The 5.5 cal ka BP climate event, population growth, circumscription and the emergence of the earliest complex societies in China

The emergence of complex society is a milestone in the history of human society evolution. China is one of the few regions in the world where the earliest complex society appeared; however, its driving mechanisms remain unresolved. On the base of available evidence from both archaeology and Holocene climate, in combination with agency theory, this study attempts to address the driving mechanisms for the simultaneous emergence of complex societies in multiple areas of China around 5.5 cal ka BP. It is hypothesized that three factors, including climate change, population growth, and circumscription, jointly act and cause regional population-resource imbalance and trigger inter-group conflicts and wars. Such competitions provide the opportunity for some power-pursuing agents to break the restriction of social leveling mechanism and to become the centralized decision-making leaders, which further lead to the emergence of incipient large-scale complex societies. Increase in extreme climate events during 6.0–5.0 cal ka BP cooling period causes frequent occurrence of resource stress and increase in the frequency of inter-group competitions, which creates conditions for the legitimation, institutionalization, and persistence of centralized leadership, and finally leads to the formation of persistent institutionalized inequity. Our research result can explain not only the process and mechanism of complex society formation, but also two phenomena which cannot be reasonably explained by previous theories, that are, why the earliest complex societies in China emerge around 5.5 cal ka BP, and why they appear simultaneously in multiple regions.

Integrity constraints in OWL ontologies based on grounded circumscription

The extensions for logic-based knowledge bases with integrity constraints are rather popular. We put forward an alternative criteria for analysis of integrity constraints in Web ontology language （OWL） ontology under the closed world assumption. According to this criteria, grounded circumscription is applied to define integrity constraints in OWL ontology and the satisfaction of the integrity constraints by minimizing extensions of the predicates in integrity con- straints. According to the semantics of integrity constraints, we provide a modified tableau algorithm which is sound and complete for deciding the consistency of an extended ontol- ogy. Finally, the integrity constraint validation is converted into the corresponding consistency of the extended ontology. Comparing our approach with existing integrity constraint validation approaches, we show that the results of our approach are more in accordance with user requirements than other approaches in certain cases.

The open logic and its relation to circumscription

The open logic is defined by model theory which can be viewed as a process-based nonmonotonic logic. Some new notions and results of open logic are introduced. The relation of open logic to circumscription is studied, and the relationship between open logic and other nonmonotonic logics is pointed out as well.

Chemosystematics Studies on Six Varieties of <i>Mangifera indica</i>L.

Taxonomic investigation was carried out on six (6) varieties of Mangifera indica (Julie, Broken, Peter, Kerosene, Opioro and Big fibre) using chemosystematics evidence. Extracts obtained from the leaf of each variety were phyto-chemically screened and quantified. Gravimetric and spectroscopic approaches were adopted in the quantification of active principles common to all the six varieties. Binary matrices computed from qualitative assessment were analysed to yield a dendrogram using the Average Linkage Method. Quantitative values were subjected to appropriate descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. All varieties possessed alkaloid except Big-fibre. Peter and Kerosene varieties lacked saponin, an active principle present in other varieties. Anthraquinone was present in all except in Julie and Opioro. Five out of the six varieties lacked phlobatannin. All varieties had tannin, steroid, flavonoid and reducing sugar. Tannin was lowest in Big-fibre (0.43%) but highest in Opioro (2.41%). Steroid ranged from 3.8% in Opioro to 9.0% in Julie with a standard deviation of 1.84. Julie variety recording the lowest composition in flavonoid (0.01%) and reducing sugar (0.04%) components was notable. Comparison of the mean values of phytochemicals has shown a statistically significant difference (p = 0.0005) with a large F-value (18.244). Using the LSD mean separation, steroid was the most remarkable phytochemical contributing to the significant differences. Dendrogram revealed very close relationship between Julie and Opioro varieties. The remaining four were divergent and distinct although Broken and Peter varieties arose from the same ancestral lineage with Julie and Opioro. However, Big-fibre and Kerosene varieties were clearly different from rest belonging to a different phylogenetic ancestor. With these remarkable differences, they ought to be given special taxonomic and systematic review for appropriate nomenclatural assignment. The six varieties of Mangifera indica investigated are thus clearly partitioned and therefore recommended to be circumscribed. This approach is maiden, and considered innovative as it is employed in this study for the first time in the taxonomy of Mangifera.

Tableau Systems for Paraconsistency and Minimal Inconsistency

In this paper, the sematics of a paraconsistent logic and its nonmonotonic extension by minimal inconsistency are presented first. And then signed tableaux for paraconsistelit logic and minimal tableaux for logic of minimal inconsistency is proposetl. Finally the reduction of logic of paraconsistency and minimal inconsistency on ordinary semantics which provides new approach to proof procedure and implementation of paraconsistency and minimal inconsistency are provided.