Novel approach to harmonic control for Class F power amplifier with high power added efficiency

This paper presents a new topology to implement Class F power amplifier for eliminating the on-resistance (R_(ON))effect.The time-domain and frequency-domain voltage and current waveforms for Class F amplifier are ana- lyzed using Fourier series analysis method.Considering the on-resistance effect,the formulas of the efficiency,output power,dc power dissipation,and fundamental load impedance are given from ideal current and voltage waveforms.For experimental verification,we designed and implemented a Class F power amplifier,which operates at 850 MHz using MGaAs/GaAs Heterostructure FET(HFET)device,and analyzed the measurement results.Test results show that the maximum PAE of 67% can be achieved at 28 dBm output power level.

Comparative Analysis of Rigid PVC Foam Reinforced with Class C and Class F Fly Ash

Fly ash particles are usually spherical and based on their chemical composition;they are categorized into two classes: C and F. This study compares the microstructural, mechanical and thermal properties of extruded rigid PVC foam composites reinforced with class C and class F fly ash. The mechanical properties: such as tensile and flexural strength of composites containing class C fly ash were superior to the composites containing class F fly ash particles. Composites containing 6 phr class C fly ash showed a 24% improvement in the tensile strength in comparison to a mere 0.5% increase in composites reinforced with class F fly ash. Similarly, the addition of 6 phr of class F fly ash to the PVC foam matrix resulted in a 5.74% decrease in the flexural strength, while incorporating the same amount of class C fly ash led to a 95% increase in flexural strength. The impact strength of the composites decreased as the amount of either type of fly ash increased in the composites indicating that fly ash particles improve the rigidity of the PVC foam composites. No significant changes were observed in the thermal properties of the composites containing either type of fly ash particles. However, the thermo-mechanical properties measured by DMA indicated a steep increase in the viscoelastic properties of composites reinforced with class C flyash. The microstructural properties studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed that fly ash particles were mechanically interlocked in the PVC matrix with good interfacial interaction with the matrix. However, particle agglomeration and debonding was observed in composites reinforced with higher amounts of fly ash.

高效率Class F功率放大器的设计

本文基于InGaP/GaAs HBT(HBT为异质结双极晶体管)工艺设计了一款高效率的Class F功率放大器。文中首先描述了F类功率放大器的特点和电路原理,然后对放大器的设计过程如匹配电路设计技术、谐波抑制对功率效率的影响,以及偏置电路的设计等问题做了详细的讨论。测试结果表明,设计的功率放大器在电源电压为5V,输出功率为37dBm时,效率达68%。

Prediction of Geopolymer Concrete Compressive Strength Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Geopolymer concrete emerges as a promising avenue for sustainable development and offers an effective solution to environmental problems.Its attributes as a non-toxic,low-carbon,and economical substitute for conventional cement concrete,coupled with its elevated compressive strength and reduced shrinkage properties,position it as a pivotal material for diverse applications spanning from architectural structures to transportation infrastructure.In this context,this study sets out the task of using machine learning(ML)algorithms to increase the accuracy and interpretability of predicting the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete in the civil engineering field.To achieve this goal,a new approach using convolutional neural networks(CNNs)has been adopted.This study focuses on creating a comprehensive dataset consisting of compositional and strength parameters of 162 geopolymer concrete mixes,all containing Class F fly ash.The selection of optimal input parameters is guided by two distinct criteria.The first criterion leverages insights garnered from previous research on the influence of individual features on compressive strength.The second criterion scrutinizes the impact of these features within the model’s predictive framework.Key to enhancing the CNN model’s performance is the meticulous determination of the optimal hyperparameters.Through a systematic trial-and-error process,the study ascertains the ideal number of epochs for data division and the optimal value of k for k-fold cross-validation—a technique vital to the model’s robustness.The model’s predictive prowess is rigorously assessed via a suite of performance metrics and comprehensive score analyses.Furthermore,the model’s adaptability is gauged by integrating a secondary dataset into its predictive framework,facilitating a comparative evaluation against conventional prediction methods.To unravel the intricacies of the CNN model’s learning trajectory,a loss plot is deployed to elucidate its learning rate.The study culminates in compelling findings that underscore the CNN model’s accurate prediction of geopolymer concrete compressive strength.To maximize the dataset’s potential,the application of bivariate plots unveils nuanced trends and interactions among variables,fortifying the consistency with earlier research.Evidenced by promising prediction accuracy,the study’s outcomes hold significant promise in guiding the development of innovative geopolymer concrete formulations,thereby reinforcing its role as an eco-conscious and robust construction material.The findings prove that the CNN model accurately estimated geopolymer concrete’s compressive strength.The results show that the prediction accuracy is promising and can be used for the development of new geopolymer concrete mixes.The outcomes not only underscore the significance of leveraging technology for sustainable construction practices but also pave the way for innovation and efficiency in the field of civil engineering.

UHF波段功率放大器设计

为某UHF波段的发射机设计一款己类功率放大器,工作于频段430~455 MHz,介绍了谐波控制和匹配网络的设计。在放大器输出匹配网络前添加谐波控制电路,通过对晶体管漏极的谐波控制生成己类放大器的工作波形。同时,在输入、输出阻抗是复阻抗的情况下,使用简化实频技术对电路进行匹配,提高了匹配网络的效率。测试结果显示,该放大器输出功率达60 dBm,对应的增益为20 dB,PAE为79%,达到设计要求。

面向功放-整流一体化设计的逆F类功率放大器

针对微波无线功率传输对于高功率处理能力的高效整流器需求,提出一种基于高效率功率放大器的功放-整流一体化设计思路。文章首先使用型号为CG2H40010F的氮化镓高电子迁移率晶体管(GaN HEMT),通过谐波控制、负载牵引等方法,设计出一款工作在2.45GHz逆F类高效率功率放大器。在高效率功率放大器的基础上基于时间反转对偶理论,通过改变逆F类功率放大器电流方向,同时结合耦合器和移相器实现了高功率容量整流电路的设计。仿真结果表明,在2.45GHz工作频率下,功率放大器的输入功率为28dBm时,功率附加效率达到76%,输出功率40dBm;整流电路的输入功率为41dBm时,RF-DC转换效率可达到79%,整流最佳效率大于80%,显示了整流器的高功率处理能力。引入了两个单刀双掷开关实现功率放大器和整流器的功能切换,文章对核心电路功率放大器进行了实物测试,测试结果与仿真重合较好,验证了功放-整流一体化设计的可行性。

输入谐波相位控制的宽带高效率连续逆F类功率放大器

卫星通信与地面移动通信的互补融合已成为趋势,这意味着以功率放大器(功放)为核心的无线射频前端需要应对大带宽和高效率的双重挑战。该文提出的输入谐波相位控制方法可以有效突破功放带宽和效率相互制约的瓶颈,并以连续逆F类工作模式为基础,通过控制输入端二次谐波相位来重构晶体管漏极时域波形,在保证高效率的同时获得阻抗设计空间的大幅提升。利用这一拓展的阻抗设计空间,研制了一款1.7~3.0 GHz的连续逆F类功放,实测结果表明在该工作频段内可以实现40.62~42.78 dBm的输出功率和72.2%~78.6%的漏极效率,同时增益可达10.6~14.8 dB。

基于阻抗缓冲概念的连续逆F类功率放大器设计

为了满足移动通信系统中功率放大器宽频带和高效率的需求,介绍了一种高效率连续逆F类功率放大器设计方法,并基于CREE公司的CGH40010F高功率管设计了验证电路。在分析连续逆F类模式的基波和谐波阻抗基础上,提出了一款基于阻抗缓冲概念的新型谐波控制网络,设计并实现了一个1.2 GHz~2.3 GHz宽带的连续逆F类功率放大器。ADS版图联合仿真结果表明:在1.2 GHz~2.3 GHz工作频带内,漏极效率在58.9%~74.4%之间,输出功率为39.3 dBm~41.3 dBm,增益大于10.3 dB,增益平坦度小于±1 dB。本文的设计方法能为功放设计者提供一定的参考。

高效率双频连续F类功率放大器的设计

为满足多标准和多频段无线通信的需求,针对特定频段如何提高效率问题,基于连续F类功放的谐波控制理论,提出了一种高达三次谐波控制的双频功放设计方法,实现了两个频段的高效率性能。首先,分析了电流源平面的各次谐波阻抗,基于连续F类阻抗设计空间的灵活性,设计的双频谐波控制网络将二次谐波控制在短路点附近,同时将三次谐波控制在开路点附近,可提高任意两个频段功放的效率。随后,针对传统耦合器基频匹配网络在多频匹配方面的不足,提出了改进的双频阻抗匹配网络,简化了匹配方法并实现了不同频点的最佳基波阻抗同时匹配到标准的50Ω。最后,使用Cree公司的CGH40010F GaN HEMT设计了一款工作在1.8和2.6 GHz的双频连续F类功率放大器,并进行测试,结果显示在1.8和2.6 GHz的饱和输出功率分别为40.6 dBm和39.5 dBm,最大功率附加效率分别为75.4%和74%,最大漏级效率均大于75%。测试结果表明,所提出的双频谐波控制网络设计方法在提高功放效率方面具有显著优势。

应用于5G通信的三频F类功率放大器设计

为满足5G通信技术的多标准和多频段需求,针对如何提高多频段效率的问题,提出了一种三次谐波控制的三频功率放大器设计方法。首先基于F类功率放大器的原理设计了三频谐波控制网络,用于提高三频功率放大器效率;然后又给出了一种三频基波匹配方法,用来实现任意三频的基波匹配并简化输出匹配结构;最后设计了一款高效率的三频F类功率放大器并进行测试,测试结果表明该功率放大器在1.8、2.6和3.4 GHz的漏级效率分别为74.2%、73.8%和69.0%,饱和输出功率均在40 dBm左右,增益也可达到14.5 dB。

F类可重构功率放大器设计

针对F类功放并根据可重构理论,文中设计了一种基于PIN开关的新型谐波控制网络。该谐波控制网络主要通过调节PIN开关工作状态来实现不同频率下多项谐波分量的控制,以此来提高功放的整体效率。基于此新型谐波控制网络,采用CREE公司的CGH40010F GaN HEMT晶体管设计了一款工作在1.75 GHz和2.45 GHz的F类可重构功率放大器,并进行了加工测试。实测结果表明,在1.75 GHz和2.45 GHz工作频率下,饱和输出功率大于40.5 dBm,最大漏极效率大于69%,增益高于10.3 dB,带宽大于200 MHz。

L波段F类高效率载片式功率放大器设计

为解决传统F类功率放大器受晶体管输出电容和输出电感影响,导致调谐匹配网络结构复杂的问题,提出了一种紧凑型的输出调谐匹配电路结构。通过分析基波匹配电路的阻抗特性,在谐波频率处可将其等效为一段有限的到地电抗。在设计谐波匹配电路时,将该电抗元件与谐波匹配电路进行协同设计,避免引入多余的元件来消除基波匹配网络对谐波匹配网络的影响,减小了功放的整体面积。最后,仅引入一个LC串联谐振网络,实现对输出二次\\三次谐波的控制以提高输出效率。基于该电路结构,采用0.25μm GaN HEMT管芯设计了一款L波段高效率功率放大器,并且使用内匹配技术在7 mm×8 mm铜-钼-铜载片上实现。实测结果表明,在漏源电压28 V、10%占空比的脉冲输入的工作条件下,该功率放大器在1.18~1.42 GHz频带内实现饱和输出功率48.1~48.4 dBm,功率附加效率61%~63%,功率增益大于26 dB。该结构在提高效率的同时,降低了电路复杂度。

一种改进LC匹配电路的Class-F射频功率放大器

为了改善传统F类射频功放LC输出匹配电路二阶阻抗不为零而造成的效率损害,提出了一种更加理想的新型LC输出匹配电路.根据双极型功放的特点,提出的新型LC输入匹配电路可以进一步提高输出效率.通过在Jazz SiGe BiCMOS 0.35μm工艺上的电路仿真设计表明,效率可以由63%增加到73%.工作在2.4 GHz频段上的此F类功率放大器可以适用于采用非线性调制的射频发送端.

基于阶梯阻抗匹配网络的连续逆F类功率放大器

为了满足移动通信系统中功率放大器宽频带和高效率的需求,采用阶梯阻抗网络实现宽带匹配电路,设计了一款高效率连续逆F类功率放大器。选用CGH40010F GaN HEMT晶体管,通过对连续逆F类功率放大器的理论分析,并且结合ADS负载牵引与源牵引仿真,提取各频点的最佳负载阻抗和源阻抗,设计阶梯阻抗匹配电路,最终实现了一款宽带高效率功率放大器。测试结果表明,该功率放大器在3.2~3.8 GHz频段内,增益大于14 dB,增益平坦度小于±0.4 dB,饱和输出功率为40.6~40.9 dBm,最大漏极效率为64%~68%。该功率放大器的测试性能良好,可以为宽频带高效率功率放大器的设计提供参考。

Analysis of the third harmonic for class-F power amplifiers with an Ⅰ–Ⅴ knee effect

The appearance of third-generation semiconductors represented by gallium nitride （GaN） material greatly improves the output power of a power amplifier （PA）, but the efficiency of the PA needs to be further improved. The Class-F PA reduces the overlap of drain voltage and current by tuning harmonic impedance so that high efficiency is achieved. This paper begins with the principle of class-F PA, regards the third harmonic voltage as an independent variable, analyzes the influence of the third harmonic on fundamental, and points out how drain efficiency and output power vary with the third harmonic voltage with an I-V knee effect. Finally, the best third harmonic impedance is found mathematically. We compare our results with the Loadpull technique in advanced design system environment and conclude that an optimized third harmonic impedance is open in an ideal case, while it is not at an open point with the I-V knee effect, and the drain efficiency with optimized third harmonic impedance is 4% higher than that with the third harmonic open.

Using LDMOS Transistor in Class-F Power Amplifier For WCDMA Applications

The fundamental operating principle of a Class F power amplifier and the factors aiding or affecting Class F performance were explicated previously. A Class F power amplifier design which satisfies WCDMA specifications is explained in this paper. The Class F amplifier was designed by employing Motorola’s LDMOS (Laterally Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor) transistor models and we simulated its performance by means of ADS. A variety of procedures were applied in the process of designing Class F amplifier, namely, DC simulation, bias point selection, source-pull and load-pull characterization, input and output matching circuit design and the design of suitable harmonic traps, which are explained here.

A High Power-Added-Efficiency 2.5-GHz Class-F Power Amplifier Using 0.5 μm GaN on SiC HEMT Technology

This paper proposed the high-frequency, multi-harmonic-controlled, Class-F power amplifier (PA) implemented with 0.5 μm GaN Hetrojunction Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT). For PA design at high frequencies, parasitics of a transistor significantly increase the difficulty of harmonic manipulation, compared to low-frequency cases. To overcome this issue, we propose a novel design methodology based on a band-reject, low-pass, output matching network, which is realized with passive components. This network provides optimal fundamental impedance and allows harmonic control up to the third order to enable an efficient Class-F behavior. The implemented PA exhibits performance at 2.5 GHz with a 50% PAE, 14 dB gain, and 10 W output power.

X-band inverse class-F GaN internally-matched power amplifier

An X-band inverse class-F power amplifier is realized by a 1-mm Al Ga N/Ga N high electron mobility transistor（HEMT）.The intrinsic and parasitic components inside the transistor,especially output capacitor Cds,influence the harmonic impedance heavily at the X-band,so compensation design is used for meeting the harmonic condition of inverse class-F on the current source plane.Experiment results show that,in the continuous-wave mode,the power amplifier achieves 61.7% power added efficiency（PAE）,which is 16.3% higher than the class-AB power amplifier realized by the same kind of HEMT.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first inverse class-F Ga N internally-matched power amplifier,and the PAE is quite high at the X-band.

基于Wi-Fi6频段双频F类功放的设计

射频多频系统的应用越来越广泛,而功率放大器作为射频发射系统前端的关键部分,其效率和性能一直是设计的重点。本文设计了一种基于Wi-Fi6频段的高效率双频F类功率放大器。通过设计的双频谐波控制网络来精确的控制两个频率的二次和三次谐波,ADS中版图仿真结果显示该双频F类功放在2.4GHz-2.49GHz时,功率附加效率(Power added efficiency,PAE)超过67%,增益大于13dB,在5.725GHz-5.875GHz时,PAE维持在49%-52%,增益大于10.4dB,并且在两个频率的二次谐波和三次谐波都得了有效的抑制,满足射频前端发射机的性能要求。

基于逆F类的非对称Doherty功率放大器设计

随着5G时代的到来,大容量、高速率通信使得信号具有很高的峰均比。本文设计了一款工作在n78频段的大回退、高效率的逆F类(F^(-1))非对称Doherty功率放大器。在载波功放、峰值功放的负载牵引中加入F^(-1)类谐波抑制网络,使其成为具有高效率的F^(-1)类功放,并且将载波功放后的阻抗逆变器改变为多阻抗匹配网络以提高回退过程中的效率。仿真结果表明在3.4-3.6GHz频段内,F^(-1)类非对称DPA饱和输出功率在41dBm左右,饱和平均效率大于70%,回退6dB时平均效率在50%以上,回退9.5dB时平均效率仍在43%以上。