Berberine Attenuates Cigarette Smoke Extract-induced Airway Inflammation in Mice:Involvement of TGF-β1/Smads Signaling Pathway

Although several studies confirmed that berberine may attenuate airway inflammation in mice with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD),its underlying mechanisms were not clear until now.We aimed to establish an experiment mouse model for COPD and to investigate the effects of berberine on airway inflammation and its possible mechanism in COPD model mice induced by cigarette smoke extract(CSE).Twenty SPF C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into PBS control group,COPD model group,low-dose berberine group and high-dose berberine group,5 mice in each group.The neutrophils and macrophages were examined by Wright's staining.The levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)were detennined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The expression levels of TGF-β1,Smad2 and Smad3 mRNA and proteins in lung tissues were respectively detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting.It was found that CSE increased the number of inflammation cells in BALF,elevated lung inflammation scores,and enhanced the TGF-β1/Smads signaling activity in mice.High-dose berberine restrained the alterations in the COPD mice induced by CSE.It was concluded that high-dose berberine ameliorated CSE-induced airway inflammation in COPD mice.TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway might be involved in the mechanism.These findings suggested a therapeutic potential of high-dose berberine on the CSE-induced airway inflammation.

Effect of Cigarette Smoke Extract on the Role of Protein Kinase C in the Proliferation of Passively Sensitized Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells

To investigate the effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in the proliferation of passively sensitized human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). After synchronization of cultured HASMCs, they were divided into a group A and Group B. The group A was treated with normal human serum and served as controls and the group B was treated with the serum of asthma patients. The group A was further divided into group of A_1, A_2 and A_3 and the group B was sub-divided into the group of B_1, B_2, B_3, B_4 and B_5. No other agents were added to the group A_1 and B_1. The cells of group A_2 and B_2 were stimulated with 5 % CSE for 24 h. HASMCs from group A_3 and B_3 were treated with PKC agonist PMA (10 nmol/L) and CSE (5 %) for 24 h. PKC inhibitor Ro-31-8220 (5 μmol/L) was added to the HASMCs of group B_4 for 24 h. The cells from group B_5 were stimulated with Ro-31-8220 (5 μmol/L) and CSE (5 %) for 24 h. The proliferation of HASMCs isolated from group A and B was examined by cell cycle analysis, MTT colorimetric assay and 3H-TdR incorporation test. The expression of PKC-α in each group was observed by Western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. The results showed that the percentage of S phase, absorbance (A) value, the rate of 3H-TdR incorporation, the ratios of A value of PKC-α mRNA and the A value of PKC-α protein in HASMCs from group B_1, B_2 and B_3 were significantly increased compared to those of group A_1, A_2 and A_3 correspondingly and respectively (P<0.01). The proliferation of HASMCs of group A_2 and B_2 stimulated with CSE and group A_3 and B_3 stimulated with CSE and PMA were also significantly enhanced when group A_1, A_2 and A_3 and group B_1, B_2 and B_3 compared to each other (P<0.05, P<0.01, respectively). The percentage of S phase, absorbency (A) value, 3H-TdR incorporation rate, the ratios of A value of PKC-α mRNA and the A value of PKC-α protein in HASMCs from group B_4 treated with Ro-31-8220 and group B_5 treated with CSE and Ro-31-8220 were significantly decreased as compared to those of group B_1 and B_2 correspondingly and respectively (P<0.05, P<0.01). It was concluded that CSE can enhance the passively sensitized HASMC proliferation and the expression of PKC alpha. PKC and its alpha subtype may contribute to this process. Our results suggest cigarette may play an important role in ASMCs proliferation of asthma through PKC signal pathway.

Dysregulation of gastric H,K-ATPase by cigarette smoke extract

AIM:To test whether the expression and activity of H,K-ATPase in parietal cells would be affected by cigarette smoke extract.METHODS: Extracts of cigarette smoke were administered into mice by gastric gavage (5 mg/kg body weight/day) for 3 d or in drinking water for 7 or 14 d. For the latter, each day a mouse consumed 5 mL water containing extracts of two cigarettes, on average. Control littermate mice received only vehicle. To compare the amount of H,K-ATPase in control and smoke-treated mice, the stomach was processed for Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis using monoclonal antibodies specific for α- or β-subunits of H,K-ATPase. The p-nitrophenylphospatase activity assay was used as a measurement for K-dependent H,K-ATPase activity.RESULTS: Probed transblots showed an increase in the amount of H,K-ATPase in smoke-treated mice which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and was found to be due to increased amounts of protein per parietal cell rather than an increased parietal cell number. The increase in the amount of H,K-ATPase was associated with an enhancement of its enzymatic activity. K-dependent activity in control and smoke-treated mice was significantly different (respectively, 0.12 μmol/mg vs 0.27 μmol/mg per minute, P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Administration of cigarette smoke extract is associated with an increase in the amount and activity of H,K-ATPase and hence, smokers are susceptible to development of peptic ulcer.

Injury of Mouse Brain Mitochondria Induced by Cigarette Smoke Extract and Effect of Vitamin C on It in vitro

Objective To investigate the toxicity of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and nicotine on mouse brain mitochondria as well as the protective effect of vitamin C in vitro. Method Mouse brain mitochondria in vitro was incubated with CSE or nicotine in the absence or presence of vitamin C for 60 minutes, and the changes of mitochondrial function and structure were measured. Results CSE inhibited mitochondrial ATPase and cytochrome C oxidase activities in a dose-dependent manner. However, no significant changes in the peroxidation indices were observed when mitochondrial respiratory enzymes activity was inhibited, and protection of mitochondria from CSE-induced injury by vitamin C was not displayed in vitro. The effect of CSE on mouse brain mitochondria swelling response to calcium stimulation was dependent on calcium concentrations. CSE inhibited swelling of mitochondria at 6.5μmol/L Ca2+, but promoted swelling response at 250μmol/L Ca2+. Nicotine, the major component of cigarette smoke, showed no significant damage in mouse brain mitochondria in vitro. The CSE treatment induced mitochondrial inner membrane damage and vacuolization of the matrix, whereas the outer mitochondrial membrane appeared to be preserved. Conclusion The toxic effect of CSE on brain mitochondria may be due to its direct action on enzymatic activity rather than through oxygen free radical injury. Nicotine is not the responsible component for the toxicity of CSE to brain mitochondria.

Roles of TGF-β Signaling Pathway in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Endothelial Cells Stimulated with Cigarette Smoke Extract

To investigate the role of signaling pathway in the effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress（ER stress） in endothelial cells stimulated with cigarette smoke extract（CSE）. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells（HUVECs） were cultured and divided into 3 groups： CSE-stimulated group, CSE-stimulated with 4-PBA group, and negative control group. HUVECs were cultured and stimulated with CSE at concentrations of 5%, 10% and 20%, respectively, mR NA of CXCL-8 and GRP78 was detected by real-time PCR. ELISA was performed to test the expression of CXCL-8 protein, and neutrophils migration was detected by Transwell board test. The NF-κB, ERK, p38 MAPK and transforming growth factor beta（TGF-β） were detected by flow cytometry. The mRNA of CXCL-8 and GRP78 increased in CSE-stimulated HUVECs（P〈0.05）. Furthermore, it was concentration-dependent. 4-PBA significantly reduced the expression of CXCL-8 protein（P〈0.05） and neutrophil migration（P〈0.05）. The TGF-β, rather than the NF-κB, ERK and P38 MAPK pathway might be involved in ER stress stimulated by CSE. CSE induced neutrophils migration by increasing the expression of CXCL-8 in endothelial cells. ER stress might play a role in the effect of neutrophils migration stimulated with CSE, and TGF-β pathway may contribute to the ER stress in HUVECs.

Genotoxicity and Reduced Heat Shock Protein 70 in Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells Exposed to Cigarette Smoke Extract

Cigarette smoke is associated with the development of several diseases, such as chronic ob- structive pulmonary disease （COPD）. The purpose of this study was to investigate genotoxicity and heat shock protein 70 （Hsp70） in human airway smooth muscle cells （HASMCs） exposed to cigarette smoke extract （CSE）. HASMCs was exposed to CSE with different doses for 24 h. The level of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine （8-OHdG） was determined by using HPLC-ECD, the DNA damage was ana- lyzed by using comet assay, and apoptosis was examined by using Annexin-FITC/PI staining. The pro- duction of Hsp70 after CSE stimulation was tested. Results indicated that CSE significantly increased the level of 8-OHdG, DNA damage and cell apoptosis, and reduced the production of Hsp70. In par- ticular, levels of Hsp70 were inversely correlated with 8-OHdG, DNA damage and cell apoptosis. It was concluded that cigarette smoke induced genotoxicity and decreased the production of cell protective protein Hsp70, which may contribute to the development of some airway diseases.

Cigarette Smoke Extract Inhibits the Proliferation of Alveolar Epithelial Cells and Augments the Expression of P21^(WAF1)

Cigarette smoking is intimately related with the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, and alveolar epithelium is a major target for the exposure of cigarette smoke extract. In order to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke extract on the proliferation of alveolar epithelial cell type Ⅱ and its relationship with P21^WAF1, the alveolar epithelial type Ⅱ cell line （A549） cells were chosen as surrogate cells to represent alveolar epithelial type Ⅱ cells. MTT assay was used to detect cell viability after interfered with different concentrations of cigarette smoke extract. It was observed cigarette smoke extract inhibited the growth of A549 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The morphological changes, involving the condensation and margination of nuclear chromatin, even karyorrhexis, were observed by both Hoechst staining and electronic microscopy. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated the increased cell percentages in G1 and subG1 phases after the cells were incubated with cigarette smoke extract. The expression of p21^WAF1 protein and mRNA was also significantly increased as detected by the methods of Western blot or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction respectively. In conclusion, cigarette smoke extract inhibits the proliferation of alveolar epithelial cell type Ⅱ and blocks them in G1/S phase. The intracelhilar accumulation of P21^WAF1 may be one of the mechanisms which contribute to cigarette smoke extract-induced inhibition of cell proliferation.

Involvement of TRPC1 and Cyclin D1 in Human Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells Proliferation Induced by Cigarette Smoke Extract

Cigarette smoking contributes to the development of pulmonary artery hypertension(PAH).As the basic pathological change of PAH,pulmonary vascular remodeling is considered to be related to the abnormal proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells(PASMCs).However,the molecular mechanism underlying this process remains not exactly clear.The aim of this research was to study the molecular mechanism of PASMCs proliferation induced by smoking.Human PASMCs(HPASMCs)were divided into 6 groups:0%(control group),cigarette smoking extract(CSE)-treated groups at concentrations of 0.5%,1%,2%,5%,10%CSE respectively.HPASMCs proliferation was observed after 24 h.HPASMCs were divided into two groups:0(control group),0.5%CSE group.The mRNA and protein expression levels of transient receptor potential channel 1(TRPC1)and cyclin D1 in HPASMCs after CSE treatment were respectively detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting.The intracellular calcium ion concentration was measured by the calcium probe in each group.In the negative control group and TRPC1-siRNA transfection group,the proliferation of HPASMCs and the expression of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein were detected.Data were compared with one-way ANOVA(for multiple-group comparison)and independent t-test(for two-group comparison)followed by the least significant difference(LSD)test with the computer software SPSS 17.0.It was found that 0.5%and 1%CSE could promote the proliferation of HPASMCs(P<0.05),and the former was more effective than the latter(P<0.05),while 3%and above CSE had inhibitory effect on HPASMCs(P<0.05).The mRNA and protein expression levels of TRPC1 and cyclin D1 in 0.5%and 1%CSE groups were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05),while those in 3%CSE group were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Moreover,the proliferation of HPASMCs and the expression of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein in TRPC1-siRNA transfection group were significantly reduced as compared with those in the negative control group(P<0.05).It was concluded that low concentration of CSE can promote the proliferation of HPASMCs,while high concentrations of CSE inhibit HPASMCs proliferation.These findings suggested that CSE induced proliferation of HPASMCs at least in part via TRPC1-mediated cyclin D1 expression.

Effect of Cigarette Smoke Extract on the Proliferation of Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Expression and Activation of FAK

The effect of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on the proliferation of human airway epithelial cells and the possible mechanism was studied. After airway epithelial cells were treated with different concentrations of CSE for 24 h, the cell proliferation was measured by MTT and the distribution of different cell cycles by flow cytometry. The FAK expression level was detected by Western blot and the degree of tyrosine phosphorylation by immunoprecipitation. The results showed that CSE could inhibit the proliferation of human airway epithelial cells, arrest the epithelial cells in G1 phase of cell cycle, dramatically decrease the number of epithelial cells in S and G2 phases; Meanwhile CSE could decrease the expression level of FAK and the degree of its tyrosine phosphorylation. The above effects of CSE were concentration-dependent. The expression of FAK and the degree of its phosphorylation was positively correlated to the increased number of epithelial cells in G1 phase, and negatively to the number of epithelial cells in S and G2 phases. It was concluded that the mechanism by which CSE could inhibit the proliferation of human epithelial cells was contributed to the increased expression and activation of FAK.

Effect of Cigarette Smoke on Diabetic Skin and Protection with Topical Administration of Pinus halepensis Extract

Compared to normal, diabetic skin is characterized by great sensitivity. Oxidative stress is directly involved, contributing to accelerated skin aging, xerodermia and poor wound healing. In the last 10 years, cigarette smoke (CS) exposure has been associated with several skin and dermatological conditions and is directly related to the oxidative stress affecting the skin. However, limited data exist concerning the effect of CS on diabetic skin. Some of the effects of cigarette smoke exposure on the skin of hairless diabetic mice were hereby studied and the potential skin protection by topical applications of Pinus halepensis bark extract was investigated. Female hairless SKH-2 diabetic mice were exposed for 8 days to tobacco smoke and topical applications were performed twice daily. Biophysical parameters such as transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin elasticity and erythema were measured. In addition, the oxidative stress was evaluated. The results show that diabetes and CS have a synergistic negative action on skin condition, with the development of xerosis and high ROS levels whilst topical applications of Pinus halepensis bark extract protect efficiently the toxic effect of CS on skin, by decreasing skin dryness, oxidative stress and blood glucose levels.

Inhibitory Effect of Cigarette Smoke Extract on Experimental Lung Metastasis of Mouse Melanoma by Suppressing Tumor Invasion

We investigated the effect of a nicotine-and tar-free cigarette smoke extract (CSE) using an experimental metastasis mouse model which was intravenously injected with B16-BL6 mouse melanoma cells. Three-hour pretreatment of cells with various concentrations of CSE (0, 0.1, 0.3, and 1%) dose-dependently reduced the number of lung metastatic nodules 14 days after tumor injection. To elucidate the mechanism of this anti-metastatic effect of CSE, we examined the invasion and migration activities of B16-BL6 cells pretreated with CSE for three hours in vitro. CSE significantly reduced the invasion of cells at 1% and the migration at 0.3% and 1%. Under the same pretreatment conditions, CSE had no effect on the proliferation of cells. These findings suggest that CSE contains some ingredients that suppress hematogenic lung metastasis via inhibition of the invasion and migration activities of mouse melanoma cells.

Cigarette smoke extract-induced 16HBE-derived exosomal miR-186 significantly promoted the proliferation of COPD MRC-5 cell

Objective:To study the effect of cigarette extract(CSE)on the expression of exosomal miR-186 derived from 16HBE cells and the effects of 16HBE-derived exosomal miR-186 on the proliferation of MRC-5 cells.Methods:To collect the exosomal miR-186 in the supernatant of CSE-treated 16HBE cells for MRC-5 cell culture;the expression of exosomal miR-186 was detected by qPCR;the proliferation of MRC-5 cell was detected by CCK-8;dual-luciferase reporter gene experiment was used to detect the targeted regulation relationship between miR-186 and Bcl2L11;the expression of Bcl2L11 was detected by Western blot.Results:The morphology of 16HBE cells about 100 nm in diameter were observed by TEM;CSE treatment significantly promoted the expression of exosomal miR-186;CSE-induced exosomal miR-186 promoted the proliferation of MRC-5 cells;Bcl2L11 is a target gene of miR-186;miR-186 mimics significantly decreased Bcl2L11 expression.Conclusion:CSE-induced 16HBE-derived exosomal miR-186 promoted the proliferation of MRC-5 cells by targeting Bcl2L11 genes.

基于“雅解理论”探讨雅解益栽(心)方药物血清对CSE诱导VEC-304细胞损伤的影响

目的:观察香烟提取物(CSE)诱导血管内皮(VEC)-304的存活率、细胞增殖抑制率的变化,测定细胞裂解液的抗氧化能力,检测细胞相关凋亡蛋白的表达,探讨雅解益栽(心)方药物血清对CSE诱导的VEC-304细胞损伤的影响。方法:采用CSE复制VEC-304细胞损伤模型,雅解益栽(心)方含药血清倍比稀释后分为3个剂量干预组(体积分数10%),采用MTT、TUNEL、DNA ladder、免疫组化以及Western Blot等方法,检测雅解益栽(心)方药物血清对CSE诱导的(VEC)-304细胞损伤的影响。结果:CSE可诱导细胞凋亡,其机制与其引发细胞氧化应激反应有关;诱发细胞Caspase-3、Bax、NF-κb表达上调,Bcl-2、p53下调,而致细胞凋亡。雅解益栽(心)方干预组细胞SOD、GSH-px、GSH含量比空白对照组高,MDA及NOS比空白对照组低;而Caspase-3、Bax、NF-κb表达下调,Bcl-2、p53表达上调。并有一定的量效依赖关系。结论:CSE能诱导VEC-304细胞凋亡,雅解益栽(心)方药物血清有明显的抗氧化作用,能抑制细胞凋亡,从而具有解烟毒作用。

重组CC16蛋白质抑制香烟烟雾提取物诱导人支气管上皮细胞衰老的初步研究

目的探讨重组人CC16蛋白质(rhCC16)对香烟烟雾提取物(cigarette smoke extract,CSE)诱导的人支气管上皮细胞(human bronchial epithelial cells,HBECs)衰老的抑制作用及机制。方法CCK-8法检测CSE(0%、1%、2.5%、5%、7.5%和10%)及rhCC16(0、10、100、250和500 ng/mL)对HBECs细胞活力的影响;β-半乳糖苷酶染色试剂盒检测对照组、CSE组以及CSE+rhCC16组细胞β-半乳糖苷酶活性;实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测各组细胞P16、P21 mRNA表达水平;Western blot检测各组细胞P16、P21、p-P53、P38、p-P38、ERK1/2、p-ERK1/2蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组相比,5%CSE刺激细胞72 h对HBECs细胞活力无显著影响;500 ng/mL及以下浓度rhCC16对HBECs细胞活力无显著影响;与对照组相比,5%CSE刺激HBECs细胞72 h致β-半乳糖苷酶染色阳性细胞率明显升高(P<0.05),且P16和P21蛋白和mRNA表达水平明显升高(P<0.05),p-P53、p-P38与p-ERK1/2蛋白表达量显著增加(P<0.05);与CSE组相比,250 ng/mL rhCC16干预下,HBECs细胞β-半乳糖苷酶染色阳性细胞率显著下降(P<0.05),P16和P21蛋白和mRNA表达水平显著下降(P<0.05),p-P53、p-p38和p-ERK1/2的表达量降低(P<0.05)。结论rhCC16蛋白质抑制香烟烟雾诱导的HBECs衰老,抑制P38 MAPK和ERK1/2信号通路可能是其作用机制。

姜黄素通过调控PPARγ/NF-κB信号通路减轻CSE诱导的人气道上皮细胞氧化应激反应

目的探讨姜黄素对香烟烟雾提取物(CSE)诱导的人气道上皮16HBE细胞氧化应激和炎症反应的抑制作用及相关的分子机制。方法使用shRNA-PPARγ(shPPARγ)转染人气道上皮16HBE细胞下调PPARγ表达。将16HBE细胞分为5组即对照组、姜黄素组、CSE组、CSE+姜黄素组和CSE+姜黄素+shRNA-PPARγ组。在0 h和24 h时使用MTT法对细胞活性进行检测;干预24 h后使用q PCR对细胞TNF-α、iNOS和PPARγm RNA表达进行检测,采用western blot检测16HBE细胞中iNOS、PPARγ蛋白表达以及NF-κB p65磷酸化水平。结果 16HBE细胞在干预24 h后各组之间细胞活性未有明显统计学差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比较,CSE干预24 h后PPARγ表达水平明显降低,TNF-α、iNOS表达及NF-κB p65磷酸化水平明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。但CSE组较CSE+姜黄素组和CSE+姜黄素+shPPARγ组PPARγ表达水平下降以及TNF-α、iNOS表达和NF-κB p65磷酸化水平升高更显著,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);且CSE+姜黄素+shPPARγ组较CSE+姜黄素组PPARγ表达水平下降以及TNF-α、iNOS表达和NF-κB p65磷酸化水平升高更明显,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论姜黄素可以通过抑制PPARγ/NF-κB信号通路减轻CSE诱导的人气道上皮16HBE细胞的炎症反应及氧化应激。为姜黄素应用于慢性阻塞性肺疾病等疾病的临床治疗奠定了理论基础。

硫化氢通过NCOA4介导的铁自噬调控铁死亡而减轻CSE诱导的肺泡上皮细胞损伤

目的:探究硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide,H2S)对烟草烟雾提取物(cigarette smoke extract,CSE)诱导的肺泡上皮细胞损伤的作用及其机制。方法:使用肺泡上皮BEAS-2B细胞进行实验,细胞经不同浓度(0、1%、3%、5%、7%和9%)的CSE处理24 h,通过Western blot法检测环加氧酶2(cyclooxygenase 2,COX2)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)的表达量,CCK-8法检测细胞活力,以确定CSE的最适浓度。按照不同干预因素将细胞分为对照组、CSE组、CSE+NaHS(100μmol/L)组、CSE+NaHS(200μmol/L)组、CSE+NaHS(400μmol/L)组及单纯NaHS(400μmol/L)组进行后续实验。H2S供体NaHS预处理30 min后加入CSE,CCK-8法检测细胞活力的变化,铁离子检测试剂盒测定活性铁含量,共聚焦荧光显微镜采集脂质活性氧(lipid reactive oxygen species,Lip ROS)图片,流式细胞术测定细胞内总活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)及Lip ROS含量,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)检测试剂盒测定各自含量,Western blot检测核受体辅激活因子4(nuclear receptor coactivator 4,NCOA4)、铁蛋白重链1(ferritin heavy chain 1,FTH1)、COX2和GPX4的表达情况。结果:Western blot检测结果显示,随着CSE浓度的增加,GPX4表达水平逐渐降低,COX2表达水平逐渐升高,细胞活力也逐渐降低但在CSE浓度为5%时显著降低(P<0.01),故选择5%浓度处理24 h作为后续CSE的刺激条件。与单纯CSE刺激组相比,NaHS(尤其是中、高浓度)预处理使细胞活力显著增加(P<0.05),抗氧化酶GSH-Px含量和GPX4表达水平显著增加(P<0.05),NCOA4、FTH1和COX2表达量及Fe2+含量显著降低(P<0.05),ROS和Lip ROS水平及MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:H2S可通过抑制NCOA4介导的铁自噬-铁死亡减轻CSE诱导的肺泡上皮细胞损伤。

CSE和LPS刺激A549和RAW264.7细胞建立慢性阻塞性肺疾病体外细胞模型

目的:以A549细胞和RAW264.7细胞为范例,将烟雾提取物(CSE)和脂多糖(LPS)有机地结合,探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)细胞模型的建立。方法:不同浓度的CSE和LPS刺激A549细胞和RAW264.7细胞24 h、48 h、72 h后,CCK-8检测对细胞活力的影响,筛选不同细胞的适宜浓度。5%、10%、20%的CSE浓度梯度,500 ng/mL、1000 ng/mL、1500 ng/mL的LPS浓度梯度,1000 ng/mL LPS+5%CSE、1000 ng/mL LPS+10%CSE和1000 ng/mL LPS+20%CSE的CSE+LPS浓度梯度对A549细胞活力的影响。2.5%、5%、10%的CSE浓度梯度,50 ng/mL、75 ng/mL、100 ng/mL的LPS浓度梯度,75 ng/mL LPS+2.5%CSE、75 ng/mL LPS+5%CSE和75 ng/mL LPS+10%CSE的CSE+LPS浓度梯度对RAW264.7细胞活力的影响。结果:CSE刺激A549细胞的适宜浓度为10%,LPS的适宜浓度为1000 ng/mL,CSE+LPS的适宜浓度为1000 ng/mL LPS+10%CSE,刺激时间为48 h。CSE刺激RAW264.7细胞的适宜浓度为5%,LPS的适宜浓度为75 ng/mL,CSE+LPS的适宜浓度为75 ng/mL LPS+5%CSE,刺激时间为48 h。结论:CSE和LPS联合刺激RAW264.7细胞和A549细胞,建立COPD体外模型,为COPD机制研究、药物筛选和研发提供可靠的技术平台。

CSE诱导支气管上皮细胞分泌外泌体miR-186促进肺成纤维细胞增殖

目的:研究香烟提取物(cigarette smoke extract,CSE)对支气管上皮细胞16HBE外泌体miR-186表达量的影响,以及16HBE来源的外泌体miR-186对肺成纤维细胞增殖的影响。方法:收集CSE处理的16HBE细胞上清中外泌体miR-186,用于MRC-5细胞培养;使用qPCR检测外泌体miR-186的表达;使用CCK-8检测MRC-5细胞增殖能力;使用双荧光素酶验证miR-186与Bcl2L11基因的靶向结合,使用Western blot检测Bcl2L11的表达。结果:透射电镜观察到16HBE细胞上清外泌体直径约100 nm的球形结构形态;CSE处理明显促进外泌体miR-186的表达;CSE诱导的外泌体miR-186能促进MRC-5细胞增殖;miR-186与Bcl2L11存在靶向结合关系;miR-186 mimic明显抑制了Bcl2L11的表达。结论:CSE诱导的16HBE细胞外泌体miR-186通过靶向结合Bcl2L11基因,在成纤维细胞增殖中起到重要作用。

Cluster Analysis of Polyphenols and Organic Acids in 11 Different Brand Cigarette Samples at Home and Abroad

The objective of this research was to investigate the differences between local cigarette and foreign cigarette and supplied a base for improving the quality of cigarette. Different kinds of polyphenols and organic acids in 11 different brand cigarette samples at home and abroad were classified by the method of cluster analysis. The results indicated that the 11 samples could be classified into 2 classes. Suyan, Furongwang, Chinese, Baisha, Dihao, Yunyan, Hongtashan belonged to type 1; foreign cigarettes that represented by Marboro, Blue pacific and Brazil cigarette belonged to type 2. The content of malic acid and citric acid in type 1was higher than type 2, the content of malonic acid was higher in type 2, and there is no difference between the type 1 and type 2 about the content of polyphenols. In conclusion, the content of malic acid and citric in Chinese cigarettes was higher than foreign, but the content of malonic acid was lower than foreign. There is no difference between Chinese cigarettes and foreign cigarettes about the content of polyphenols.