文明1(civilized)、文明2(civilization)、文明3(civitas)——论“文明”一词的三种不同含义

学术界对于“什么是文明”存有争议的原因,是把文明(civilized)、文明社会(civilization)和国家(civitas)三个不同的概念混为一谈造成的。“文明1”大致相当于英语civilized(文明的)。文化是人群的生活方式,但是不仅彬彬有礼、琴棋书画、轻歌曼舞、美味佳肴是文化,愚昧粗鲁、恶俗陋习、野风蛮舞、吃糠咽菜也是生活方式,所以文明1不完全等同于文化,而只有被认可与受推崇的文化才被称为文明。无论古今中外,作为文化的文明1都是褒义的,文明1即“文明”的本义,也是对文化的价值判断。“文明2”相当于英语civilization(文明社会),摩尔根用以指称继蒙昧社会与野蛮社会之后出现的、高于蒙昧与野蛮状态的社会阶段。作为社会形态的文明2当然比蒙昧与野蛮社会要进步,但是文明社会并非一切都是文明的,其中充斥着种种不文明的蒙昧与野蛮,所以不能说文明2就是“文明的”社会。“文明3”相当于英语civitas(国家),是中国学者根据恩格斯的“国家是文明社会的概括”得出的概念,系指继部落联盟或酋邦之后出现的社会组织形态。因为不同国家的国体与政体各不相同,有了国家之后并非一切都变得比野蛮社会更文明了,所以作为国家的文明3也不都是“文明的”国家。

The Positive Significance of Confucian Civilization in Peace Building

The Confucian emphasis on benevolence and empathy can be applied in conflict resolution processes.When parties in conflict embrace these values,it becomes easier to find common ground,compromise,and work towards peaceful solutions.Confucian civilization,with its emphasis on ethics,harmony,and diplomacy,offers valuable contributions to peace-building efforts in the contemporary world.By promoting virtuous leadership,fostering cross-cultural understanding,and emphasizing ethical governance,Confucianism can play a positive role in achieving and maintaining global peace.Confucianism continues to exert significant influence in the contemporary world,particularly in the context of peace-building efforts.This article explores the positive significance of Confucian civilization in contributing to peace-building endeavors globally.

The Historical Position and Value Dimensions of Human Rights Civilization

Human beings are the mainstay and the ultimate goal of civilization.The history of human civilization is a continuous struggle to realize the respect,liberation,protection,and development of humanity.Human rights are an achievement of humanity and a symbol of progress,and the human rights civilization is an important component of human civilization.Understanding and interpreting human rights from the perspective of human rights civilization means that human rights are not only a concept or an idea but also a grand historical and long-term social practice.Up to now,the development of human rights civilization has roughly experienced four awakening eras:initialization,revolution,popularization,and globalization.In terms of its value dimensions,it has the characteristics of progressiveness,diversity,commonality,inclusiveness,indivisibility,openness,and so on.The historical position of human rights civilization and the development of its value dimensions have shown to the world that human rights are the common wealth of humanity,and human rights belong to all mankind;human rights are historical,concrete,and developmental;the concept of human rights is constantly evolving,and its connotations and categories are constantly expanding;achieving the free and well-rounded development of every person is the highest value realm of human rights civilization.The Chinese modernization endows Chinese civilization with modern strength and opens up new horizons for human rights civilization.The new pattern of human rights civilization to be created by Chinese modernization not only possesses the common characteristics of human rights civilization but also enjoys Chinese characteristics based on its own national conditions,enriching and developing the diversity of human rights civilization for all mankind.

Pioneering a New Realm of Human Rights Civilization in the Chinese Path to Modernization——An Overview of the Symposium on“The Chinese Path to Modernization and the Promotion of Free and Comprehensive Human Development”

On October 14,2023,a symposium themed“The Chinese Path to Modernization and the Promotion of Free and Comprehensive Human Development”was held in Changchun,Jilin Province,China.More than fifty experts,scholars,and researchers from national institutions and universities engaged in discussions and exchanges on human rights on the Chinese path to modernization,including the path,practice,knowledge systems,and civilization forms of human rights.This symposium played a significant role in advancing the construction of the disciplinary system,academic system,and discourse system of human rights in China.

The Path,Trends,and Approaches of the Civilization Evolution of Rural Marriage Forms

Rural marriage has characteristics such as close relationship with labor production,deep integration of traditional culture,shy and introverted expression of subjective emotions,and illegal and rough marriage.The civilization evolution of rural marriage forms is moving towards a path that is conducive to the development of production and the pursuit of happiness for farmers,the construction of rural spiritual civilization,and the comprehensive development of rural society.This study analyzes the direction of the evolution of rural marriage form civilization,predicts the trend of rural marriage form civilization evolution,and proposes the future path of rural marriage form civilization evolution,including adhering to human’s most original value expectations of marriage life,drawing nourishment from excellent traditional Chinese culture,and continuously adjusting marriage and family policy tools to keep up with changes in the world of life.

Problem Analysis and Effective Strategies of Ecological Civilization Education for Undergraduates in the New Age

The ecological civilization in the new age is one important aspect for undergraduates.We must enhance the concept of their civilization and improve the quality of civilization.Carrying out ecological civilization education in colleges and universities has a practical significance for enriching the contents of ideological and political education to realize their all-round development.Nowadays,some undergraduates lack awareness of ecological civilization and ignore its importance.For this reason,undergraduates need to pay attention to ecological civilization and improve their own ecological civilization literacy to promote the all-round development in qualities in the new age.This paper mainly analyzes the current problems in undergraduates’ecological civilization education and explores effective strategies to solve the current problems in undergraduates’ecological civilization education.The strategies include integrating ecological civilization resources,innovating methods of ecological civilization,strengthening ecological educator team construction,embodying ecological culture in campus construction and creating the atmosphere,emphasizing innovative practices for ecological civilization,strengthening publicity of social-ecological civilization,and attaching importance to family education of ecological civilization.

Research on the Development Path of Green Marine Economy in the Era of Ecological Civilization

This article explores the development path of the green marine economy in the era of ecological civilization.It highlights the importance of developing a green marine economy and how it has become a global consensus.The article suggests that China should take proactive measures to optimize its marine industrial structure,promote marine scientific and technological innovation,strengthen marine resource protection and environmental governance,and enhance the competitiveness of the marine economy.The ultimate objective is to achieve sustainable development of the ocean,expand the blue economic space,and accomplish the goal of green marine economic development.

Research on MBSE Application for Radio Navigation System

The rapid development of concepts and technologies for civil aircraft navigation systems has put forward higher requirements for agile iteration and integrated design verification in the research and development(R&D)process.Traditional document based system engineering(DBSE)methods have gradually become inadequate.Model based system engineering(MBSE)is fully based on user′s needs and is carried out from top to bottom,in line with the concept of forward design.It is gradually being applied in the development of civil aircraft systems.This article focuses on the civil aircraft radio navigation system and proposes a complete system engineering solution based on models,from system design and development to validation.Guided by the Arcadia methodology,with Capella modeling tool,Simulink simulation tool,and system validation tool,the complete R&D process from design and development to testing and validation was achieved through model construction,code generation,and testing validation.A radio navigation station selection optimization method based on machine learning was proposed,and results had good signal quality and persistence.The verification result of Beijing⁃Shanghai flight route shows MBSE method practiced in this article can ensure the feasibility of the entire process of radio navigation system development,as well as the rationality of tuning and positioning result.By automatically generating code to form a universal functional module,an optimization method that integrates different radio navigation station selection strategies is achieved,providing new ideas for the development and design of radio navigation systems.

Study on the Construction of Eco-security System in China under the Ecological Civilization Concept——Based on the Ecological Civilization Construction in Qingzhen City of Guizhou Province

The construction of eco-security system was a complicated systematic project, included the comprehensive construction and collaborative propulsion of eco-environment system, eco-economy system, eco-culture system, eco-society system and eco-law system. The comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of ecology, economy and society only could be achieved under the guidance of ecological civilization concept by the integrated consideration, comprehensive planning and multi-coordination.

Reforming the natural resource auditing system from the ecological civilization perspective

Perfecting the natural resource system and auditing natural resource assets are requirements in protecting natural resources and developing an ecological civilization in practice.While the natural resource asset audit both confirms and quantifies natural resources,the nature of such resources makes it difficult to identify their ownership.Further,these resources'diversity creates complex measurement standards and activities,all of which require relevant institutional guarantees.However,the existing audit system for natural resource assets includes insufficient stock,incremental difficulties,and poor guidance,which cannot meet the requirements for environmental governance and an ecological civilization.Thus,it is necessary to define natural resource assets’rights and measurement systems and responsibility regulations,among others;construct an auditing participation system,technical regulations,and evaluation criterion for natural resource assets;amend the Audit Law in a timely manner;and enact natural resource asset legislation.Ultimately,such efforts would eliminate the bottleneck in the natural resource asset auditing system and facilitate the construction of a resource-saving,environmentally friendly society.

Ecosystem Civilization Construction Seen from Ecosystem Service Assessment

Under the background of setting up a complete system of ecosystem civilization and ecosystem assessment indicators, which were put forward by the party central committee, ecosystem service assessment has become a research hotspot of ecological economics, and played an important role in the ecosystem civilization construction process. On the basis of overviews of the connotations and development histories of ecosystem service and ecological civilization, we analyzed the role of ecosystem service assessment in the ecological civilization construction process from ecological sustainability, human welfare and poverty reduction, which would provide a reference for further research.

The trust system and ecological civilization:A case study of “green trust”

To promote the ecological civilization has been determined as one of the significant agenda for China's development strategy. However, the shortfall of funding might hinder the progress. Therefore, new financing resources and channels are urgently required. Trust has been seen as a popular investing and financing instrument due to its comprehensive benefits such as equity restricting, financial independence and continuity, etc. If trust companies provide services to environmental protection and establish "green trust" or "green funds", it would fully widen financing channel of green industry and contribute to China's sustainable development.

Ecological Economic Analysis of the Ecological Turn in the Development of Modern Civilization

During the primitive civilization and agricultural civilization periods,the functions and structures of various elements within the ecological and economic system were able to develop synergistically.But humans were always passive in the face of nature and cannot yet break free from its constraints and oppression.During the period of industrial civilization,the contradiction between the unlimited expansion of economic system demand and the relative reduction of ecosystem supply became increasingly severe.Its development model had obvious non ecological economic characteristics,which posed a great threat to the sustainable development of human society.The ecological turn in the development of human civilization is an inevitable trend,and the gradual replacement of industrial civilization by ecological civilization will become an objective fact.Ecological civilization has overcome the non ecological economic nature of industrial civilization and established an ecological economic operation mode that promotes and transforms economic and ecological systems in both directions.It has achieved a perfect combination of ecological operation of social and economic systems and economic operation of natural ecosystems,and harmonious,coordinated,and win-win development of economic society and natural ecology.

Creating a New Era for Global Civilization Development by Deepening Exchanges and Mutual Learning

On March 15, 2023, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed for the first time the Global Civilization Initiative(GCI) at the CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-level Meeting. The GCI, like the Global Development Initiative and the Global Security Initiative, is another important public good provided by China in the new era to address common global challenges and build a shared future for humanity.

DAWN OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION Discovery of the Niuheliang site pushes the verifiable history of Chinese civilization back more than 1,000 years

On a rainy night in October 1985,23-year-old archaeologist Zhang Xingde embarked on a 100-mile trek with the Niuheliang Hongshan Culture site excavation team including Guo Dashun to Xingcheng,where highly revered archaeologist Su Bingqi was living.They brought a wooden box containing a goddess statue.

CIVILIZATIONAL EMBRACE“Only by comprehending the beauty of other civilizations can we appreciate the beauty of our own.”

Li Xinwei was in a tropical rainforest in Honduras,Central America,when we reached him for an interview.He was on an archaeological mission at the site of Copan,a once glorious city of the ancient Mayan civilization.As the Chinese director of a China-Honduras joint project on archaeological research of the Mayan civilization in Copan and the studies of Mesoamerican civilization led by the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences(CASS),Li has been heading the joint archaeological team excavating the Copan ruins since 2015.

Mutural Learning Among Civilizations with Great Rivers as the Medium 2023 World Great Rivers Civilizations Forum

The 2023World Great Rivers Civilizations Forum(Zhengzhou,China)was organized by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism,People's Daily,the National Cultural Heritage Administration and the Henan Provincial People's Government.

Modernization and the Diversity of Human Rights Among Civilizations--Review of the 2023 China-europe Seminar on Human Rights

Human rights are an achievement of humanity and a symbol of progress.Respect for and protection of human rights are basic principles of modern civilization.Around the world,countries and regions have chosen different paths to modernization,which are rooted in their unique civilizations.to promote exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations,facilitate human rights exchanges and cooperation between different countries,and advance the global development of human rights,on September 20,2023,the 2023 China-europe Seminar on Human Rights was held in Rome,the capital of Italy.Under the theme of“Modernization and the Diversity of Human Rights Among Civilizations,”the seminar focused on discussing topics such as exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations and the development of modern human rights philosophy,modernization and the free and well-rounded development of every person,sustainable development in the process of modernization,and the evolution of the civilization of human rights in the digital age.participants reached the following consensuses at the event:First,the participants from various countries spoke highly of the great achievements that China has made in human rights cause and fully recognized China’s contributions in promoting the development and progress of the global human rights cause;Second,the participants from all countries agreed that it is necessary to discard the concept of“Western-centrism,”transcend the mindset of“cultural superiority,”promote human rights exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations on the basis of equality and mutual respect,and inject new impetus into the diversity of human rights among civilizations;third,participants reaffirmed that human rights represent an open concept,and that we should discuss the development of human rights with an open mind and jointly promote the progress of human rights in the world.

Liangzhu Culture and Five Thousand Years of Chinese Civilization

Archaeology is a very important discipline.The million-year history of the origins of mankind and the tens of thousands of years of human prehistory and civilization rely mainly on archaeological results for their construction.

Liangzhu Forum Creates a New Platform for Exchanges Among Civilizations

On December 3,2023,the first Liangzhu Forum was held in Hangzhou,Zhejiang Province.Participants from home and abroad spoke freely and engaged in in-depth discussions to enhance dialogue and exchanges between Chinese civilization and other civilizations in the world,and promote the transformation of the Global Civilization Initiatives from an ideological concept to a practical action.Participants agreed that the Site of Liangzhu is the solid evidence of China's 5,oo0-year history of civilization and a treasure of world civilization,and that the Liangzhu Forum is of great significance for understanding the charm of the ancient civilization。