure and irregular diet.In this situation,the number of patients with hyperuricemia has also been increasing,and the hyperuricemia trend is becoming younger.Clinically,western medicines for lowering uric acid are commonly used,which are not safe and have the risk of injuring the liver and kidney functions.Cichorium intybus L.as a medicinal and edible material,plays an important role in treating the hyperuricemia.Recent studies have shown that C.intybus has significant effect of lowering the uric acid.This paper reviewed the experimental studies of C.intybus inhibiting uric acid production and promoting uric acid excretion,discussed its therapeutic effects and action mechanism,to provide a reference for the development of C.intybus drugs for lowering the uric acid.

Effects of the Mixture of <i>Cichorium intybus</i>L. and <i>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</i>on Hepatic Enzymes Activity and Biochemical Parameters in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as a metabolic disorder affecting the liver function is rapidly increasing and there is a need to develop new and more efficient treatment. This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of Cichorium intybus L. and Cinnamon mixture infusion (2.5 and 0.5 g/100mL and twice/day) on patients with NAFLD. This before-after clinical trial study was performed on 25 patients with NAFLD. They were administered the mixture of extract prepared in special bags twice a day for 30 days. Hepatic and metabolic markers of NAFLD like alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphates (ALP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), cholesterol (chol), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in plasma and also, fatty liver ultrasonographic grading were determined before and after using the extracts. 30-day treatment with extracts in NAFLD patients resulted in a significant decrease in ALT and AST. FBS, TG and ALP were also decreased after administration of the extracts but not significantly. A significant linear correlation was found between age and ALP, and between gender and liver enzymes. It is concluded that the mixture of Cichorium intybus L. and Cinnamon extracts has some benefits in NAFLD patients making them valuable for future investigations.

PBAT/PLA复合膜结合1-MCP处理对金玉兰菜保鲜效果的影响

为研究金玉兰菜新型可降解保鲜包装及保鲜新技术,以聚苯乙烯(expanded polystyrene,EPS)泡沫箱包装作为对照,采用聚己二酸/对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯/聚乳酸[poly(butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate)/polylactic acid,PBAT/PLA]复合膜包装结合1.0μL/L 1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)对金玉兰菜进行处理,分析测定贮藏期间[(4.0±0.5)℃],金玉兰菜呼吸强度、色差、总酚含量、多酚氧化酶活性、营养物质含量等指标的变化。结果表明,采用PBAT/PLA复合膜包装的金玉兰菜在贮藏24 d后,硬度仍保持了1.98 kg/cm^(2),感官评分平均值维持在3.425,高于对照组(1.15);PBAT/PLA+1-MCP能够延迟呼吸高峰的出现时间,并降低呼吸峰值10.72 mg CO_(2)/(kg·h),褐变指数较未添加1-MCP的处理组降低了2.3~5.7,有效抑制了营养物质的损耗。PBAT/PLA复合膜结合1-MCP处理能够有效提高金玉兰菜冷藏过程中的品质,在拓宽可降解包装材料在农产品保鲜中的应用及提高金玉兰菜保鲜技术水平方面具有潜在应用前景。

菊苣中酚类化合物的HPLC-ECD指纹图谱及抗氧化活性谱-效关系

建立不同产地菊苣的高效液相色谱-电化学检测法(High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrochemical Detection,HPLC-ECD)指纹图谱,采用DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力来评价菊苣的体外抗氧化活性,并应用皮尔逊分析、灰色关联度分析和偏最小二乘法回归分析研究菊苣指纹图谱与抗氧化活性之间的“谱-效”关系,探寻菊苣的抗氧化活性成分。该研究从建立的21批不同产地的菊苣指纹图谱中,指认出13个酚类化学成分。菊苣提取物的最高总酚含量达30.76 mg GAE/g,其峰面积与抗氧化活性的相关系数大于0.92,“谱-效”关系研究表明对抗氧化活性贡献较大的有菊苣酸、单咖啡酰酒石酸、异绿原酸B、异绿原酸A、1,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸、异绿原酸C,表明其化学成分与抗氧化活性之间具有显著的相关性(P<0.01)。该研究建立的HPLC-ECD的菊苣指纹图谱结合统计分析方法研究“谱-效”,既体现样品化学成分的差异性,又可直接反映样品的抗氧化活性,该方法简单、可靠,为菊苣的质量评价及产品开发提供参考。

12C^(6+)辐射对菊苣根黄酮类物质及抗氧化活性的影响

为探究12C^(6+)辐射对菊苣中黄酮类物质及抗氧化活性的影响,以菊苣根为试验材料,测定不同12C^(6+)辐射剂量下总黄酮含量及抗氧化活性。利用超高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联四级杆质谱仪(UPLC-ESI-MS/MS),对总黄酮含量显著增加的20、40 Gy辐射组与对照组中黄酮类物质进行靶向代谢组学分析。结果表明,10~40 Gy12C^(6+)辐射均提高了菊苣根总黄酮含量,其中20、40 Gy辐射组含量提升最显著;鉴定出5类11种黄酮类代谢物,橙皮素、氯化矢车菊素-3-O-芸香糖苷是响应12C^(6+)辐射致菊苣根总黄酮含量升高的关键差异代谢物,12C^(6+)辐射影响了紫云英苷、异鼠李素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、木犀草素和橙皮素的合成。类黄酮生物合成途径(ko00941)、黄酮和黄酮醇的生物合成途径(ko00944)富集显著。20、40 Gy剂量辐射提高了菊苣根黄酮提取液的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、2,2’-联氮-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS+)自由基清除能力及铁离子还原能力(FRAP),显著增强了其抗氧化活性。综上,20、40 Gy剂量的12C^(6+)辐射能提高菊苣根中总黄酮含量,改变菊苣根中黄酮类物质种类及含量,并增强其抗氧化活性。本研究结果为进一步研究菊苣辐射诱变育种提供了理论依据。

HPLC测定菊苣药材中的有效成分

目的测定菊苣药材中有效成分的含量。方法采用HPLC法。结果秦皮甲素、秦皮乙素、山莴苣苦素、羽扇豆醇的回收率分别为102.01%、102.99%、102.86%、101.06%,RSD分别为2.84%、2.60%、1.12%、2.47%,其回归方程的相关系数分别为0.9995、0.9998、0.9996、0.9992。结论所用方法准确、快速、简便、重复性好,可用于菊苣有效成分的含量测定。

菊苣肉质根膨大与其生理及基因表达变化初步研究

初步探究菊苣肉质根膨大发育进程的农艺性状、生理指标和基因表达变化,以期进一步探讨肉质根发育的生理和分子调控机理。以盆栽根用菊苣‘Hera’和叶用菊苣‘将军’为材料,获取8个不同发育时期的肉质根样品,对糖和内源激素进行定量分析,并对转录因子基因进行qPCR表达量分析。结果表明,根用菊苣根径、根干质量、根冠比和根库活性均大于叶用菊苣。‘Hera’肉质根果糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖含量分别在S2、S3和S4时期最高,且葡萄糖、果糖含量在各时期均高于‘将军’。‘Hera’肉质根生长素IAA、细胞分裂素CTK和赤霉素GA含量均呈现膨大前期高、中期低、后期较高的态势,转录因子基因CiMYB73、CiERF13、CiNAC017、CibZIP53均在S2时期(播种后38 d)呈现高表达。根用菊苣与叶用菊苣农艺性状差异显著,糖和激素可能协同作用于肉质根的膨大发育,播种后38 d可能为菊苣肉质根膨大发育的关键时期。研究结果对后续菊苣肉质根的遗传调控研究、基因工程改良等有一定的参考价值。

基于果蝇模型建立的菊苣提取物抗尿酸盐沉积作用研究

目的:建立尿酸盐沉积果蝇模型并确定其造模条件,并初步观察菊苣提取物抗尿酸盐沉积的作用。方法:以5%酵母提取物饲喂诱导果蝇尿酸盐沉积,通过果蝇马氏小管及后肠偏振光成像、六胺银染色及其匀浆液尿酸水平评价果蝇尿酸盐沉积状态,考察雌雄性别、不同造模时间对果蝇尿酸盐沉积的影响,并应用该模型研究菊苣提取物抗尿酸盐沉积的作用。结果:5%酵母提取物饲喂可成功诱导果蝇尿酸盐沉积;雄性果蝇在造模3 d后开始出现尿酸盐沉积,在造模7 d后大部分出现尿酸盐沉积,各造模时间点果蝇马氏小管及后肠匀浆液尿酸水平持续升高,各造模时间点之间差异不明显;雌性果蝇在造模10 d后开始出现尿酸盐沉积,在造模14 d后大部分出现尿酸盐沉积,各造模时间点果蝇马氏小管及后肠匀浆液尿酸水平持续升高,马氏小管及后肠匀浆液尿酸水平持续升高,各造模时间点之间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);菊苣提取物可减少果蝇马氏小管及后肠偏振光信号,并明显降低其匀浆液的尿酸水平(P<0.001)。结论:以5%酵母提取物饲喂雌性果蝇14 d可较稳定诱导尿酸盐沉积,菊苣提取物可在果蝇模式动物上发挥抗尿酸盐沉积的作用。

菊苣TCP基因家族鉴定与分析

TCP转录因子参与调控植物多种生理过程,包括植物叶片发育、花发育、分枝的形成等方面。菊苣(Cichorium intybus L.)是一种优良牧草,但目前还未有关于其TCP基因家族研究的报道。本研究基于菊苣全基因组数据,利用拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、生菜(Lactuca sativa L.)TCP基因家族的氨基酸序列,对菊苣TCP基因家族成员进行鉴定筛选,最终得到39个菊苣TCP基因家族成员。接着利用生物信息学方法对这些成员进行分析发现,39个成员不均匀分布在9条染色体上;氨基酸数目为113~498,分子量为12425.84~56266.57Da;所有成员分为3个亚家族;均含有保守的basic-helix-loop-helix(bHLH)结构域;顺式作用元件分析发现,菊苣TCP家族成员具有多种激素、非生物胁迫和生长发育响应元件;对CIN类TCP基因在菊苣各组织和高温胁迫下进行表达分析发现,这些成员可能参与菊苣的叶片发育调控且对高温胁迫响应。本研究可以为改良菊苣牧草品质提供理论依据。

菊苣根水提物对正常大鼠糖脂尿酸代谢及肝肾安全性的影响研究

目的:观察菊苣根水提物对正常大鼠糖、脂、尿酸代谢及肝肾安全性的影响。方法:SD大鼠随机分为空白对照组(水灌胃),菊苣高剂量、中剂量、低剂量组(10 mg/kg、5 mg/kg、2.5 mg/kg菊苣根水提物),别嘌醇组(20 mg/kg别嘌醇溶液),连续灌胃28 d,动态检测实验大鼠血清葡萄糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、血清尿酸(SUA)、尿尿酸(UUA)、粪便尿酸(FUA)水平,并计算尿酸清除率(CUUA)及12 h尿尿酸排泄量;检测实验大鼠血清中尿酸代谢相关酶,如黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)水平;检测肝肾功能指标,如谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr),并计算肝脏指数及肾脏指数。结果:实验期间,相较于空白对照组,菊苣各给药组大鼠糖、脂、尿酸代谢相关指标GLU、TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、SUA、XOD、ADA、UUA、FUA水平、CUUA、12 h尿尿酸排泄量,以及肝肾安全相关指标GPT、GOT、BUN、Cr、肝脏指数及肾脏指数均无明显差异。结论:菊苣根水提物不会影响正常大鼠糖、脂及尿酸代谢,且具有较好的肝肾安全性。

菊苣苦味素提取工艺优化及其体外抗氧化活性分析

为充分利用菊苣资源,探究菊苣生产菊粉加工副产品中菊苣苦味素利用价值,本文在单因素实验的基础上,采用超声波结合响应面法对菊苣根苦味素进行提取与参数优化,以获得最佳提取参数,以液质分析对菊苣苦味素进行了成分分析,最后对菊苣苦味素的体外抗氧化活性进行了研究。结果表明:在乙醇浓度80%、超声温度35℃、超声时间24 min、超声功率450 W,液料比33:1 mL/g条件下,菊苣苦味素的得率为1.18%±0.015%。液质分析结果显示,菊苣苦味素主要含有7种化合物,分别为地胆草丁、秦皮甲素、秦皮乙素、绿原酸、莴苣酸、山莴苣素及山莴苣苦素。体外抗氧化活性实验结果表明,菊苣苦味素对DPPH·、ABTS^(+)·、羟自由基清除能力的半数清除浓度(IC_(50))分别为0.271、0.0734和0.130 mg/mL,且清除能力与浓度呈现浓度依赖性;菊苣苦味素浓度为1.0 mg/mL时,菊苣苦味素的总还原能力达到了1.108,研究为菊苣苦味素的利用提供了理论和实践基础。

HPLC法测定菊苣中黄酮类成分的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定菊苣中黄酮类成分含量的方法。方法:色谱柱:Scienhome C18(4.6mm×200mm,5μm),检测波长350nm;柱温30℃;流速1mL/min。结果:木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷在0.0024～0.0192μg内线性良好,y=2000000x-443.39r,=0.9999,回收率为102.7%,RSD为0.82%;木犀草素在0.01464-0.11712μg内线性良好,y=2000000x-2058.1r,=0.9999,回收率为103.4%,RSD为0.52%。结论:采用该方法进行含量测定准确可靠,重现性好。

菊苣再生体系建立及转AFL2基因的研究

以菊苣叶片为外植体,研究建立高效再生体系和农杆菌介导的稳定转化体系。结果表明:再生频率从48%提高至100%;单叶盘再生芽数达12个;试管苗叶片与农杆菌菌株PIG121Hm共培养3d,在附加卡那霉素20mg/L和头孢霉素600mg/L再生培养基上选择培养2周后,叶片再生出转化芽,绿芽率达8.6%,转化芽在附加30mg/L卡那霉素培养基中长大并继代增殖,初步鉴定是转化芽。