The essential oil components of Cinnamomum cassia: an analysis under different thinning models of plantation Pinus massoniana

Thinning is an important activity employed in forest management. To date, studies have mainly focused on the effects of thinning on the growth of trees during the same thinning period. In this study, plantation Pinus massoniana Lamb. near maturity were thinned at varying intensities and an economically important species, Cinnamomum cassia Presl., was planted beneath the thinned canopy. The aim of the study was to explore the effects of the extent of thinning on the essential oil content and its components of C. cassia in different parts of the plant, as well as the economic feasibility of the P. massoniana-C.cassia management model. Thinning significantly reduced the oil yield in the bark and branches of C. cassia, but hardly impacted the oil yield from C. cassia leaves compared with pure C. cassia forest（CK）. Among the different thinning treatments, both light（T.4） and extensive（T.1）thinning reduced the oil yield of C. cassia bark and new branches. The concentrations of the main aldehydes differed in different parts of the plant and were affected by the extent of thinning. The influence on cinnamaldehyde in the bark was minor, but was much greater in the branches and leaves. Both the oil yield and content of cinnamaldehyde showed that moderate（T.3） thinning was more favorable than other thinning models. These results not only provide a potentially promising model for the transformation of low-yield artificial pure forests of P. massoniana in the future, but also offer a reference for the management of artificial mixed stands.

Rapid Extraction and Analysis of Essential Oil from Cinnamomum Cassia Presl.

An improved solvent-free microwave extraction（ISFME） was used for the extraction of essential oil from dried Cinnamomum cassia Presl. Two kinds of solid microwave absorption media[carbonyl iron powder（CIP） and graphite powder（GP）] were used. When ISFME was applied, the heating rate was enhanced and the extraction time was obviously shorter than that consumed in conventional solvent-free microwave extraction（CSFME）. Twenty-eight kinds of compounds in the essential oil were identified, and the total content fractions of the compounds obtained by CIP-ISFME, GP-ISFME, CSFME, and hydrodistillation（HD） were 96.65%, 96.06%, 97.22%, and 96.29%, respectively. The compounds in the essential oil obtained from Cinnamomum cassia Presl. by ISFME, CSFME, and HD were compared and the quantity of the essential oil was almost the same. The ISFME has been proved to be a feasible way to extract essential oil from dried samples, and there are several obvious advantages in ISFME over those of HD and CSFME, for example, shorter extraction time（30 min） and lower energy consumption.

Research on potential of Cinnamomum cassia to be developed into supplemental food in prevention and treatment of diabetes

Objective:To dig out potential of Cinnamomum cassia Presl to be developed into health tonics in regulating blood glucose from effectiveness and marketing,we designed this research.Methods:We searched from PubChem,CNKI,Web of Science,associated official websites,and other available resources to obtain information about Cinnamomum cassia Presl in blood glucose regulation.Results:Both volatile and non-volatile components of Cinnamomum cassia Presl were revealed as material foundation in blood glucose regulation.In addition,not only the production and utilization of blood glucose would be conditioned by Cinnamomum cassia Presl,but also the risk factors to diabetes as well as complications could be interfered by Cinnamomum cassia Presl.China,America,Australia,Canada and other countries have developed Cinnamomum cassia Presl-associated products to maintain healthy blood glucose level.Conclusion:Cinnamomum cassia Presl is effective in blood glucose regulation,and it’s of great potential to further develop Cinnamomum cassia Presl health products in the prevention and treatment of diabetes.

Inhibitory activity of Cinnamomum Cassia extract on hypersensitivity in mice

OBJECTIVE Cinnamomum cassia has been used in traditional medicine in East Asian countries to treatallergic disease.Previous studies have demonstrated that C.cassiainhibits the development of mite antigen-induced skin lesions in NC/Nga mice by suppressing the Thelper 2cell response.The objective of this study is to investigate whether C.cassia has an efficient inhibition on systemic anaphylaxis and contact hypersensitivity in mice.METHODS To induce systemic anaphylaxis,mice were injected intraperitoneally with compound 48/80.Mortality was monitored for 1h after the injection.Contact hypersensitivity reaction was induced by topical application of 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene(DNFB)to the ears of mice.After DNFBchallenge,ear thickness was measured 0,24 and 48h.RESULTS We discovered that C.cassia significantly inhibited compound 48/80-induced anaphylaxis and DNFB-induced ear swelling.Compound 48/80-induced anaphylaxiswas completely inhibited at the dose of 60mg·kg-1 body weight.Ear swelling at 24 h after DNFB-challenge was significantly less than that in the control group(0.16±0.03 vs.0.32±0.03 mm,P<0.01),while C.cassia was administered at the dose of 200mg·kg-1.CONCLUSION These findings indicate that C.cassiasuppresses allergic reactions,thus has potential value for mitigation of atopic dermatitis.

De novo transcriptome assembly and metabolomic analysis of three tissue types in Cinnamomum cassia

Objective:The barks,leaves,and branches of Cinnamomum cassia have been historically used as a traditional Chinese medicine,spice,and food preservative,in which phenylpropanoids are responsible compounds.However phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways are not clear in C.cassia.We elucidated the pathways by descriptive analyses of differentially expressed genes related to phenylpropanoid biosynthesis as well as to identify various phenylpropanoid metabolites.Methods:Chemical analysis,metabolome sequencing,and transcriptome sequencing were performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the difference of active components content in the barks,branches and leaves of C.cassia.Results:Metabolomic analysis revealed that small amounts of flavonoids,coumarine,and cinnamaldehyde accumulated in both leaves and branches.Transcriptome analysis showed that genes associated with phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis were downregulated in the leaves and branches relative to the barks.The observed differences in essential oil content among the three tissues may be attributable to the differential expression of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolic pathways.Conclusion:This study identified the key genes in the phenylpropanoid pathway controling the flavonoid,coumarine,and cinnamaldehyde contents in the barks,branches and leaves by comparing the transcriptome and metabolome.These findings may be valuable in assessing phenylpropanoid and flavonoid metabolites and identifying specific candidate genes that are related to the synthesis of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids in C.cassia.

Comparison and Quality Assessment of Cassia Bark (Cortex Cinnamomi) by Thin Layer Chromatography

Aim To differentiate the genuine cassia bark from its substitutes and adulterants. Methods Six components, phenylpropyl acetate, cinnamyl acetate, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, coumarin, and cinnamic acid were used as characteristic markers, and an optimized TLC method was developed. Results The TLC profile of cassia bark is similar to its closely related variety Cinnamomum cassia Presl var. macrophyllum Chu but significantly different from other six Cinnamomum species. High content of phenylpropyl acet...

桂皮、八角和花椒中重金属的溶出及健康风险评估

为研究八角、桂皮和花椒中的重金属摄入风险,从主产区采集15份桂皮(广西藤县)、15份八角(广西浦北县)和15份花椒(贵州德江县)样品,采用电感耦合等离子体串联质谱仪测定8种重金属(砷、钡、镉、铬、铜、锰、镍和铅)的含量,结合日常食用习惯,分析了这3种香辛料中的重金属在不同煮沸时间下的溶出情况,采用溶出结果计算其靶标危害指数(THQ)和非致癌风险指数(HI)。结果表明,这3个地区采集的八角、桂皮和花椒样品均未超过GB 2762—2022《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》要求,桂皮中Mn含量要显著高于其他香调料的含量。桂皮和八角中的As,八角中的Ba、Cd、Mn和Ni溶出率超过50%,Mn和Ni在16 h后溶出率超过了95%(分别为95%和96%)。桂皮和花椒的HI值在不同时间的煮沸浸提时间段没有显著性差异(P≥0.05),八角的HI值要显著高于桂皮和花椒(P≤0.05);通过计算发现:无论是单种香辛料摄入单个重金属的THQ值,还是单种香辛料摄入8种重金属的HI值或3种香辛料叠加摄入的HI值,正常摄入来自这些地区的八角、桂皮和花椒不会引起非致癌的健康风险。

胡椒和肉桂挥发性组成分析及对普通大蓟马的驱避作用

豇豆农药残留问题非常严峻,对豇豆上普通大蓟马的化学防治是造成豇豆农残超标的主要原因,开展普通大蓟马的绿色防治迫在眉睫。利用植物挥发物驱避害虫是一种重要的害虫绿色防控手段。本研究利用GC-MS分析了胡椒和肉桂的挥发性化合物组成,并利用“Y”形嗅觉仪测定了胡椒和肉桂及5种主要挥发物对普通大蓟马的驱避作用。结果表明,在胡椒中鉴定出27种挥发性成分,主要成分为β-石竹烯,含量占43.1%;在肉桂中鉴定出21种挥发性成分,主要成分为肉桂醛(28.4%)、α-可巴烯(15.4%)、α-依兰油烯(14.1%)、γ-杜松烯(14.9%)。行为反应测定结果表明胡椒和肉桂对普通大蓟马分别具有极显著和显著的驱避作用;β-石竹烯、肉桂醛、α-可巴烯浓度为10%和1%时对普通大蓟马具有极显著的驱避作用,10%的α-依兰油烯和10%的γ-杜松烯对普通大蓟马分别具有极显著和显著的驱避作用。本研究对豇豆普通大蓟马绿色防控技术研发和驱避剂的开发具有一定指导意义。

肉桂多糖的提取纯化及体外抗氧化和降血糖活性分析

对肉桂多糖进行提取纯化,探究其理化性质及抗氧化和降血糖活性。采用水提醇沉法,通过响应面试验考察提取温度、时间、液料比对肉桂多糖得率的影响,利用高效液相色谱法、热重分析等方法探究肉桂多糖的理化性质,并通过体外实验测试其抗氧化及降血糖活性。结果显示,最佳提取条件为温度90℃、时间2.5 h、液料比20:1(mL/g)、提取2次,此条件下平均得率为3.22%。纯化出的多糖相对分子质量为1.95×106 Da,总糖含量90.11%±1.24%,230℃以内稳定。红外光谱图显示其具有多糖的特征吸收峰,核磁氢谱显示肉桂多糖具有α、β构型等结果与红外一致,刚果红染色分析其不具有三股螺旋结构。活性测试显示肉桂多糖具有良好的抗氧化能力,三种自由基DPPH·、ABTS^(+)·、·OH的IC_(50)值分别为0.191、2.835、3.221 mg/mL,多糖6 mg/mL的总还原力值为1.18。同时肉桂多糖还对α-淀粉酶、α-葡萄糖苷酶具有抑制效果,IC_(50)值分别为0.189、0.340 mg/mL。本研究提取纯化得到一种高分子量肉桂多糖,且具有良好的抗氧化、降血糖活性,可为肉桂的功能性开发利用提供依据。

广西道地药材肉桂及阴香的DNA分子鉴定研究

建立一种能够准确鉴别肉桂及阴香的特异性聚合酶链式反应方法,以保障肉桂用药的安全性和有效性。通过对比分析肉桂及阴香的psbA-trnH序列差异找到特异性单核苷酸多态性位点,设计特异性引物,通过优化退火温度、循环次数,评估不同聚合酶种类和不同基因扩增仪等扩增条件对不同来源的肉桂及阴香进行特异性扩增,根据特异性扩增条带进行鉴别。结果表明退火温度为54℃,循环次数为35次时,肉桂经肉桂特异性引物扩增后在100~200 bp处出现特异性条带,阴香无条带;退火温度为56℃,循环次数为40次时,阴香经阴香引物扩增后在200~300 bp处出现特异性条带,肉桂无条带。该研究所建立的特异性PCR方法可以快速准确鉴别出肉桂及阴香,为控制肉桂的质量安全提供参考。

化痰通窍汤联合桉柠蒎肠溶软胶囊治疗分泌性中耳炎的临床疗效

目的观察化痰通窍汤联合桉柠蒎肠溶软胶囊治疗分泌性中耳炎的临床疗效。方法选取2022年3月—2023年3月福建中医药大学附属宁德市中医院收治的分泌性中耳炎患者60例,按随机数字表法分为常规西药组和中西联合组,各30例。常规西药组给予常规西药治疗,中西联合组在常规西药组基础上联合化痰通窍汤+桉柠蒎肠溶胶囊治疗,2组均持续治疗2周。比较2组临床疗效,用药前及用药2周后不同频率下听阈值、临床症状评分,症状及体征改善时间,不良反应。结果中西联合组总有效率高于常规西药组(93.33%vs.70.00%,χ^(2)=5.455,P=0.020)。用药2周后,2组500、1000、2000 Hz下听阈值低于用药前,且中西联合组低于常规西药组(P<0.01);2组耳鸣、耳闷塞、听力障碍评分低于用药前,且中西联合组低于常规西药组(P<0.01)。中西联合组中耳积液、耳闷塞、耳鸣消失时间与听力恢复时间短于常规西药组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。中西联合组不良反应总发生率低于常规西药组(6.67%vs.26.67%,χ^(2)=4.320,P=0.038)。结论化痰通窍汤联合桉柠蒎肠溶胶囊治疗分泌性中耳炎的疗效显著,可快速改善患者的临床症状及体征,提高听力水平,促进病情转归,且具有较高的安全性。

肉桂叶化学成分研究

为研究肉桂(Cinnamomum cassia Presl)叶的化学成分,采用大孔树脂、ODS、硅胶柱色谱及半制备高效液相等色谱分离技术对肉桂叶正丁醇萃取部位进行分离纯化。共从中分离得到8个化合物,根据其理化性质及波谱数据进行结构鉴定,分别为(7 S,8 S)-4,9,7′-trihydroxy-3,3′,5′-trimethoxy-8-O-4′-neolignan 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(1)、蚱蜢酮(2)、柑橘苷A(3)、loliolide-β-D-glucopyranoside(4)、methyl dihydromelilotoside(5)、methyl 2-phenylpropanoate-2-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(6)、2,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propanone(7)、4-O-(2-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethylethyl)-dihydroconiferyl alcohol(8)。化合物1为新的苯丙素葡萄糖苷,化合物3~5、7、8为首次从该植物中分离得到。采用HepG2细胞胰岛素抵抗模型对化合物1~8进行体外降血糖活性筛选,结果显示,在10.0μmol/L浓度下,化合物2、3、7和8可以增加胰岛素抵抗HepG2细胞的葡萄糖消耗量。

肉桂醇提物对大口黑鲈虹彩病毒的体外抗病毒作用

【目的】探究肉桂醇提物在大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)虹彩病毒(LMBV)感染中的抗病毒效果及作用机制,为开发抗LMBV药物提供参考。【方法】采用CCK-8试剂盒检测、结晶紫染色观察、实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)检测、病毒滴度[半数组织培养感染剂量(TCID50)]测定等方法确定肉桂醇提物在胖头鱥肌肉细胞系(FHM)上的安全工作浓度,评估肉桂醇提物在细胞水平对LMBV的抗病毒效果,分析其抗LMBV机制。【结果】肉桂醇提物在≤12.5μg/mL的质量浓度范围内对FHM细胞无明显毒性。FHM细胞与LMBV以及质量浓度分别为12.5、6.25、3.125μg/mL肉桂醇提物共孵育后,细胞病变明显减少,结晶紫染色后可见活细胞数明显升高,MCP、ICP46基因的表达量显著降低(P<0.01),且抗病毒效果有剂量依赖性。12.5μg/mL肉桂醇提物与LMBV共孵育后接入FHM细胞,细胞中MCP、ICP46基因的相对表达量以及TCID_(50)极显著下降(P<0.01);FHM细胞与经肉桂醇提物处理的LMBV共孵育后,细胞中LMBV MCP和ICP46基因的相对表达量显著低于未用肉桂醇提物处理的LMBV感染组(P<0.01);在LMBV感染FHM细胞后,接入肉桂醇提物的FHM细胞中MCP和ICP46基因的相对表达量显著下降(P<0.05);在LMBV感染FHM细胞3 h后用肉桂醇提物处理8 h的FHM细胞中MCP和ICP46基因的相对表达量显著下调(P<0.05)。【结论】肉桂醇提物可降低LMBV的感染力,干扰LMBV侵染宿主细胞过程中的吸附、侵入及复制,有良好的抗LMBV作用,可作为环保、高效的抗LMBV渔用药物候选者。

咪喹莫特诱导血热型银屑病模型体内微环境变化观察

目的评价采用干姜、肉桂灌胃结合咪喹莫特乳膏涂抹,建立血热型银屑病动物模型的皮损和体内微环境变化情况。方法48只8周龄健康BALB/c小鼠(雌雄各半)随机分为正常对照组和银屑病模型组。第1天起,模型组给予0.9 g/mL干姜、肉桂水煎液,按0.1 mL/10 g·d剂量灌胃,对照组给予生理盐水0.1 mL/10 g·d剂量灌胃,持续12 d。灌胃第6天起,模型组背部涂抹咪喹莫特乳膏42 mg,对照组背部涂抹等量凡士林乳膏,每天观察皮损情况,持续7 d。第13天,小动物麻醉机麻醉后,采集两组小鼠血液,ELISA法检测两组小鼠血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、干扰素-γ(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)、白细胞介素21(interleukin-21,IL-21)、白细胞介素17(interleukin-17,IL-17)含量变化;取两组小鼠背部涂抹处皮肤,制作病理学组织切片观察皮损情况。结果模型组小鼠涂抹部位皮肤表皮增厚,表面凹凸不平,有红斑散在分布。显微镜下显示表皮角化不全、棘层增厚、皮脂腺增多;血清中TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-21、IL-17水平均升高,与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论BALB/c小鼠经干姜、肉桂水煎液灌胃12 d,期间第6天起背部加涂咪喹莫特乳膏,连续涂抹7d,成功构建的血热型银屑病动物模型,皮损变化和体内微环境改变符合银屑病患者特点。

肉桂提取物调控COX-2的表达改善大鼠良性前列腺增生

目的研究肉桂乙醇提取物(Cinnamomum cassia Prsel ethanol extract,CE)对良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasa,BPH)的治疗作用及其可能的作用机制。方法分子对接初步推测CE中3种化合物对环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)和5-脂氧合酶(5-lipoxygenase,5-LOX)的结合能力。考察前列腺湿重(prostate weight,PW)、前列腺指数(prostate index,PI),并采用苏木精-伊红染色(hematoxylin-esion staining,HE)观察大鼠前列腺组织的形态变化;Western-blot和q-PCR检测大鼠前列腺组织中COX-2和5-LOX的蛋白、mRNA表达水平。结果分子对接结果表明,CE中3种主要活性单体化合物与COX-2及5-LOX蛋白模型均有较好的结合能;Western-blot和q-PCR结果显示,CE能同时降低COX-2及5-LOX在蛋白和mRNA水平上的表达,对COX-2的下调具有显著性;PW、PI及组织病理学切片均表明肉桂能改善BPH。结论CE能够有效改善BPH,其机制可能与下调花生四烯酸代谢网络中的COX-2的表达相关。

植物精油微粉中肉桂醛含量超高效液相色谱测定

建立了检测植物精油微粉中肉桂醛含量的超高效液相色谱法。采用CORTECS C18色谱柱,以乙腈-水(42∶58)为流动相,流速0.3 mL/min,波长280 nm,柱温为30℃,进样量0.6μL。结果表明,肉桂醛色谱峰峰形良好,在1.0~200.0μg/mL范围内线性关系良好(R 2为0.9999)。检测限为0.5μg/mL。精密度和稳定性考察结果相对标准偏差均小于2.0%。加样回收率在96.76%~102.66%之间,符合方法学要求。采用上述方法进行了6批植物精油包被产品的检测,肉桂醛含量均符合要求。此方法具有检测限低,精密度和准确度高,分析快速等特点。

一株肉桂炭疽病病原菌分离鉴定及生防菌筛选

以广西防城港人工栽培的肉桂病叶为试材,采用内生真菌分离纯化法、形态学观察、ITS测序和平板对峙等方法,研究了肉桂炭疽病病原菌的分类地位及其拮抗菌株的筛选,以期为肉桂炭疽病生防菌开发提供参考依据。结果表明:从广西防城港肉桂病叶中分离出6株真菌(B1~B6),B6明显致病。通过形态和分子生物学鉴定该菌株为炭疽菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides。平板对峙结果表明,RG256拮抗效果最佳,抑制率为77.05%±5.06%,鉴定为Gliocladiopsis sp.。综上所述,明确广西防城港肉桂炭疽病的病原真菌为炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides),并筛选到对肉桂炭疽病病原真菌有拮抗作用的生防菌株,为肉桂炭疽病的绿色防治提供参考依据。

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定不同产地肉桂中的重金属元素

[目的]根据广西肉桂种植地域特点,测定广西肉桂产品中砷(As)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)、锌(Zn)、镍(Ni)8种重金属元素的含量,评估肉桂外源性有害物质安全风险。[方法]采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS),对广西肉桂主产区内43批肉桂的8种金属元素进行含量测定。[结果]样品中有7种重金属元素含量均未超标;而Cd元素含量普遍超标,超标率占抽样数的90.70%。重金属污染评价发现,6个产区肉桂中Cd元素污染严重,而均值指数法(PI)提示桂平市、岑溪市、藤县肉桂中8种重金属已处于中污染,平南县、东兴市、防城区肉桂处于轻污染状态,所有产区最大污染因子均是Cd。人体健康风险评估结果显示,6个产区肉桂中8种重金属的日摄入量(ADD)均低于每日摄入参考剂量,每种重金属的危害商(HQ)均低于1,提示不会对人体造成非致癌健康危害。桂平市、岑溪市、藤县这3个产区肉桂中8种重金属累加的危害指数(HI)大于1,理论认为口服这3个产地肉桂可能对人体造成非致癌健康风险。[结论]广西不同产地肉桂样品的重金属元素含量存在一定差异,所用方法快速准确、灵敏度高、重复性好,可用于肉桂中重金属元素含量的测定,为肉桂中重金属元素限量标准的制定提供依据。

肉桂的组成及其在化妆品中的应用

介绍了肉桂的基本情况及主要化学组成,肉桂含有挥发油、黄酮、多糖、萜类、木脂素、香豆素、矿物质等多种成分,其中挥发油为其主要成分;总结了肉桂与化妆品行业相关的抗氧化、抑菌、美白、皮肤保护等功效;分析了肉桂在化妆品的应用现状及安全性,并提出了肉桂在化妆品中的应用展望。

不同林龄肉桂人工林土壤养分状况及肥力评价

为了解桂东地区不同林龄肉桂(Cinnamomum cassia)人工林土壤养分状况,为肉桂主产区土壤养分管理和科学施肥提供科学依据,以9个不同林龄肉桂人工林为试验对象,采用全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准和灰色关联分析法对土壤养分状况和土壤肥力进行评价。结果表明,不同林龄肉桂人工林的土壤均呈酸性或强酸性,全磷、有效磷、交换性钙、交换性镁和有效硼含量均处于极贫乏水平,速效钾、交换性锰含量均处于贫乏水平;有机质和全氮含量均处于中等水平;全钾和有效铜含量均处于中等偏下水平;有效锌含量处于中等偏上水平;碱解氮和有效铁含量均处于富或极富水平。土壤肥力关联度为0.395~0.671,平均值为0.527,土壤肥力总体属于Ⅳ级(差)水平。3个样点土壤肥力属于Ⅲ级(一般)水平,5个样点土壤肥力属于Ⅳ级(差)水平,1个样点土壤肥力属于Ⅴ级(极差)水平。土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、有效硼和速效钾是影响肉桂人工林土壤肥力的主要因素。