Analysis and Assessment on the Heavy Metals in a Severely Degraded Subtropical Red Soil Region

5 different forests of Pinus massoniana, Schima superba, Liquidambar formosana, P. massoniana × S. superba, P. massoniana × L. formosana as the research object were set up to study the Cr, Cu and Zn content of degraded red soil region in subtropics. The soil heavy metal pollution degree was evaluated by national environmental quality standard (II class). The results showed that three soil metals of P. massoniana × S. superba were the highest, and the soil metals enrichment ability was strong. The order of single factor pollution index of metal elements was Cu (1.38) > Cr (0.81) > Zn (0.42), and moderately pollution, pollution warning and no pollution, respectively. There was no significant correlation between three soil heavy metals and soil total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). These results suggested that the accumulation of heavy metal elements was not derived from the parent material of soil. There was a significant positive correlation between the three metal elements which indicated that the sources of the three elements were similar. The structural equation model showed that the direct and indirect effects among the influencing factors ultimately affected the activity of heavy metals by cascade effects.

Soil Heavy Metal Pollution Evaluation around Mine Area with Traditional and Ecological Assessment Methods

As a widespread problem, heavy metals contamination in soil has drawn considerable study interest, especially for the farmlands around mine area. A variety of pollution evaluation methods have been compared including both traditional physical and chemical analysis methods as well as ecological assessment methods. And the combination of multiple assessment methods was recommended to get a comprehensive and through soil heavy metal pollution evaluation.

Evaluation on Ecological Risks of Soil Heavy Metals in a Certain Area of Sichuan by Improved Fuzzy Mathematics Method

Taking a certain area in Sichuan Province as the object of this study, this paper adopts fuzzy mathematics method to make an evaluation on ecological risks of heavy metal in soil of this area. On calculation of factors’ weights, the traditional method of giving weight according to pollutants’ concentrations fails to consider the toxicity of heavy metals, and can’t reflect their actual ecological effect. With reference to the toxicity coefficient in potential ecological risk index evaluation, this article revises the traditional fuzzy mathematics evaluation model and puts forward a new method to calculate factors’ weight by incorporating toxicity levels in weight setting. The results of this study indicate: surface soil of this area was good in general, with 91.2% samples belonging to the first level, 7.77% samples belonging to the second level, and only 1.03% belonging to the third level. Compared with the results of the evaluation method of the reality content of soil, soil quality is better than the results of the quantitative evaluation, and is closer to the actual local conditions.

Evaluation on Heavy Metal Content in Soil of Rural Landfill in Chongqing

To understand heavy metal content in soil of rural landfill in Chongqing, samples were collected at 10 sampling sites of different counties. Zn, Cr, Cu, Cd and Pb contents were analyzed, and their pollution degrees were evaluated by single-factor evaluation and index of geoaccumulation. Results displayed that there was no Cr pollution in soil of rural landfill in Chongqing, but Cd pollution was very serious. Pb, Zn and Cu showed spatial difference in different counties. Dispersion degrees of Zn and Pb pollution were lower, and their pollution degrees were also relatively lower. Dispersion degree of Cu pollution was higher, and its pollution degree was also relatively higher.

Investigation and Evaluation on Soil Heavy Metal Contents in Fruit Producing Area in Baise City,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate heavy metal conditions in fruit producing area in Baise City, Guangxi Province. [Method] Heavy metal contents in 106 soil samples collected from fruit producing area in Youjiang District, Baise City, Guangxi Province were analyzed, and soil heavy metal pollution condition in this area was estimated applying single factor index method and Hakanson＇ potential ecological risk index method with reference to the second grade of National Soil Environmental Quality Standard and soil background values of this area. [Result] According to the second grade of National Soil Environmental Quality Standard, soil heavy metals in this fruit producing area is at the level of no pollution; and the total potential ecological risk pollution risk （RI） of soil heavy metals was 97.7, indicating no risk. [Conclusion] The fruit producing area in Baise City, Guangxi Province is free of heavy metal pollution.

Evaluation on Potential Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals in Soil from Penglai Fairyland Park

This study aims at evaluating the heavy metals pollution in soil collected from Penglai Fairyland Park in Guiyang,and predicting the harm of heavy metals to human health. Based on the background value of soil in Guizhou and Soil Environment Quality Standard( GB15618-1995),by using the geoaccumulation index method and Hakanson potential ecological risk assessment method,we research pollution characteristics and ecological risk of heavy metals in soil from the study area. The results show that from the index of geoaccumulation,the pollution level of heavy metals in agricultural soil from Penglai Fairyland Park is in the order of Ni > Cu > Hg > Cd > As > Zn > Cr > Pb. From the potential ecological harm index evaluation,soil is at slight ecological risk level in the park and the potential ecological hazard degree is in the order of Hg > Cd > Ni > As > Cu > Cr > Pb > Zn. The soil ecological environment in research area is only mildly damaged. Thus,the soil in research area is at the level of security,and it is suitable for cultivation of crops and less harmful to human health.

Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution of Apple Orchard Surface Soils Associated with Past Use of Metal-Based Pesticides on Soil Microbial Biomass and Microbial Communities

Apple orchard surface soils in Japan are polluted with copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) due to long-term use of metal-based pesticides. We investigated the effects of heavy metals accumulated in the surface soils in apple orchards on the microbial biomass and the microbial communities. Soil samples were taken from a chestnut orchard (unpolluted control) and five apple orchards with different degrees of heavy metal pollution. Total concentrations of Cu, Pb, and As in soil ranged from 29 to 931 mg/kg, 35 to 771 mg/kg, and 11 to 198 mg/kg, respectively. The amount of microbial biomass carbon expressed on a soil organic carbon basis decreased with increasing concentrations of heavy metals. Thus, the heavy metals that accumulated in apple orchard surface soils had adverse effects on the soil microbial biomass. The analysis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) composition indicated that the microbial community structure had changed because of the pesticide-derived heavy metals in soil. The relative abundance of gram-positive bacterial marker PLFAs increased and that of fungal marker PLFA decreased with increasing concentrations of heavy metals in soil. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoreses targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of bacteria and the 18S ribosomal RNA gene of fungi also showed shifts in the composition of bacterial and fungal communities induced by soil pollution with heavy metals. However, the diversity of microbial communities was not significantly affected by the heavy metal pollution. This was attributable to the adaptation of the microbial communities in apple orchard surface soils to heavy metals derived from previously used pesticides.

Evaluation of soil pollution situation in urban industrial wasteland:A case study

Urban industrial wasteland might have been affected by toxic and hazardous substances emitted by the original production activities. Consequently, pollution survey analysis and environmental risk assessment should have been conducted before redevelopment. In the paper, by surveying soil sample from waste dump, tailing pond and surrounding area in Lead-Zinc Mine, fuzzy mathematics method was adopted to establish Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation model as to analyze conditions of soil pollution by heavy metal and soil nutrient. It would provide important scientific basis for pollution control and ecological restoration in the mining area and thus carry out comprehensive ecological restoration in Lead-Zinc Mine. Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation results indicated that soil pollution by heavy metal were severe. It could give priority to develop forestry. Most deficient soil nutrient elements were available P and N. Due to the lack of nitrogen and phosphorus, it was necessary to improve the soil before phytoremediation.

Investigation and Analysis of Soil Pollution of Heavy Metals(Hg,As) in Duanzhou District,Zhaoqing City

The soil heavy metals(Hg and As)in Duanzhou District of Zhaoqing City were determined by AFS200 T atomic fluorescence spectropho-tometer,and the soil environment in Duanzhou District was evaluated by several evaluation methods of soil heavy metal pollution,such as single factor index method,pollution load index method and Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method.Finally,according to the data and conclu-sions,the soil pollution situation in Duanzhou District of Zhaoqing was analyzed.The results will let more people pay attention to the changes of the environment and realize the harm of the environment,and the government can formulate a new plan conducive to the coordinated development of the environment and economy.

重金属地质高背景区土壤Se的地球化学特征及富Se耕地综合评价

为了合理保护和利用富Se耕地资源,为重金属地质高背景区富Se农产品的安全开发提供科学依据,以重庆市黔江区白土乡为例,采集74份耕地土壤(0~20 cm)及水稻籽实样品,分析稻谷及土壤中Se和重金属(Cd、Hg、Pb、As、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni)含量,同时分析土壤中养分元素及氧化物含量,研究土壤及稻谷中各元素的地球化学特征,并开展富Se耕地综合评价。结果显示,研究区土壤环境综合质量等级以三等(轻度污染)和四等(中度污染)为主,面积占比分别为41.65%和50.71%,污染因子为Cd。土壤Se平均含量为0.91 mg·kg^(-1),含量介于0.4~3.0 mg·kg^(-1)之间的点位占比为97.29%,土壤Se资源丰富。研究区耕地土壤总体养分条件良好,但部分区域存在单元素缺乏问题,以K缺乏最为显著。耕地土壤重金属和Se含量主要与灰岩、炭质页岩(夹煤线)的风化成土有关。此外,农业活动会造成耕地土壤Cd和As的输入。研究区糙米富Se率为100%,糙米Cd超标率为7.4%,土壤pH值是影响稻谷吸收土壤Cd和Se的主控因素,中碱性条件有利于水稻富集Se而抑制其对Cd的吸收。研究区富Se耕地综合等级以二等为主,面积占比为95.68%,适宜开展富Se资源开发利用。可根据各耕地地块单项指标得分情况,通过养分元素补充、土壤酸碱度调节等措施,趋利避害利用土壤富Se资源,对部分不适宜开展富Se资源开发利用的耕地,可进行种植结构调整。

耕作措施与有机肥施用对旱地麦田土壤重金属污染特征的影响

农田土壤重金属污染是当前突出的环境污染问题之一。为揭示不同耕作措施与长期施用有机肥对土壤重金属积累的影响及其生态效应,本研究以始于2007年的旱地小麦长期定位耕作与施肥试验为基础,分析了深翻+化肥(T)、深翻+鸡粪+化肥(TM)、免耕+化肥(NT)、免耕+鸡粪+化肥(NTM)4种处理对旱地小麦0~20 cm土壤pH、电导率(EC)、有机质和全氮含量以及Pb、Cd、As、Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni等重金属含量的影响,并通过地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对土壤重金属污染状况及生态风险进行评价。结果表明:与T处理相比,TM、NT和NTM处理土壤pH显著降低1.10%~2.56%,电导率提高6.19%~57.08%;NTM处理下土壤有机质含量较T处理显著提高33.22%。施鸡粪显著影响土壤重金属含量,其中TM和NTM处理土壤总Hg含量较T处理分别显著提高123.60%和150.56%,有效态Cu、Zn和Cd含量分别显著增加16.89%~23.48%、219.04%~520.99%和2.90%~20.29%。耕作方式同样显著影响各土壤重金属含量,NTM处理下总Hg、总Zn、有效Cu、有效Zn、有效Cd含量较TM处理分别显著提高12.06%、8.11%、5.64%、94.65%和16.90%,总Pb、有效Pb和总Cr含量分别显著降低63.74%、70.00%和3.14%。4个处理Hg的潜在生态风险指数最高,表现为T(32.36)<NT(41.45)<TM(72.36)<NTM(81.09),其他重金属为轻微级别;综合潜在生态风险污染指数表现为T(79.05)<NT(82.33)<TM(115.27)<NTM(120.00),为轻度风险级别。综上,长期免耕和鸡粪施用能够显著降低土壤pH,增加电导率及全氮和有机质含量,并提高Cu、Zn和Cd的有效性;其中,鸡粪处理中Hg的潜在生态风险指数为中等-强级别,其他重金属为轻微级别,综合潜在生态风险污染指数为轻度风险级别,因此在农业生产过程中应加强有机肥的安全施用技术。

峨眉河流域土壤重金属元素污染评价

应用原子荧光分光光度法和原子吸收分光光度法测定重金属As、Hg、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cd和Cr在峨眉河流域土壤中的分布情况,根据单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合污染指数法,并结合国家土壤环境质量标准GB 15618-2018进行分析和评价峨眉河流域土壤的重金属污染程度。结果表明,As、Hg、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cd和Cr含量分别为1.48~4.64、0.14~0.36、34.00~370.00、212.00~818.00、0.00~2.00、5.00~53.00、0.10~1.20、0.00~476.00 mg/kg。变异系数显示Cu和Pb的分布最不均匀,受人类活动影响较为强烈;而土壤中Cu、Zn含量普遍超标,按单因子污染指数污染程度依次为Zn>Cu>Cd>Hg>Cr>Pb=As>Ni。

徐州市潘安湖周边土壤和水果中重金属污染分析

本文以徐州市潘安湖湿地为例,采用微波消解-原子吸收光谱法对周边土壤、水果中重金属含量(Pb、Cr、Cd)进行测定,利用单因子污染指数及综合污染指数对土壤和水果的重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明,潘安湖周边土壤中Pb、Cr、Cd的含量均符合《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)的二级标准要求。单项污染指数表明,土壤未受到重金属污染;综合污染指数为8.2,表明污染处于警戒范围。水果中Pb均未超标,但Cd、Cr含量存在不同程度的超标现象,导致其综合污染指数偏高。葡萄、西瓜和甜瓜处于警戒线附近,草莓为轻度污染,说明不同水果对重金属的富集能力不同。徐州市潘安湖周边地区土壤及水果重金属总体污染水平不高,但部分水果对重金属的富集能力较强,应继续加强监管和控制。

云南喀斯特地貌区土壤重金属污染风险评估及水稻叶面肥筛选

为探究云南水稻种植区土壤重金属含量与叶面肥种类对水稻中重金属迁移,以及对糙米质量安全的影响,本研究选取地质高背景区泸西县水稻种植区作为研究区,采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、潜在生态风险指数法对研究区稻田土壤污染情况进行了评估,并以锰锌肥、硅硒肥两种不同成分叶面肥作为试验材料,通过转运系数等指标探究不同成分叶面肥在田间大规模应用中的效果。研究结果表明:研究区稻田土壤中As、Cd、Cr的平均值均超过云南省土壤重金属背景值且变异系数较大,主要以Cd污染最为严重。研究区土壤总体上处于轻度污染状态,As、Pb、Cr均处于轻微潜在生态危害,40%的Cd处于中等潜在生态危害,但综合潜在生态危害指数仍为轻微潜在生态危害。喷施叶面肥的处理较仅喷施清水的处理而言,茎叶-糙米间转运系数降低,糙米及茎叶中重金属含量显著降低,产量无显著差异。供试的锰锌肥的肥效较硅硒肥更为显著,适合在田间大规模种植使用。

江西于都南部地区土壤重金属元素生态地球化学特征及其来源解析

为研究江西于都南部地区耕地土壤重金属污染状况,对所采集的表层土壤样品进行Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Hg等重金属元素测试,研究其空间分布特征,并采用多种评价模型开展生态评价。结果表明,Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Hg含量分别是于都县土壤背景值的1.18、1.24、1.69、1.41、5.79、1.25、2.27、1.41倍。单因子污染指数显示As、Cd污染最严重,是潜在生态风险最主要的贡献因子。内梅罗综合污染指数显示重金属超标率达20.7%。地累积指数显示As污染最严重,其次是Hg、Ni、Cd。8种重金属元素变异系数均为0.45~5.14,属强变异。相关性分析显示,除Hg外的其他重金属间相关性均较强,而且与pH存在显著或极显著正相关,因此可以通过调节土壤pH值,降低土壤中重金属元素的毒性。主成分分析结果显示,Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、As主要来源于人为采矿活动,Cr、Ni主要来源于土壤母质。

“蜂糖李”原产地果园土壤重金属地球化学基线厘定、污染源识别和风险评价

果园土壤重金属评价对果园环境质量至关重要。本研究以蜂糖李原产地贵州镇宁布依族苗族自治县六马镇的土壤为研究对象,通过ICP-MS测定样品中重金属As、Ni、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Zn、Pb含量,采用标准化和相对累积频率两大方法确定研究区的地球化学基线值;在利用潜在生态污染危害指数法对研究区果园土壤中的重金属进行生态风险评估的同时,采用PCA和PMF模型探究了重金属来源及贡献率。结果显示:蜂糖李原产地土壤中As、Ni、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Zn、Pb平均含量分别为14.63、32.21、0.21、60.58、35.42、0.07、85.73、24.51 mg·kg^(-1),分别是贵州省土壤背景值的0.73、0.82、0.32、0.63、1.11、0.64、0.86、0.70倍。上述重金属的地球化学基线值分别是14.565、30.649、0.184、58.452、34.228、0.060、85.728、24.017 mg·kg^(-1)。风险等级显示,重金属Hg属于中等生态风险,其他7种重金属为轻微生态风险。研究区表层土壤中上述重金属主要来自于六个方面:燃烧、自然过程、农业活动、矿业活动、大气沉降和灌溉复合源、交通运输,所占比例分别为15.51%、19.40%、13.82%、8.62%、28.31%和14.33%,其主要来源是大气沉降和灌溉复合源。该研究结果可为蜂糖李原产地土壤保育和土壤环境质量评价标准的建立提供科学参考。

黔中磷矿区土壤重金属污染及其生态风险评价

为评价黔中磷矿区土壤重金属污染风险,采用梅花布点法在磷矿区周边区域和无矿区不同地层天然土壤采集24件表层土壤样品,测定Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Hg、Se、Cd、和Cr含量,并采用内梅罗综合污染指数(NPI)、地累积指数(I_(geo))以及Hankanson潜在生态危害指数(RI)对磷矿区土壤重金属的污染程度和潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明,黔中磷矿区土壤中Hg、Se、Cd、As、Pb、Zn和Cr等元素平均含量分别为贵州土壤背景值的37.58倍、24.40倍、19.26倍、18.09倍、2.67倍、2.17倍和1.78倍,各重金属富集特征明显,Cu元素平均含量未超过贵州省土壤背景值。研究区土壤中Hg、Se、Cd、As、Pb、Zn和Cr等元素NPI平均值介于4.59~69.32之间,处于重度污染水平,而Cr和Cu元素NPI平均值分别为1.89和1.21,处于轻度污染水平。研究区Hg元素I_(geo)平均值为4.45,处于严重至极重污染;As、Se和Cd元素I_(geo)平均值介于3.35~3.65之间,处于重度污染;Pb、Zn和Cr元素I_(geo)平均值0.21~0.44之间,处于未污染至中度污染水平,而Cu元素I_(geo)平均值为-0.83,显示其未受到污染。潜在生态风险评价结果表明,研究区土壤Hg元素处于极强生态风险水平,Cd处于强生态风险水平,Ad处于中等生态风险水平,而Cu、Pb、Zn和Cr均处于轻微风险水平。黔中磷矿区土壤RI平均值为2285.50,显示出极强生态风险,Hg是最主要的生态风险元素,应引起高度重视。

南方典型稻田土壤-水稻系统环境质量评价

为研究南方典型区域稻田土壤-水稻系统中重金属含量,采集江西省进贤县、金溪县、渝水区、高安市、安福县和兴国县6个水稻主产区典型田块土壤、水稻和灌溉水,重点分析土壤和水稻铅、镉、砷和汞含量及其土壤养分,并采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合指数对土壤-水稻系统中重金属含量进行评价。结果表明:研究区稻田土壤pH、有机质、总氮、总磷、总钾、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾总均值分别为5.48、32.99 g/kg、2.06 g/kg、0.54 g/kg、16.04 g/kg、156.71 mg/kg、14.00 mg/kg和94.98 mg/kg。研究区土壤铅、镉、砷和汞含量总均值分别为35.46、0.18、7.21、0.17 mg/kg,单因子污染指数均小于1,内梅罗综合污染指数为0.56,土壤环境质量等级为清洁;但渝水土壤镉含量为0.37 mg/kg,超过限量标准(0.30 mg/kg),土壤环境质量属于警戒状态。研究区糙米铅、镉、砷和汞的含量总均值分别为0.06、0.17、0.24、0.0086 mg/kg,单因子污染指数均小于1,内梅罗综合污染指数均值为0.77,糙米环境质量等级为警戒限;但兴国和渝水糙米镉含量分别为0.22、0.35mg/kg,均超过限量标准(0.20 mg/kg),环境质量等级分别为警戒限和轻度污染。相关性表明,糙米镉与土壤镉和铅呈显著正相关,而与土壤砷呈显著负相关;糙米砷与土壤砷和有效磷呈显著正相关。总之,重金属镉是调查区域水稻安全性最主要的潜在污染元素,需重点关注兴国和渝水两地水稻食品安全。

豫西典型工业区周边农田土壤重金属污染特征、生态风险与来源解析

为探究豫西典型工业区(1个钢铁厂、6个工业园、5个冶炼厂)周边农田土壤重金属污染特征与生态风险,采集并测定研究区109个土壤样品中镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、砷(As)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)和镍(Ni)的含量,运用一系列指数法、形态分析、主成分分析和聚类分析等方法进行了重金属元素空间分布特征分析、污染与生态风险评价、形态和来源解析。结果表明,研究区域农田土壤重金属的污染程度与累积效应密切相关,Pb的污染程度最高,且地累积效应最强。Cd、Pb和As为引起土壤环境风险的主要因子,其对综合潜在生态风险指数的贡献率分别达到了48.26%、18.81%、15.58%。Pb和Cd的有效态含量分别高达92.49%、79.54%;Zn的铁锰氧化物结合态和Cu的有机结合态占比相对其他重金属较高,分别为33.07%、24.25%;而Cr、Ni迁移转化生态风险相对较低,在土壤中的赋存形态主要为残渣态,占比分别为91.00%、64.63%。冶炼厂(S1、S3)与周围的冶炼厂(S2、S4)、钢铁厂SW和工业园(IP1、IP2、IP3)对研究区域西北片区农田土壤重金属Pb、Cd和Zn的综合潜在生态风险产生了协同影响。Zn、Pb、Cu主要来源于工业源(冶炼厂、钢铁厂等工业生产活动);Cd和As来源于工业源(冶炼厂)和农业源;Cr、Ni主要来源为自然源。此外,Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd容易受自然淋溶、成土过程和农业活动的影响,增加迁移转化的生态风险。

陕西省典型矿区土壤和食用林产品中重金属污染与风险评估

为探明陕西省典型矿区土壤和食用林产品中重金属污染特征与风险情况,通过对渭南华州、商洛柞水县、宝鸡凤县金属矿区土壤和食用林产品进行样品采集并分析测定其As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu含量,采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法、土壤和农产品综合质量指数法对土壤和食用林产品重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明,研究区内土壤均出现不同程度的As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu含量积累;受检食用林产品均出现不同程度的Cr、Cu积累,华州区油松籽2个样品出现Pb含量超标;单因子污染指数表明Cd为凤县研究区土壤的主要污染物,Cr、Cu为柞水县研究区土壤的主要污染物;内梅罗综合污染指数表明凤县和柞水县研究区域土壤为轻度污染状态(质量等级Ⅲ),华州区研究区域土壤为尚清洁状态(质量等级Ⅱ);综合质量影响指数表明,凤县土壤呈现轻微污染(sub-Ⅱ),华州区呈现轻度污染(sub-Ⅲ),柞水县呈现重度污染(sub-Ⅴ)。凤县、华州区和柞水县研究区土壤均出现重金属污染问题,部分食用林产品存在重金属Cr、Cu积累以及Pb超标风险,应及时采取治理修复措施,以缓减土壤和食用林产品的重金属污染问题。