A comparative study of the anti-fatigue activity of extracts from different parts of Cistanche tubulosa(Schenk)Wight

Objective:To evaluate the anti-fatigue effects of different extracts from Cistanche tubulosa(Schenk)Wight(C.tubulosa,Rou Cong Rong),focusing on central and exercise-induced fatigue in mice.This study investigated the pharmacological effects of the total oligosaccharides,polysaccharides,and phenylethanoid glycosides(CPhGs)extracted from C.tubulosa.Methods: Models of sleep deprivation and forced swimming fatigue were established to simulate central and exercise-induced fatigue.The mice were treated with different extracts of C.tubulosa,and their effects were assessed using behavioral tests to measure exercise capacity,learning,and memory function.Biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the changes in serum and brain neurotransmitter levels,liver and muscle glycogen storage,and various fatigue-related biomarkers.Results: This study found that treatment with C.tubulosa extract improved exercise capacity,learning,and memory in mice.Total oligosaccharides from C.tubulosa enhanced adrenocorticotropic hormone,cholinesterase,and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels,reduced cortisol levels in central fatigue models,and ameliorated biochemical markers of exercise-induced fatigue,including lowering lactic acid,blood urea nitrogen,and malondialdehyde levels.Among the tested extracts,the total oligosaccharides showed the most comprehensive anti-fatigue effects.Conclusion: The anti-fatigue effects of C.tubulosa,particularly those of its total oligosaccharides,are pronounced in both central and exercise-induced fatigue.These effects are mediated by the regulation of neurotransmitter levels,enhancement of glycogen storage,and improvement of antioxidant enzyme activity,suggesting potential therapeutic benefits in fatigue-related conditions.

Phenylethanoid Glycosides from Cultivated Cistanche salsa

Introduction The plants of genus Cistanche G. Beck, which belong to Orobanchaceae family, include about twenty species, and there are four species and one variety are distributed in the northwest part of China. The dried fleshy stem of Cistanche genus plant known as ＇Roucongrong＇ in Chinese traditional medicine, has long been used for kidney deficiency, female infertility, morbid leucorrhea, and neurasthenia. Studies on active components and pharmacological activities show that it possesses significant activities in enhancing potency, anti-fatigue, immuno-modulability, etc, and phenylethanoid glycosides are the major active components. Due to excessive exploitation, its natural resources are facing with exhaustion. In order to improve this situation, the plant has been cultivated on a large scale in the northwest part of China. Up to now, the chemical investigations of the cultivated Cistartcbe salsa have not been undertaken. In this paper we report seven phenylethanoid glycosides from the cultivated Cistanche salsa： echinacoside （1）, cistanoside A （2）, acteoside （3）, isoacteoside （4）, 2＇-acetylacteoside （5）, tubuloside B （6）, and eutigoside A （7）. Among them, compound 7 isolated fronl family Orobanchaceae was reported previously, and compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 from the cultivated Cistanche salsa are reported for the first time.

Interactions Between Thrombin and Natural Proudcts of Coreopsis tinctoria Nuttt. and Cistanche deserticola Ma. in Capillary Zone Electrophoresis

Aim A capillary zone electrophoretic method （CZE） was used to determine the interactions between natural products and thrombin. Methods Samples containing natural products and thrombin at various ratios were incubated at 25 ℃ and then were separated by CZE with Tris-acetate buffer at pH 7.2. Each run could be accomplished within 5 min. Results In CZE, the peak width broadened due to the affinity interaction between natural products and thrombin. Compared with positive and negative control, the natural products （CB-1, CB-2） from Coreopsis tinctoria Nuttt. interacted with thrombin; CB-3 from Coreopsis tinctoria Nuttt. and HC-1, HC-2, HC-3 from Cistanche deserticola Ma. did not bind to thrombin. Both qualification and quantification characterizations of the binding were determined. Conclusion The established method is capable of sensitive and fast determination of natural products and thrombin interactions, it can be employed as an alternative method.

肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola Ma)种子的萌发及与寄主梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron Bunge)的关系

在人工栽培条件下研究了专性寄生植物——肉苁蓉种子的形态解剖结构及其在寄主根上的萌发过程。肉苁蓉种子具有典型的列当科寄生植物种子的特征,种皮内仅有球形胚,外包以胚乳。根据观察发现,只有当寄主梭梭的根穿入肉苁蓉种子的种皮内且刺激其球形胚产生“芽管状器官”,并连接于寄主根上后种子才能萌发,与肉苁蓉种子连接的部位主要在根毛区。首先在与寄主根连接的“芽管状器官”的頂部膨大为瘤状物,以后在内部分化形成输导分子并与寄主的维管束相连通,进而在瘤状物远离寄主根的一端分化形成頂芽,由此长成肉苁蓉植株。

肉苁蓉种子离散元仿真参数标定

为寻求肉苁蓉种子离散元模型的物料特性参数,采用物理和仿真试验相结合的方法,以不同物性参数组合下肉苁蓉种子休止角为响应值,采用Plackett-Burman试验对参数进行筛选,获取显著性参数,即肉苁蓉种间静摩擦因数、肉苁蓉种间动摩擦因数、肉苁蓉种子-钢板静摩擦因数、肉苁蓉种子-钢板恢复系数。通过Box-Behnken试验建立休止角与显著性参数回归模型并优化,获取接触参数最优值,即肉苁蓉种间静摩擦因数为0.65、肉苁蓉种间动摩擦因数为0.07、肉苁蓉种子-钢板恢复因数为0.54、肉苁蓉种子-钢板静摩擦因数为0.43。通过仿真与物理试验对比验证,得到二者相对误差为2.05%,表明标定参数可为肉苁蓉种子播种机械仿真提供数据依据。

濒危植物肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)繁育系统研究

在自然居群中通过野外定位观测，运用杂交指数（OCI）；花粉-胚珠比（P／O）；去雄、套袋、人工授粉等方法对濒危植物肉苁蓉（Cistanehe deserticola Ma）的花序发育、开花特性、花粉活力、柱头可授性、传粉方式、繁育系统进行了研究，结果表明：肉苁蓉穗状无限花序的生长发育期可明显分为拱土期、出土期、开花期、结实与种子成熟期四个阶段。两性花，单花开放时间2～3d，花序有花期持续20～25d。种群开花历时36～38d。开花时柱头略高出花药，柱头较大，下垂。重力玻片法检测，风媒导致的异株异花传粉完全可以忽略。主要访花昆虫为蜂类。扫描电镜观察虫体，蜂类携带大量花粉，但传粉飞行距离大部分为0。杂交指数为3；花粉-胚珠比为35．45±8．56；结合去雄、套袋和人工授粉试验结果，认为肉苁蓉属于以自交为主的繁育系统。

寄生植物肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticda Ma)种子活力测定的研究

本文应用显微组织化学鉴定的方法,氯化三苯四氮唑(TTC)法,对寄生植物肉苁蓉种子的活力进行测定并对TTC法的测定方法和测定条件进行了研究。同时在大田进行了肉苁蓉种子播种试验。研究结果表明;寄生植物肉苁蓉种子的活力可采用组织化学的方法进行测定,细胞色素氧化酶、过氧化物酶、三磷酸腺苷酶的活性随种子年代的加长呈明显下降趋势,与TTC法测定结果一致。用TTC法测定寄生植物肉苁蓉种子活力的适宜测定条件是:用pH7.0磷酸缓冲液37℃、浸泡种子8h.然后在0.5％TTC溶液中、23℃、自然光照下染色16h。

肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)种内的变异式样

用比较形态解剖学的方法对肉苁蓉的营养器官和繁殖器官进行比较 ,研究了名贵中药肉苁蓉营养器官和繁殖器官的变异式样。发现肉苁蓉种内具有不同形态特点的类型 ,造成中药肉苁蓉中在其药理、药效等方面也存在着差异。

肉苁蓉(CistanchedeserticolaMa)胚胎学研究Ⅱ.胚和胚乳的发育

肉苁蓉为细胞型胚乳，初生胚乳核第一次分裂即形成细胞壁．具珠孔端胚乳吸器．种子成熟后由３～５层胚乳细胞包围着胚．合子横分裂形成顶细胞和基细胞．顶细胞纵分裂形成二分体和四分体，以后向各个方向分裂形成多细胞原胚．基细胞多次横分裂形成由一纵列细胞组成的胚柄．其胚胎发生属柳叶菜型．成熟种子中，胚仍然处于球形胚阶段．

Therapeutic effect of Cistanche deserticola on defecation in senile constipation rat model through stem cell factor/C-kit signaling pathway

BACKGROUND Constipation is one of the chronic gastrointestinal functional diseases.It seriously affects the quality of life.Cistanche deserticola(C.deserticola)can treat constipation obviously,but its mechanism has not been clarified.We supposed that mechanism of it improved the intestinal motility by stimulating interstitial Cajal cells(ICC).Activation of the C-kit receptor on the surface of ICC is closely related to ICC function,and the stem cell factor(SCF)/C-kit signaling pathways plays an important role on it.To investigate the mechanism of how C.deserticola treats constipation,this study aimed to establish a constipation model in rats and explore the role of SCF/C-kit signaling pathway in the treatment.AIM To explore the SCF/C-kit signaling pathways in the role of C.deserticola for treatment of constipation by a constipation rat model.METHODS Forty-eight 8-mo-old Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups by random weight method:Normal group(n=12),model group(n=12),C.deserticola group(n=12)and blocker group(n=12).The normal group received normal saline by gavage;the model group received loperamide by gavage;the blocker group received loperamide and C.deserticola by gavage,and STI571 was injected by intraperitoneally.During treatment,the weight,fecal granules and fecal quality were recorded every 10 d.On day 20 after model induction,the colon tissues of each group were removed.Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe pathological changes.Expression levels of SCF,C-kit and Aquaporin genes were detected by immunohistochemistry,western blotting,and real-time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.The colonic epithelial mitochondria and goblet cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy.RESULTS Compared with the normal group,as treatment progressed,the weight of rats in the model and blocker groups decreased significantly,the stool weight decreased,and the stool quality was dry(P<0.05).C.deserticola reversed the decrease in body weight and stool weight and improved stool quality.Histopathological analysis indicated that the colonic mucosal epithelium in the model group was incomplete,and the arrangement of the glands was irregular or damaged.Treatment with C.deserticola improved the integrity and continuity of the epithelial cells and regular arrangement of the glands.The blocking agents inhibited the effects of C.deserticola Immunohistochemistry and real-timequantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that expression of SCF and C-kit protein or genes in the colonic tissue of the model group was decreased(P<0.05),while treatment with C.deserticola increased protein or gene expression(P<0.05).Western blotting showed that expression of aquaporin APQ3 was increased,while the expression of Cx43 decreased in the model group.Treatment with C.deserticola inhibited expression of APQ3 and promoted expression of Cx43.Transmission electron microscopy showed that the mitochondria of the colonic epithelium in the model group were swollen and arranged disorderly,and microvilli were sparse.The condition was better in the C.deserticola group.Mice treated with STI571 blocker confirmed that blocking the SCF/C-kit pathway inhibited the improvement of constipation by C.deserticola.CONCLUSION C.deserticola improved defecation in rats with constipation,and the SCF/C-kit signaling pathway,which is a key link of ICC function,played an important role of the treatment.

Effect of glycosides of Cistanche on the expression of mitochondrial precursor protein and keratin type Ⅱ cytoskeletal 6A in a rat model of vascular dementia

Glycosides of Cistanche（GC）is a preparation used extensively for its neuroprotective effect against neurological diseases,but its mechanisms of action remains incompletely understood.Here,we established a bilateral common carotid artery occlusion model of vascular dementia in rats and injected the model rats with a suspension of GC（10 mg/kg/day,intraperitoneally）for 14 consecutive days.Immunohistochemistry showed that GC significantly reduced p-tau and amyloid beta（Aβ）immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of the model rats.Proteomic analysis demonstrated upregulation of mitochondrial precursor protein and downregulation of keratin type II cytoskeletal6A after GC treatment compared with model rats that had received saline.Western blot assay confirmed these findings.Our results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of GC in vascular dementia occurs via the promotion of neuronal cytoskeleton regeneration.

Cistanche deserticola decoction alleviates the testicular toxicity induced by hydroxyurea in male mice

This study aimed to evaluate testicular toxicity induced by hydroxyurea （HU） and the possible counteracting effect of an aqueous extract of Cistanche deserticola （CD）. HU is an antineoplastic drug that has potential reproductive toxicity, and Herba Cistanche has been used as a tonic for the reproductive system for thousands of years. Sixty mice were randomly divided into five groups. Except mice in normal group, the rest received HU （400 mg kg^-1 body weight） intragastrically. Meanwhile, mice in normal and HU control groups received purified water, and the rest received intragastrically three doses of CD decoctions （1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 g crude drug kg^-1 body weight, respectively） daily for 4 weeks. Severe testes lesions were observed, testes weight （P〈0.01） and serum luteinising hormone levels （P〈0.0 1） were also decreased significantly, in the HU groups. Three doses of CD decoctions alleviated the spermatogenetic cell degeneration induced by HU and modulated the serum sex hormones levels to some extent.

肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola Ma.)胚胎学研究 Ⅰ.大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体形成

本文报道肉苁蓉大,小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体形成.主要结果如下;1)药壁发育为基本型,它由五层细胞组成,中层为二层,绒毡层分泌型,药室内壁未见纤维状加厚。2)小孢子母细胞相互分散,它们在减数分裂1时开始形成胼胝质壁。当小孢子从四分体中释放时,胼肤质壁消失。小孢子四分体为四面体型。其中有的四分体中的小孢子已分裂为二核。成熟花粉为二细胞型,花粉外壁较薄。3)倒生胚珠,单珠被和薄珠心。雌性孢原处于珠心表皮之下,为单细胞。孢原细胞直接起大孢子母细胞功能。随之,大孢子母细胞进行分裂形成直线型四分体。胚囊蓼型,由合点端大孢子发育而成。

Folk nomenclature of plants in Cistanche deserticola-associated community in South Gobi, Mongolia

Cistanche deserticola is an important medicinal plant in Mongolia.Despite its significant role in local healing systems,little traditional knowledge had been reported.The present study investigated folk names of C.deserticola and other species of the same community in Umnugobi Province,South Gobi region of Mongolia,based on ethnobotanical approaches.The high correspondence between folk names and scientific names of plant species occurring in Cistanche-associated community shows the scientific meaning of folk nomenclature and classification in Mongolia.The Mongolian and folk names of plants were formed on the basis of observations and understanding of wild plants including their morphology,phenology and traditional uses as well.Results from this study will support the conservation of C.deserticola itself,a rare and endangered plant species listed in the Monglian Red Data Book.Our documentation of folk nomenclature based on 96 plant species in the Cistanche community,as a part of traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity,will be very helpful for making strategy of plant biodiversity conservation in Mongolia.

Identification of HPLC Characteristic Chromatograms of Phenylethanoid Glycosides and Iridoid Glycosides in Herba Cistanche of Different Origins

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a quality evaluation method for Herba Cistanche based on the HPLC characteristic chromatograms of the phenylethanoid glycosides and iridoid glycosides,and compare the HPLC characteristic chromatograms of different origins of Herba Cistanche.[Methods]The chromatographic conditions used were as follows:column,Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);gradient elution,acetonitrile-0.1%phosphoric acid aqueous solution;flow rate,1.0 mL/min;detection wavelength,240 nm;column temperature,30℃.[Results]Cistanche tubulosa(Schenk)Wight showed 9 characteristic peaks,Cistanche deserticola Y.C.Ma showed 10 characteristic peaks,Cistanche salsa(C.A.Mey.)G.Beck showed 7 characteristic peaks,and Cistanche sinensis G.Beck showed 4 characteristic peaks.Peak 6 was echinacoside,peak 7 was verbascoside,peak 8 was tubuloside A,peak 9 was isoacteoside and peak 10 was cistanoside A.The characteristic chromatograms of the four different origins of Herba Cistanche were significantly different.[Conclusions]This characteristic chromatogram method has good reproducibility and can be used to distinguish 4 different origins of Herba Cistanche,C.deserticola Y.C.Ma,C.tubulosa(Schenk)Wight,C.sinensis G.Beck and C.salsa(C.A.Mey.)G.Beck.

Some Comments on the Types of Series Cistanche Hoffmanns. &Link, Distributed in Bukhara Region (Uzbekistan)

The article provides information on the distribution and importance of the Cistanche family in the Bukhara region. Four species of the genus Cistanche mongolica Beck., Cistanche flava (C. A. Mey.) Korsh., Cistanche ambigua (Bunge) Beck., Cistanche salsa (C. A. Mey.) Beck. have been identified in this region. The species has been identified as host plants in different ecological environments and parasitic. Among the Cistanche species, C. salsa and C. flava are common in the study area. It has been noted in laboratory experiments that their medicinal properties are higher than those of other species.

Mechanism of "Epimedium-Cistanche deserticola" in the treatment of breast cancer with bone metastasis

Objective:"Epimedium - Cistanche deserticola" is a kind of kidney tonifying drug commonly used in the treatment of breast cancer bone metastasis, which has good clinical effect, but the pharmacological mechanism has not been fully clarified. Methods: In this study, the network pharmacology and bioinformatics technology were used to explore the mechanism of "Epimedium - Cistanche deserticola" in the treatment of breast cancer bone metastasis. TCMSP, TCM database@Taiwan and TCMID databases were used to screen the main effective components of the drug. Swiss Target Prediction and STITCH databases were used to search the potential target of action of Epimedium and Cistanche deserticola. Genecards, OMIN and Drugbank databases were used to search the cause of bone metastasis of breast cancer. The target of action of the drug and the disease gene were mapped for GO and KEGG signal pathway analysis, A visualized network of "drug - component - target - signaling pathway" was constructed by using the software of Cytoscape 3.6.0, and the core genes were screened out. Results: The study found that there are 30 main effective components of Epimedium and Cistanche deserticola, and 544 genes are involved in the potential therapeutic targets, among which 101 genes are potential targets of Epimedium and Cistanche deserticola in the treatment of breast cancer bone metastasis. Through the analysis of GO and KEGG pathways, we found that the mechanisms involved in antitumor, osteoblast differentiation, osteoclast apoptosis and regulation of bone microenvironment, such as apoptosis, osteoclast differentiation, PI3K-Akt, HIF-1 signaling pathway, T cell receptor signaling pathway, etc. TP53, VEGFA, AKT1, EGFR, SRC, CCND1, MAPK3, ESR1 may be the key genes in the treatment of breast cancer bone metastasis. Conclusion: In this study, the network of "drug - component - target- signaling pathway" was constructed through network pharmacology, and it was found that the mechanism of "Epimedium - Cistanche deserticola" in the treatment of breast cancer bone metastasis involves multiple targets and pathways, which is conducive to guiding clinical medication.

Content Determination of Cistanches Herba in Zhenrongdan Mixture by HPLC

[Objectives]To establish a HPLC-UV method for the determination of Cistanches Herba in Zhenrongdan mixture.[Methods]According to the content determination method of Cistanches Herba in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia,using HPLC-UV method,the content determination method of Cistanches Herba in Zhenrongdan mixture was established,and the content of echinacoside was determined.The related chromatographic conditions were explored,and the methodological investigation was carried out.[Results]The chromatographic conditions were determined as follows:octadecylsilane bonded silica gel as filler(C_(18));80%acetonitrile solution(containing 0.2%phosphoric acid)-0.2%phosphoric acid aqueous solution(15∶85)as mobile phase;detection wavelength was 330 nm.The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 3000 according to the peak of echinacoside.The methodological investigation showed that the method had better precision,accuracy and repeatability.Under the conditions of this study,echinacoside had better linear relationship in the range of 74.9-1498 ng,and the average recovery was 99.1%,RSD=0.5%(n=6).[Conclusions]A method for the determination of Cistanches Herba in Zhenrongdan mixture by HPLC-UV was established.The method is sensitive,rapid,accurate and suitable for the determination of Cistanches Herba in Zhenrongdan mixture.

The mechanism study of glycosides of cistanches improv ing cognitive performance dysfunction in senescence accelerated mouse prone 8 by AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway

To investigate the mechanism of glycosides of cistanches improving cognitive performance dysfunction in SAMP8 mice by AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.Male 7-month-old SAMP8 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups:model group,GCs group,GCs+3-MA group,GCs+compound C group,Vehicle group.Morris water maze was used to detect the ability of learning and memory.Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of SYN,PSD-95,BDNF,LC3,AMPK and m-TOR.The escape latency of GCs group,GCs+3-MA group and GCs+compound C group were significantly shortened(P<0.05).Compared with GCs group,the escape latency and percent of time spent in the target quadrant of GCs+compound C group were significantly increased(P<0.05).

肉苁蓉的药理作用及其在中枢神经系统疾病中的研究进展

肉苁蓉(Cistanches)是列当科植物肉苁蓉的肉质茎,又名金笋、地精、大芸。肉苁蓉的提取物主要包括肉苁蓉总苷、苯乙醇苷类、环烯醚萜类、挥发性成分、木脂素类、多糖、生物碱等。肉苁蓉的传统中药作用有补肾壮阳、润肠通便、女子不孕、滋补强身等;现代药理作用包括抗氧化、抗凋亡、调控自噬、增强体力和抗疲劳、改善学习认知功能。相关研究表明肉苁蓉对中枢神经系统疾病具有良好的治疗效果。脑缺血再灌注损伤(Cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury,CIRI)发生常伴随着脑水肿、血脑屏障的破坏、神经炎症、神经元凋亡,肉苁蓉提取物肉苁蓉总苷可抑制神经细胞炎症及凋亡,减少脑梗死面积,对CIRI模型大鼠具有神经保护作用。肉苁蓉通过减少自由基堆积、抑制氧化应激和炎症反应,提高阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)和血管性痴呆(Vascular dementia,Va D)模型大鼠的学习记忆能力。肉苁蓉可以改善帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)小鼠运动行为异常,发挥神经保护作用。肉苁蓉能够抑制肌萎缩侧索硬化症(Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,ALS)兴奋性氨基酸的水平,减轻神经毒性作用,改变星形胶质细胞功能,提高神经细胞存活率。目前肉苁蓉对于中枢神经系统疾病的应用越来越广泛,就其药理作用及其在中枢神经系统疾病中的研究进展进行综述,以期为肉苁蓉的开发和利用提供新的思路。