文明1(civilized)、文明2(civilization)、文明3(civitas)——论“文明”一词的三种不同含义

学术界对于“什么是文明”存有争议的原因,是把文明(civilized)、文明社会(civilization)和国家(civitas)三个不同的概念混为一谈造成的。“文明1”大致相当于英语civilized(文明的)。文化是人群的生活方式,但是不仅彬彬有礼、琴棋书画、轻歌曼舞、美味佳肴是文化,愚昧粗鲁、恶俗陋习、野风蛮舞、吃糠咽菜也是生活方式,所以文明1不完全等同于文化,而只有被认可与受推崇的文化才被称为文明。无论古今中外,作为文化的文明1都是褒义的,文明1即“文明”的本义,也是对文化的价值判断。“文明2”相当于英语civilization(文明社会),摩尔根用以指称继蒙昧社会与野蛮社会之后出现的、高于蒙昧与野蛮状态的社会阶段。作为社会形态的文明2当然比蒙昧与野蛮社会要进步,但是文明社会并非一切都是文明的,其中充斥着种种不文明的蒙昧与野蛮,所以不能说文明2就是“文明的”社会。“文明3”相当于英语civitas(国家),是中国学者根据恩格斯的“国家是文明社会的概括”得出的概念,系指继部落联盟或酋邦之后出现的社会组织形态。因为不同国家的国体与政体各不相同,有了国家之后并非一切都变得比野蛮社会更文明了,所以作为国家的文明3也不都是“文明的”国家。

Civil3d技术在河道治理中的应用分析

为了切实加强水环境保护及水资源管理与利用,近年来我国一直在加快和加大力度落实河道治理,要想保证河道治理达到预期效果,并最大程度提高河道治理工程生态效益,首先要确保河道治理设计与施工方案的科学合理性,可见借助现代化技术手段,优化和改进河道治理设计与规划是很有必要的。基于此本文首先进行Civil3d技术的梳理与说明,继而详细分析Civil3D软件在某河道治理项目的具体应用,旨在与相关工作人员相互交流、共同探讨。

Mechanical Dispatch Reliability Prediction for Civil Aircraft Considering Operational Parameters

To effectively predict the mechanical dispatch reliability(MDR),the artificial neural networks method combined with aircraft operation health status parameters is proposed,which introduces the real civil aircraft operation data for verification,to improve the modeling precision and computing efficiency.Grey relational analysis can identify the degree of correlation between aircraft system health status(such as the unscheduled maintenance event,unit report event,and services number)and dispatch release and screen out themost closely related systems to determine the set of input parameters required for the prediction model.The artificial neural network using radial basis function(RBF)as a kernel function,has the best applicability in the prediction of multidimensional,small sample problems.Health status parameters of related systems are used as the input to predict the changing trend ofMDR,under the artificial neural network modeling framework.The case study collects real operation data for a certain civil aircraft over the past five years to validate the performance of the model which meets the requirements of the application.The results show that the prediction quadratic error Ep of the model reaches 6.9×10−8.That is to say,in the existing operating environment,the prediction of the number of delay&cancel events per month can be less than once.The accuracy of RBF ANN,BP ANN and GA-BP ANN are compared further,and the results show that RBF ANN has better adaptability to such multidimensional small sample problems.The efforts of this paper provide a highly efficientmethod for theMDR prediction through aircraft system health state parameters,which is a promising model to enhance the prediction and controllability of the dispatch release,providing support for the construction of the civil aircraft operation system.

Malpractice or masterful practice?Navigating vicarious liability in healthcare

In the intricate landscape of healthcare,vicarious liability looms large,shaping the responsibilities and actions of healthcare practitioners and administrators alike.Illustrated by a poignant scenario of a medication error,this article navigates the complexities of vicarious liability in healthcare.It explains the legal basis and ramifications of this theory,emphasizing its importance in fostering responsibility,protecting patient welfare,and easing access to justice.The paper explores the practical effects of vicarious responsibility on day-to-day operations,leadership practices,and decision-making processes via the eyes of senior consultants,junior doctors,and hospital administrators.Through comprehensive insights and real-world examples,it underscores the imperative of fostering a culture of accountability,communication,and quality care to navigate the intricate web of liabilities inherent in modern healthcare.

Predictive maintenance and its applications in civil engineering structures:A review

Structural health monitoring and performance prediction are crucial for smart disaster mitigation and intelligent management of structures throughout their lifespan.Recent advancements in predictive maintenance strategies within the industrial manufacturing industry have inspired similar innovations in civil engineering,aiming to improve structural performance evaluation,damage diagnosis,and capacity prediction.This review delves into the framework of predictive maintenance and examines various existing solutions,focusing on critical areas such as data acquisition,condition monitoring,damage prognosis,and maintenance planning.Results from real-world applications of predictive maintenance in civil engineering,covering high-rise structures,deep foundation pits,and other infrastructure,are presented.The challenges of implementing predictive maintenance in civil engineering structures under current technology,such as model interpretability of data-driven methods and standards for predictive maintenance,are explored.Future research prospects within this area are also discussed.

Anti-Spoofing:Integrated Information Authentication of BeiDou-ⅡCivil Navigation Message

The BeiDou-Ⅱcivil navigation message(BDⅡ-CNAV)is transmitted in an open environment and no information integrity protection measures are provided.Hence,the BDⅡ-CNAV faces the threat of spoofing attacks,which can lead to wrong location reports and time indication.In order to deal with this threat,we proposed a scheme of anti-spoofing for BDⅡ-CNAV based on integrated information authentication.This scheme generates two type authentication information,one is authentication code information(ACI),which is applied to confirm the authenticity and reliability of satellite time information,and the other is signature information,which is used to authenticate the integrity of satellite location information and other information.Both authentication information is designed to embed into the reserved bits in BDⅡ-CNAV without changing the frame structure.In order to avoid authentication failure caused by public key error or key error,the key or public key prompt information(KPKPI)are designed to remind the receiver to update both keys in time.Experimental results indicate that the scheme can successfully detect spoofing attacks,and the authentication delay is less than 1%of the transmission delay,which meets the requirements of BDⅡ-CNAV information authentication.

基于Midas Civil对市政桥梁承台大体积混凝土热学性能研究

桥梁是城市市政基础设施不可或缺的一部分,而大体积混凝土施工质量的保证是桥梁质量得以保证的前提。本文先从大体积混凝土绝热温升的理论出发,从胶凝材料和结构角度研究出大体积混凝土内部温度变化的情况,然后通过在施工过程中采取相应的措施,进而控制混凝土内外温差,提高混凝土浇筑的质量。通过有限元Midas Civil市政桥梁的内部热传导特征以及内外温差变化情况进行模拟,得出混凝土内外温度变化的规律,并结合施工措施达到控制裂缝的目的,为同类型的项目提供参考。

Understanding Chinese Civilisation from the Perspective of Cultural Relics

At a meeting on cultural inheritance and development on June 2,2023,President Xi Jinping summarised with penetrating insight the distinctive features of Chinese civilisation and elucidated the significance of the“two integrations”(integrating the basic tenets of Marxism with China's specific realities and the best of its traditional culture),which explain the development laws underlying Chinese civilisation.This reflects the new heights the Communist Party of China(CPC)has attained in its understanding of the path,theory,and system of socialism with Chinese characteristics,in its confidence in Chinese history and culture,and in its consciousness of promoting cultural innovation while carrying forward the traditional Chinese culture.

Speech at the Civilisation Lecture by Svetlana Sharenkova,Vice-President of Bulgaria-China Forum(Abstract)

When we try to talk about civilisation exchanges and mutual learning between China and Bulgaria,it's easy and difficult.China boasts the most ancient civilisation in the world with an ever-lasting history of over 5000 years.With a history of over 1300 years,Bulgaria is one of the oldest civilisations in Europe.There are three major civilisations emerging and thriving on this very land.

Understanding the Laws Underlying the Development of Chinese Civilisation

At a meeting on cultural inheritance and development held in Beijing,June 2,2023,President Xi Jinping put forward a holistic and systematic explanation of the distinctive features of Chinese civilisation-consistency,originality,unity,inclusiveness,and a peaceful nature.President Xi Jinping's profound exposition has granted us a deeper understanding of the laws underlying the development of Chinese civilisation by shedding light on its intrinsic characteristics.

Understanding the Historical Significance and Contemporary Value of the Distinctive Features of Chinese Civilisation

At a meeting on cultural inheritance and development held in Beijing,June 2,2023,President Xi Jinping put forward a holistic and systematic explanation of the distinctive features of Chinese civilisation-consistency,originality,unity,inclusiveness,and a peaceful nature.Underpinned by the scientific methodology of dialectical and historical materialism and an overarching strategic perspective on the great undertakings of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era,President Xi Jinping's profound exposition has granted us a deeper understanding of the laws underlying the development of Chinese civilisation by shedding light on its intrinsic characteristics.This understanding bears not just immense historical importance but also significant contemporary value.

基于Civil 3D部件编辑器的矿山排土场参数化设计研究

近年来,民用建筑行业BIM技术得到迅速发展,将其应用于有色冶金矿山设计工作势在必行,改变以往人工计算、应用AutoCAD插件出图的现状。为实现排土场参数化设计,结合排土场设计经验和计算机语言,基于Civil 3D部件编辑器(SAC)研究了参数化设计流程;针对排土场横断面形式,创建了多级边坡部件参数化模型,实现了快速建模、三维模型到二维图纸的转换以及排土场库容精确计算。基于SAC的排土场三维参数化设计技术促进了设计效率和精度的提升,总结形成了参数化设计技术在排土场设计过程中的应用流程,为类似项目提供参考。

基于Civil3D在道路交叉口正向设计的研究与应用

针对目前BIM正向设计所存在的出图效率低、设计工具操作不习惯、数据互通丢失率高等问题,结合某二级公路交叉口,将Civil 3D作为其正向设计的工具,开展基于Civil 3D在道路交叉口正向设计的研究,对道路交叉设计、道路优化、三维可视化等方面进行关键技术研究。研究结果表明,通过对地形数据优化分析,生成三维地形曲面,结合Civil 3D智能化、智慧化设计的特点,生成施工图级别的正向设计成果。工程应用结果表明,使用Civil 3D进行道路交叉口的正向设计,可以提高设计效率、减少设计错误、考虑不全面等问题,减少后期因为施工、地质突发情况对设计变更的影响。

Exploring the Applications of Digital Twin Technology in Enhancing Sustainability in Civil Engineering:A Review

With the advent of the big data era and the rise of Industrial Revolution 4.0,digital twins(DTs)have gained sig-nificant attention in various industries.DTs offer the opportunity to combine the physical and digital worlds and aid the digital transformation of the civil engineering industry.In this paper,605 documents obtained from the search werefirst analysed using CiteSpace for literature visualisation,and an author co-occurrence network,a keyword co-occurrence network,and a keyword clustering set were obtained.Next,through a literature review of 86 papers,this paper summarises the current status of DT application in civil engineering based on a review of the origins,concepts,and implementation techniques of DTs,and it introduces the application of DTs in the full project lifecycle.This study shows that DTs have great potential to address many of the challenges faced by civil engineering.In this regard,the paper also presents some thoughts on the future directions of DT research.

Determination of Liability for Violation of “Sexual Autonomy” and Compensation for Mental Damages

At the legislative level in China,there has been insufficient theoretical preparation to explicitly include“sexual autonomy”within the scope of general personality rights.In handling the increasing number of disputes related to violations of“sexual autonomy,”judicial biases have emerged during the trial process when courts determine the attribute of the right to“sexual autonomy.”This situation necessitates a clear legal analysis of the concept and attributes of“sexual autonomy”to establish its essential attribute as a personality right,and,from the perspective of legal doctrine,enable the justification of the right to“sexual autonomy”as either a general personality right or other personality interests,thereby providing theoretical support for courts to“adjudicate according to law.”By delineating and categorizing instances of violations of“sexual autonomy,”the constitutive elements and fundamental characteristics of such violations can be clarified.By examining the legal norms governing civil litigation and civil litigation associated with criminal cases concerning violations of“sexual autonomy,”the responsibility determination,remedies,and existing regulatory loopholes regarding violations of“sexual autonomy,”especially in cases involving both criminal and civil matters,can be defined.Based on this foundation,the legal basis,determination mechanism,and compensation standards for claiming compensation for mental damages resulting from violations of“sexual autonomy”can be elucidated.

基于Civil 3D进行符合国标的超高加宽设计

BIM的快速发展为道路设计提供了新的发展契机。作为一款成熟的道路设计BIM软件,无论是设计规范,还是装配部件,Civil 3D都支持自主定义,这为道路行业BIM的发展提供了一个很好的设计平台。在各等级道路中,道路的超高加宽设计对于行车的安全性与舒适性至关重要,但是在进行路线超高加宽设计时,Civil 3D所依托的是美国标准规范。为了让设计更适合中国道路实际情况,根据中国路线设计规范修编Civil 3D的超高加宽设计文件是至关重要的,可以为中国标准下的公路行业BIM设计发展提供一定的帮助。

The Positive Significance of Confucian Civilization in Peace Building

The Confucian emphasis on benevolence and empathy can be applied in conflict resolution processes.When parties in conflict embrace these values,it becomes easier to find common ground,compromise,and work towards peaceful solutions.Confucian civilization,with its emphasis on ethics,harmony,and diplomacy,offers valuable contributions to peace-building efforts in the contemporary world.By promoting virtuous leadership,fostering cross-cultural understanding,and emphasizing ethical governance,Confucianism can play a positive role in achieving and maintaining global peace.Confucianism continues to exert significant influence in the contemporary world,particularly in the context of peace-building efforts.This article explores the positive significance of Confucian civilization in contributing to peace-building endeavors globally.

Association between Mental Health Literacy and Workplace Well-Being of Chinese Grassroots Civil Servants:The Chain Mediating Effects of Regulatory Emotional Self-Efficacy and Resilience

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between mental health literacy(MHL)and workplace well-being(WWB)of Chinese grassroots civil servants,with regulatory emotional self-efficacy(RESE)and resilience as mediating variables.A questionnaire survey was conducted among Chinese grassroots civil servants,with a valid sample size of 2673 after excluding missing values and conducting relevant data processing.The PROCESS was used to examine the relationship between MHL,RESE,resilience,and WWB.The study found that MHL among grassroots civil servants was positively and significantly correlated with WWB(r=0.73,p<0.01).RESE partially mediated the relationship between MHL and WWB(β=0.25,95%CI[0.22,0.28]).Resilience partially mediated the relationship between MHL and WWB(β=0.22,95%CI[0.19,0.26]).MHL had a positive effect on WWB through the chain mediating effect of RESE and resilience(β=0.05,95%CI[0.03,0.07]).There is a close relationship between MHL and WWB,where Chinese grassroots civil servants with higher levels of MHL can develop stronger RESE and resilience,leading to higher WWB.The results of this study remind organizational institutions of Chinese grassroots civil servants that enhancing MHL,RESE,and resilience is an important pathway to promoting their WWB.

基于Midas Civil的桥梁承载力检算分析

文章以衡山路跨陇海立交桥第1联边跨、中跨受力最不利梁为工程研究案例,基于Midas Civil有限元软件对桥梁承载力进行检算分析,并介绍桥梁工程检算参数取值。通过Midas Civil建立桥梁模型,模拟桥梁结构和荷载,对比分析桥梁元结构的承载能力和桥梁实际承载能力,结果表明该桥梁结构满足规范荷载等级使用要求。研究可为同类型工程提供经验参考。

基于Midas Civil在大型履带吊车作用下的钢栈桥结构设计

为保证钢栈桥可以在大型履带吊车作用下安全使用,以四川省成都市某景观人行桥项目为例,对钢栈桥进行针对性的结构设计,采用Midas Civil有限元软件进行钢栈桥建模和结构分析,并简要阐述了钢栈桥的施工要点。通过模型建立过程的加载方式、工况的介绍,计算分析了各个工况的钢栈桥的变形值、应力、稳定性,计算结果均满足容许值,为工程的实施提供了理论数据支持。