Interannual and Interdecadal Variations in Atmospheric Circulation Factors and Rainfall in China and Their Relationship

Wavelet analysis is used to study the interannual and interdecadal variationsof rainfall in China and atmospheric circulation factors, including the key atmosphericoscillations, W, C, E patterns and subtropical high. Regression analysis and correlation analysisare both used to study the relationship of atmospheric circulation factors and China rainfall ondifferent time scale and spatial scale. The results are as follows: (1) The variations ofatmospheric circulation and rainfall in China are characterized by interannual and interdecadalscales. The variations of atmospheric circulation and rainfall are composed of interannual andinterdecadal variations. It is necessary to separate those two time scales when climate changes andforecast are studied. (2) The variations of China rainfall are due to the interaction ofmulti-factors rather than single factors. The marked factors which influence the interannual andinterdecadal variations are various. Subtropical high is one of the marked factors which influenceinterannual variations of rainfall, while AO, NAO, and NPO are one of the marked factors whichinfluence interdecadal variations of rainfall. (3) The longer the time scale is, and the larger thespatial scale is, and the more remarkable the relationships between atmospheric circulation andrainfall are.

Divergent responses of runoff to climate change in the upper basins of the Third Pole dominated by westerlies and monsoon

The diverse climates,distribution of snow and glaciers,and geographic locations directly affect the runoff response to climate change in the upper basins of the Third Pole.At present,a comprehensive analysis of runoff variations and their distinct responses to climate change in the westerlies-and monsoon-dominated upper basins is still lacking.This study comprehensively analyzed annual runoff variations in westerlies-dominated basins(the upper basins of the Aksu(UAKS),Syr Darya(USRD),Yarkant(UYK),Hotan(UHT),Amu Darya(UAMD),and Indus(UI))and monsoon-dominated basins(the upper basins of the Yangtze(UYA),Yellow(UYE),Lancang(ULC),Nujiang(UNJ),and Yarlung Zangbo(UYZ))of the Third Pole from 1961 to2015.Using multi-source meteorological data and large-scale circulation factors,this study investigated the divergent responses of runoff in the upper basins to climate change,and explored the large-scale circulation mechanisms underlying runoff variations in these upper basins.The results showed that:(1)The annual runoff in the majority of upper basins(except for the UYE and UYZ)exhibited an increasing trend,and the annual runoff in the UAKS,UYK,and UI showed a significant increasing trend from1961 to 2015.The annual runoff in the upper basins of the Third Pole changed abruptly from decreasing to increasing between the 1980s and 2000s,with the exception of the UYE.(2)The runoff in the monsoon-dominated upper basins has been controlled primarily by changes in precipitation over the past 55 years.In contrast,the runoff in the westerlies-dominated upper basins exhibited three distinct long-term responses to climate change:temperature-dominated(UYK and UHT),precipitation-dominated(USRD and UAMD),and the combined influence of precipitation and temperature(UAKS and UI).Since the 1960s,the sensitivity of runoff to warm season temperature changes in the most westerlies-dominated upper basins has decreased,while the response of runoff to precipitation changes has intensified.(3)The study revealed the connection between large-scale circulation,climate,and runoff in the upper basins of the Third Pole.The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation,the Westerly Index,and the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation predominantly impact the precipitation or temperature in the upper basins of the Third Pole,which in turn affect the runoff variations in the upper basins dominated by either the westerlies or the monsoon.This study will be a valuable scientific reference for water resource management and climate change adaptation for both the westerlies-and monsoon-dominated upper basins in the Third Pole.

Immunopathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children:two sides of the coin

Background Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is a common form of glomerular nephropathy in children,with an incidence rate of 1.15-16.9/100,000 depending on different nationalities and ethnicities.The etiological factors and mechanisms of childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome have not yet been fully elucidated.This review summarizes the progress of the immunopathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children.Data sources We review the literature on the immunopathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children.Databases including Medline,Scopus,and Web of Science were searched for studies published in any language with the terms"chil-dren","idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","immunopathogenesis","T cells","circulating permeability factors",and"B cells".Results Dysfunction in T lymphocytes and pathogenic circulatory factors were indicated to play key roles in the pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.Recently,some studies have shown that cellular immune dysfunction may also be involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.Conclusions Both T-and B-cell dysfunction may play significant roles in the pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome,like two sides of one coin,but the role of B cell seems more important than T cells.

Intercellular and inter-organ crosstalk in browning of white adipose tissue:molecular mechanism and therapeutic complications

Adipose tissue(AT)is highly plastic and heterogeneous in response to environmental and nutritional changes.The development of heat-dissipating beige adipocytes in white AT(WAT)through a process known as browning(or beiging)has garnered much attention as a promising therapeutic strategy for obesity and its related metabolic complications.This is due to its inducibility in response to thermogenic stimulation and its association with improved metabolic health.WAT consists of adipocytes,nerves,vascular endothelial cells,various types of immune cells,adipocyte progenitor cells,and fibroblasts.These cells contribute to the formation of beige adipocytes through the release of protein factors that significantly influence browning capacity.In addition,inter-organ crosstalk is also important for beige adipocyte biogenesis.Here,we summarize recent findings on fat depot-specific differences,secretory factors participating in intercellular and inter-organ communications that regulate the recruitment of thermogenic beige adipocytes,as well as challenges in targeting beige adipocytes as a potential anti-obese therapy.

A NEW ALGORITHM FOR COMPUTING THE INVERSE AND GENERALIZED INVERSE OF THE SCALED FACTOR CIRCULANT MATRIX

A new algorithm for finding the inverse of a nonsingular scaled factor circulant matrix is presented by the Euclid＇s algorithm. Extension is made to compute the group inverse and the Moore-Penrose inverse of the singular scaled factor circulant matrix. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the implementation of the proposed algorithm.