Capparis spinosa L waste activated carbon as an efficient adsorbent for crystal violet toxic dye removal: Modeling, optimization by experimental design, and ecological analysis

Textile dyes are dramatic sources of pollution and non-aesthetic disturbance of aquatic life and therefore represent a potential risk of bioaccumulation that can affect living species.It is imperative to reduce or eliminate these dyes from liquid effluents with innovative biomaterials and methods.Therefore,this research aims to highlight the performance of Capparis spinosa L waste-activated carbon(CSLW-AC)adsorbent to remove crystal violet(CV)from an aqueous solution.The mechanism of CV adsorption on CSLW-AC was evaluated based on the coupling of experimental data and different characterization techniques.The efficiency of the CSLW-AC material reflected by the equilibrium adsorption capacity of CV could reach more than 195.671 mg·g^(–1) when 0.5 g·L^(–1) of CSLW-AC(Particle size≤250μm)is introduced into the CV of initial concentration of 100 mg·L^(–1) at pH 6 and temperature 65℃ and in the presence of potassium ions after 60 min of contact time according to the one parameter at a time studies.The adsorption behavior of CV on CSLW-AC was found to be consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Frumkin's linear isothermal model.The thermodynamic aspects indicate that the process is physical,spontaneous,and endothermic.The optimization of the process by the Box Behnken design of experiments resulted in an adsorption capacity approaching 183.544 mg·g^(–1)([CV]=100 mg·L^(–1) and[CSLW-AC]=0.5 g·L^(–1) at 35 min).The results of the Lactuca sativa seeds germination in treated CV(70%),adsorbent solvent and thermal regeneration(more than 5 cycles),and process cost analysis(1.0484 USD·L^(–1))tests are encouraging and promising for future exploitations of the CSLW-AC material in different industrial fields.

刺山柑(Capparis spinosa)种子萌发的研究

采用TTC法测定种子活力,称重法测定刺山柑(Capparis spinosa)种子吸水率及滤纸法测定种子发芽率;研究划破种皮与物理化学组合处理(温度、GA3、PEG、KNO3)对刺山柑种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:刺山柑种子千粒重为4.098 g,种子活力为90%。划破种皮处理后吸水率、发芽率分别为40%、44%,与对照相比均差异显著(p<0.01)。划破种皮,温度、GA3、PEG和KNO3处理对种子萌发及幼苗生长均有促进作用(p>0.05),其中45℃、200 mg/L GA3、10%PEG和4%KNO3处理效果较好(p>0.05);与对照相比划破种皮处理能够提高发芽率(p<0.01),其中划破种皮与200 mg/L GA3组合处理发芽率最高,为70%。

Study on inhibitory effect by total alkaloids in Capparis spinosa on SGC-7901 in vitro

Objective To investigate the apoptosis effect of Total alkaloids on human gastric cancer cells SGC-7901 from Capparis spinosa(C.S)and possible mechanism of it.Methods SGC-7901 cells were treated with different concentrations of the Total alkaloids in CS.MTT assay and SRB assay were used to observe the inhibitory rate of the Total alkaloids,and fluorescence microscope,flow cytometry and used to observe the influence of the Total alkaloids on cell apoptosis and cell cycle changes of SGC-7901.Results The results showed total alkaloids can inhibit the growth of human gastric adenoma cells SGC-7901.Measurements using mononuclear cell direct cytotoxicity assay(the MTT method)shows that its cytotoxic effect on SGC-7901 is strong,with IC50 being 142.895 μg·mL-1,respectively.Results from SRB assay show that the anticancer effect of Total alkaloids is cytostatic at low concentration,with LC50 for this cells being 41.271 μg·mL-1,respectively,but it becomes mainly cytotoxic at high concentration,with GI50 for SGC-7901 being 244·932 μg·mL-1,respectively.Total alkaloids can induce apoptosis in tumor cells.Forty-eight hours after they are treated with total alkaloids of different concentrations,SGC-7901 cells are stained with Hoechst33258 fluorochromes.Observation using a fluorescence microscope reveals that total alkaloids can cause the chromatin in tumor cell nuclei to condense and fragment.The nuclei condense into a uniform,dense mass and then break up.Sprouts keep on forming on the cell membrane and then dropping off,so that the cell breaks up into several apoptotic bodies of different sizes.As total alkaloids concentration is increased,these morphological changes under the microscope become more and more clear,indicating that the proportion of cells undergoing apoptosis is gradually increasing.After treating with 75,150 and 300 μg·mL-1 of the total alkaloids in C.S for 72 h,the apoptotic rates of SGC-7901 cells were 8.7%,14.309%,0.819%.Conclusions Inducing apoptosis is one of the anti-cancer mechanism of total alkaloids of C.S.

The potential effects of Caper (Capparis spinosa L.) in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy

Diabetic neuropathy(DN)is the most common form of neuropathy worldwide,with its prevalence rising alongside diabetes,and being characterized by sensory,motor or autonomic symptoms.DN is considered to be an incurable complication of diabetes,the management of which mainly consists of improving glycemic control,managing pain relief and ensuring continuous foot care.Although gabapentin,duloxetine and tricyclic antidepressants are commonly used to reduce patient symptoms,they do not affect the pathophysiology and progression of neuropathy.Furthermore,these drugs can have various side effects including insomnia,decreased appetite,arrhythmia,heart failure,and suicidal behavior.According to traditional Persian medicine,DN is recognized as a type of“Khadar”or“Esterkha”(a sensory or motor disorder,respectively)that occurs due to the accumulation of sugars in the peripheral nerves.Capparis spinosa L.,commonly known as the caper plant,has been recommended in authentic sources of traditional Persian medicine to treat such disorders.In this study,we reviewed the pharmacological properties of C.spinosa using the Web of Science,PubMed,Scopus and Google Scholar databases,and found that Capparis spinosa L.could affect several pathways involved in DN pathogenesis,including aldose reductase activity,the secretion of inflammatory mediators(IL-17,TNF-α,IL-1β,IL-6),oxidative stress,hyperlipidemia,hyperglycemia and advanced glycation end product formation.Based on these findings,we hypothesize that Capparis spinosa L.,may prevent the progression and reduce the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy,and so can be considered as a complementary treatment in this disorder.This hypothesis should be evaluated in well-designed in vitro and in vivo studies,and through clinical trials.

Network pharmacological study and molecular docking verification of Capparis spinosa in the treatment of systemic sclerosis

Objective:To explore the molecular mechanism of Capparis spinosa in the treatment of systemic sclerosis((SSC))based on network pharmacology.Methods:GEO,Genecards,Pharmgkb,TTD and Drugbank databases were used to obtain SSC targets,related literatures and Swisstargetprediction databases were used to obtain the main components of Citrus and their corresponding targets,and intersection was used to obtain prediction targets.Log in to the String database to analyze the protein interaction of the prediction target(PPI),further used Cytoscape to obtain the core gene by network topology analysis,and the core gene was docked with the main components of Capparis spinosa.The prediction targets were analyzed by gene ontology(GO)analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)pathway analysis using R software.Results:A total of 15 active components and their targets were obtained,3171 SSC targets were obtained,and 66 predicted targets were obtained by intersection.Ten PPI core genes such as VEGFA,TNF,AKT1,PTGS2 and MMP9 were obtained by topological analysis.GO analysis involved many biological processes such as reactive oxygen species metabolic process、protein kinase B signaling、regulation of inflammatory response、phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling and so on.KEGG pathway analysis showed PI3K-Akt signaling pathway,Proteoglycans in cancer,Focal adhesion,Rap1 signaling pathway and other signaling pathways.Conclusion:The molecular mechanism of Capparis spinosa in the treatment of SSC is predicted by the method of network pharmacology,which provides theoretical basis and data support for the basic research of Citrus officinalis in the treatment of SSC.

Antihymolytic and Antioxidant Effects of Medicinal Plant Capparis spinosa L.

Capparis spinosa L. is a traditionally used plant in Algerian folk medicine to treat asthma, rheumatism and other free radicals related disorders such inflammatory. The present study was designated to study the antioxidant activity of aerial and root parts of Capparis spinosa L.. Total polyphenol content was determined, after extraction with solvents in five subfractions; methanol （CE）, Hexan （HE） chloroform （CHE）, ethyl acetate （EAE） and aqueous extracts （AE）, employing the ＂Prussian blue assay＂. The results showed that EAE containing the highest concentration of phenolic compounds and Flavonoids followed by those of CHE of aerial and root parts, repectively. The antioxidant protective effects of extracts were determined by measuring the erythrocyte membrane resistance to free radical-induced. The results demonstrated that all the extracts exhibited a protective effect against t-BHP induced oxidative damages in human erythrocytes, the most potents wer CEs and CHEs with 86.55%, 85.81%, 74.59%, and 68.70%, for aerial and root parts, respectively, which were more effective than used standards： Quercetin （65.46%） and rutin （59.62%）. In order to more clarify the previous antioxidants activity of the extracts through other mechanisms, the iron chelating ability assays were realized. The results showed that the iron chelating ability of Aerial and root extracts were very considerable; the CE showed an excellent chelating with ICs0 of 0.197 ± 0.031 μM/quercetin equivalent, higher than that used standard EDTA, with approximately 0.34 folds. These results show that Capparis spinosa L. extracts have strong anti-oxidant effects and may have some clinical benefits.

刺山柑果风湿止痛凝胶膏对SD大鼠胚胎-胎仔发育的影响

目的:观察刺山柑果风湿止痛凝胶膏对SD大鼠胚胎-胎仔发育的影响。方法:实验设刺山柑果风湿止痛凝胶膏高(117.8 g/m^(2))、中(58.9 g/m^(2))、低(29.5 g/m^(2))剂量组,辅料对照组(辅料帖)和阳性对照组(环磷酰胺),妊娠第6天(GD6)~GD15每天经皮给药1次,阳性对照组于GD12皮下注射环磷酰胺。实验期间观察孕鼠的一般状况、体质量和饲料消耗量;GD20处死孕鼠,取胎仔,检查子宫连胎质量、黄体数、着床数、胎仔质量、胎仔身长、胎仔尾长、活胎数、死胎数、吸收胎数、胎仔性别及外观、内脏和骨骼畸形。结果:刺山柑果风湿止痛凝胶膏各剂量组孕鼠体质量、体质量增量、摄食量、子宫连胎质量、子宫和卵巢的脏器质量及其系数、平均黄体数、着床前丢失率、平均着床数、着床率、平均活胎数、活胎率、死胎率、吸收胎率、胎仔性别比、胎仔的外观异常率、窝均体质量、窝均身长、窝均尾长、骨骼畸形率和内脏畸形率与辅料对照组相比差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。结论:刺山柑果风湿止痛凝胶膏对SD大鼠胚胎-胎仔发育毒性的未见不良反应水平为117.8 g/m^(2),是临床拟用体表剂量的12倍。在本试验条件下,SD大鼠经皮给予刺山柑果风湿止痛凝胶膏对胚胎-胎仔发育无毒性影响。

药桑、两色金鸡菊、刺山柑提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用研究

以三种新疆特色食药两用资源药桑、两色金鸡菊、刺山柑为研究对象,以临床糖尿病常用的药物阿卡波糖为阳性对照,用经典α-葡萄糖苷酶活性测定方法,对其水提物及醇提物进行酶抑制活性筛选,并对其中抑制作用最强的提取物进行了酶促反应动力学分析。药桑、两色金鸡菊、刺山柑提取物对α-葡萄糖苷酶均有明显的抑制作用,药桑醇提物IC_(50)为2.636μg·mL^(-1)、药桑水提物IC50为7.948μg·mL^(-1)、两色金鸡菊醇提物IC_(50)为0.000645μg·mL^(-1)、两色金鸡菊水提物IC_(50)为6.962μg·mL^(-1)、刺山柑醇提物IC_(50)为78.11μg·mL^(-1)、刺山柑水提物IC50为88.5μg·mL^(-1)、阿卡波糖IC_(50)为24.68μg·mL^(-1);由酶动力学实验结果得到,两色金鸡菊醇提物对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用表现为可逆竞争性抑制。两色金鸡菊及药桑的水及醇提物具有较好的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,可作为潜在的抑制α葡萄糖苷酶、降低餐后血糖的食药两用资源,具有较高的研究价值。

刺山柑果实的化学成分分离与鉴定

目的:研究山柑科山柑属植物刺山柑Capparis spinosa L.果实中的化学成分。方法:利用硅胶柱、Sephadex LH-20葡聚糖凝胶柱、半制备高效液相等色谱方法对刺山柑果实进行分离,根据理化性质和波谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果:从刺山柑果实80%乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯及二氯甲烷萃取部位中分离得到15个化合物,分别鉴定为:2-(furan-2-yl)-5-(2,3,4-trihydroxybutyl)-1,4-diazine(1)、3,4-dihydroxyquinoline-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(2)、二氢菜豆酸(3)、表二氢菜豆酸(4)、吐叶醇(5)、异香草酸(6)、覆盆子酮(7)、(S)-5-[(R)-1-hydroxyhexyl]-4,5-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one(8)、chaenomester C(9)、2-甲基苯并恶唑-7-羧酸(10)、反式肉桂酸(11)、对羟基苯甲酸(12)、吲哚乙酸(13)、香草酸(14)、芦丁(15)。结论:其中,化合物10为新的天然产物,化合物1~9为首次从该属植物中分离得到。

刺山柑的化学成分、药理活性与临床应用研究进展

对刺山柑的化学成分、药理活性和临床应用的研究进展进行综述。刺山柑中的化学成分主要为糖和苷类、黄酮类、生物碱类、萜类和挥发油、脂肪酸类以及甾体类等。刺山柑具有广泛的药理作用,包括抗炎止痛、抗真菌作用、保肝作用、降血糖作用、降高血脂作用、抗氧化作用、抗凝血作用、兴奋平滑肌作用、抗应激反应、改善记忆等。国内临床上主要用于痛风和风湿性关节炎、皮肤病等的治疗,应用前景广阔。

刺山柑化学成分及其药理活性研究进展

刺山柑是一种山柑属植物,在多个国家药用。传统用作驱虫药、泥敖剂、利尿剂、通便剂、止痛剂和滋补剂。在我国新疆、西藏地区被广泛用于治疗痛风、类风湿性关节炎等。现代研究发现该植物含有挥发油、芥子油苷类、生物碱、萜类、黄酮类等多种成分,具有保肝、抗炎、抗病毒、抗氧化、免疫调节、降血糖、降血脂等多种生物活性。现对该植物化学成分和研究进展进行综述,以利于该植物的研究、开发与利用。

刺山柑多酚类物质含量及其抗氧化活性研究

采用Folin-Ciocalteu法,测定南疆地区刺山柑不同时期不同器官多酚类物质含量,并用DPPH法对其抗氧化活性进行比较研究。结果表明:(1)多酚类物质在不同时期刺山柑不同器官中均有分布,刺山柑不同器官中花蕾中多酚类物质含量最高,茎中多酚类物质含量最少;其中5～8月份花蕾中多酚类物质含量随月份的增加而减少,茎中多酚类物质含量随月份的增加而增加,其他器官中多酚类物质含量变化与花蕾基本相似。(2)不同时期刺山柑的不同器官均有清除DPPH自由基的能力,花蕾的抗氧化活性最强,且花蕾的抗氧化活性随月份的增加而减弱,茎的抗氧化活性最弱。

药用植物刺山柑快繁再生体系的建立

以药用植物刺山柑种子为材料,探讨了不同生长调节剂对种子萌发、芽诱导增殖和生根的影响。结果表明:利于种子萌发的启动培养基为MS附加1.0 mg/L 6-BA和2%蔗糖。从无菌苗上切取下胚轴进行不定芽诱导,其最适芽诱导增殖培养基为:MS+0.10 mg/L 6-BA+0.02 mg/L NAA,在该培养基上其增殖率可达5-6倍。利于生根的培养基为MS附加1.00mg/L IBA和100 mg/L活性炭。本研究初步建立了刺山柑组织培养及植株再生体系。

刺山柑总生物碱对系统性硬皮病小鼠Ⅲ型胶原表达的影响

目的观察刺山柑总生物碱对系统性硬皮病(SSc)小鼠病理及Ⅲ型胶原(COL-Ⅲ)表达的影响。方法 BALB/c小鼠背部注射盐酸博莱霉素建立SSc模型,给予刺山柑总生物碱进行干预,HE染色观察小鼠皮肤及肺组织病理变化,ELISA法检测小鼠皮肤及肺组织COL-Ⅲ表达水平。结果高剂量刺山柑总生物碱可明显改善SSc小鼠皮肤和肺部炎症及纤维化,降低COL-Ⅲ表达水平(P<0.05)。结论刺山柑总生物碱对SSc组织纤维化有一定改善作用。

维药刺山柑果实挥发油和脂肪酸成分的GC-MS研究

目的:为了研究刺山柑果实挥发油和脂肪酸的成分。方法:使用气相色谱与质谱联用对刺山柑果实的挥发油和脂肪酸进行分析。结果:检测出46种挥发油,异硫氰酸酯类化合物约占总含量的83．14%;9种脂肪酸,必需脂肪酸含量为63．06%,出油率为15．6%。结论:GC-MS分析结果较好。

刺山柑果实的化学成分研究

目的研究刺山柑果实的化学成分。方法通过硅胶、sephadex LH-20及反相硅胶(Rp-18)柱层析等色谱方法进行分离,根据理化性质和光谱数据进行结构鉴定。结果从刺山柑果实85%的乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了13个化合物,分别为:二氢-4羟基-5-羟甲基-2(3H)呋喃酮(1)、7-hydroxy-2-oxoindolin-3-ylaceticacid(2)、吲哚-3-甲醛(3)、尿嘧啶(4)、山柰酚芸香苷(5)、芦丁(6)、(6S)-hydroxy-3-oxo-a-ionol(7)、spionosideB(8)、β-谷甾醇(9)、β-胡萝卜苷(10)、β-胡萝卜苷-6′-硬脂酸酯(11)、肌醇(12)和尿苷(13)。结论化合物1～3,12和13为首次从该属植物中分离得到。

刺山柑提取物对DPPH自由基的清除作用

以石油醚、甲醇、乙酸乙酯和水作为提取溶剂,用冷浸法提取刺山柑果实中化学成分,采用DPPH自由基清除法测定提取物的体外抗氧化活性,研究刺山柑果实不同溶剂提取物清除DPPH自由基的作用。结果表明:不同样品对DPPH.的清除能力依次为甲醇提取物>水提物>乙酸乙酯提取物>石油醚提取物。vC、BHT、甲醇提取物和水提物清除DPPH.的AE值大小次序为111.11>17.86>1.38>1.31。4种提取物对DPPH.均有一定的清除效果。

刺山柑化学成分研究

【目的】研究刺山柑(Capparis spinosa L.)的化学成分。【方法】运用硅胶柱色谱、凝胶柱色谱(Sephadex LH-20)和反相RP-18柱色谱对乙酸乙酯部位进行分离纯化,然后通过现代波谱学鉴定方法 (1H-NMR,13CNMR,MS),结合文献数据分析确定化合物的结构。【结果】从刺山柑乙酸乙酯部位分离得到12个化合物,依次确定为(R)-2-甲基-2,4-二甲氧基-6H-吡喃-3-酮(1),1H-吲哚-3-乙腈-4-O-β-吡喃型葡萄糖苷(2),3-吲哚甲酸(3),尿嘧啶(4),5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde(5),4-羟基-5-甲基呋喃-3-羧酸(6),苯甲酸(7),水杨酸(8),(2R,4a R,8a R)-3,4,4a,8a-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxy-2,6,7,8a-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2Hchromene-5,8-dione(9),α-生育酚(10),异槲皮苷(11),芸香苷(12)。【结论】化合物1,3,5,6,9,10均为首次从刺山柑中分离得到。

可见分光光度法测定刺山柑花蕾中总黄酮含量

通过不同方法提取刺山柑花蕾中总黄酮,以芦丁为标准品,NaNO3-Al(NO3)3-NaOH体系显色,可见分光光度法测定其含量,检测波长为500nm。结果表明,甲醇回流法提取效果最好,在0～32mg/L(r=0.9997)范围内线性关系良好,平均加标回收率为100.3%,RSD=0.98%(n=6),测得样品中总黄酮平均含量为1.13%。该法操作简便、结果准确,可用于总黄酮的含量测定。

槌果藤对进行性系统性硬化症患者成纤维细胞增殖和Ⅰ型胶原产生的影响

目的:探讨槌果藤乙醇提取物对进行性系统性硬化症(PSS)患者及正常人成纤维细胞增殖、Ⅰ型胶原产生的影响。方法:MTT比色法观察槌果藤提取物对成纤维细胞增殖活性的影响及其抗氧化作用,流式细胞仪检测提取物对细胞凋亡的影响,RT-PCR及Western blot检测提取物对PSS患者Ⅰ型胶原mRNA表达及蛋白合成的影响。结果:槌果藤提取物可抑制PSS患者成纤维细胞的增殖、Ⅰ型胶原mRNA表达及蛋白合成,呈剂量和时间依赖性,但无细胞毒性或诱导凋亡作用。该提取物对正常人成纤维细胞的增殖及胶原合成无影响,对过氧化氢造成的成纤维细胞损伤有一定保护作用。结论:槌果藤乙醇提取物可抑制PSS患者成纤维细胞增殖及Ⅰ型胶原的合成,并有抗氧化作用。