Hybrid treatment of varied orthodontic appliances for a patient with skeletal class II and temporomandibular joint disorders:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND The relation between orthodontic treatment and temporomandibular disorders(TMDs)is under debate;the management of TMD during orthodontic treatment has always been a challenge.If TMD symptoms occur during orthodontic treatment,an immediate pause of orthodontic adjustments is recommended;the treatment can resume when the symptoms are managed and stabilized.CASE SUMMARY This case report presents a patient(26-year-old,female)with angle class I,skeletal class II and TMDs.The treatment was a hybrid of clear aligners,fixed appliances and temporary anchorage devices(TADs).After 3 mo resting and treatment on her TMD,the patient’s TMD symptom alleviated,but her anterior occlusion displayed deep overbite.Therefore,the fixed appliances with TAD were used to correct the anterior deep-bite and level maxillary and mandibular deep curves.After the levelling,the patient showed dual bite with centric relation and maximum intercuspation discrepancy on her occlusion.After careful examination of temporomandibular joints(TMJ)position,the stable bite splint and Invisible Mandibular Advancement appliance were used to reconstruct her occlusion.Eventually,the improved facial appearance and relatively stable occlusion were achieved.The 1-year follow-up records showed there was no obvious change in TMJ morphology,and her occlusion was stable.CONCLUSION TMD screening and monitoring is of great clinical importance in the TMD susceptible patients.Hybrid treatment with clear aligners and fixed appliances and TADs is an effective treatment modality for the complex cases.

Simple and effective method for treating severe adult skeletal class II malocclusion: A case report

BACKGROUND Severe skeletal class II malocclusion is the indication for combined orthodontic and orthognathic treatment.CASE SUMMARY A woman with a chief complaint of a protruding chin and an inability to close her lips requested orthodontic camouflage.The treatment plan consisted of extracting the right upper third molar,right lower third molar,left lower second molar,and left upper third molar and moving the maxillary dentition distally using a convenient method involving microimplant nail anchors,push springs,long arm traction hooks,and elastic traction chains.After 52 months of treatment,her overbite and overjet were normal,and her facial profile was favorable.CONCLUSION This method can be used for distal movement of the maxillary dentition and to correct severe skeletal class II malocclusion in adults.

Effect of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 Infection in Vitro on the Expression of HLA Class II Antigen of Monocytes

Objectives: In order to investigate the role of mono-cytes and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II an-tigen in herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection, westudied the effect of HSV-2 infection in vitro on theexpression of HLA class II antigen on monocytes.Methods: Monocytes were infected with HSV-2(Strain 333). Culture cells were collected 1, 3, 5 and 7days after infection. The levels of expression of HLAclass II antigen were measured by using alkaline phos-phatase antialkaline phosphatase method (APAAP).Results: The levels of the expression of HLA class IIantigen on monocytes significantly decreased on thefirst day of post-infection, and then gradually returnedto levels found in the controls by the 7th day post-infection.Conclusion: HLA class II antigen expression onmonocytes was inhibited with HSV-2 infection, whichmight be one means of virus escape at an early phase.The expression of HLA class II antigen may play animportant role in herpes simplex viurs-2 pathogenic-ity and immunity.

Prokaryotic Expression and Monoclonal Antibody Preparation of Chicken Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecules

[ Objective] To prepare the monoclonal antibody against chicken major histocompatibility complex class II molecules （MHC II）. [ Method ] The prokaryotic expression of the gene fragments of exons 2 -6 encoding alpha chain of MHC II and exons 3 -6 encoding beta chain of MHC II were performed based on its protein sequences. After BALB/c mice were immunized with the purified fusion proteins, the mouse spleen cells were fused with mouse myeloma cells SP2/0. Then the positive hybridoma cells were screened and detected by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. [ Result] One hybridoma cell strain secreting monoclonal antibody against alpha chain and two strains secreting monoclonal antibody against beta chain were obtained. These three hybridoma cell strains were named as MHC II alpha-4, MHC II betas-2 and MCH II betas-31, respectively. Their titers of ascites in indirect ELISA were 1 ： 256 000, 1 ： 256 000 and 1 ： 1 280 000, respectively. These antibodies could specifically recog- nize MHC II alpha chain or beta chain in western blotting. [ Conclusion] Three obtained hybridoma stains can stably produce the monoclonal antibody against chicken MHC class II molecules.

Comparison of skeletal, dental and soft tissue changes in young adults with Class II malocclusion, treated either by camouflage, fixed functional appliance or orthognathic surgery—A prospective study on Indian subjects

Introduction: Borderline Class II malocclusion due to deficient mandible can be treated either by orthodontic camouflage, fixed functional appliances or by orthodontics followed by surgical mandibular advancement. Methodology: A prospective study was designed on young adults with Class II malocclusion on account of a deficient mandible. A total of 45 subjects were divided into three groups of 15 individuals each. The patients were treated either by camouflage, fixed functional appliances or by orthognathic surgery. Pre and post treatment cephalograms were used to assess the skeletal, dental and soft tissue changes. Pre and post treatment profile photographs were assessed on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) by orthodontists, oral surgeons and laypersons. Results: Each group achieved a reduction in facial convexity, but the results obtained from the surgical group were more pronounced than the camouflage and the fixed functional group. Conclusion: The reduction in convexity in the camouflage group was by retracting the upper anteriors, which increases the nasolabial angle. In the fixed functional appliance a combination of skeletal and dentoalveolar changes can be observed. However the most appropriate reduction in profile convexity can be obtained by combined orthodontic and surgical treatment of malocclusion.

Prediction of Peptides Binding to Major Histocompatibility Class II Molecules Using Machine Learning Methods

In daily life,we are frequently attacked by infection organisms such as bacteria and viruses. Major Histocompatibility (MHC) molecules have an essential role in T-cell activation and initiating an adaptive immune response. Development of methods for prediction of MHC-Peptide binding is important in vaccine design and immunotherapy. In this study, we try to predict the binding between peptides and MHC class II. Support vector machine (SVM) and Multi-Layer Percep-tron (MLP) are used for classification. These classifiers based on pseudo amino acid compositions of data that we ex-tracted from PseAAC server, classify the data. Since, the dataset, used in this work, is imbalanced, we apply a pre-processing step to over-sample the minority class and come over this problem. The results show that using the concept of pseudo amino acid composition and applying over-sampling method, increases the performance of predictor. Fur-thermore, the results demonstrate that using the concept of PseAAC and SVM is a successful method for the prediction of MHC class II molecules.

Diversity and Frequencies of HLA Class I and Class II Genes of an East African Population

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs) play an important role in host immune responses to infectious pathogens, and influence organ transplantation, cancer and autoimmune diseases. In this study we conducted a high resolution, sequence-based genotyping of HLA class I and class II genes of more than 2000 women from Kenya, eastern Tanzania and southern Uganda around Lake Victoria and analyzed their allele, phenotype and haplotype frequencies. A considerable genetic diversity was observed at both class I and II loci. A total of 79 HLA-A, 113 HLA-B, 53 HLA-C, 25 HLA-DPA1, 60 HLA-DPB1, 15 HLA-DQA1, 44 HLA-DQB1 and 38 HLA-DRB1 alleles have been identified. The most common class I alleles were A * 02:01:01 (10.90%), B * 58:02 (8.79%), and C * 06:02:01 (16.98%). The most common class II alleles were DPA1*01:03:01 (40.60%), DPB1 * 01:01:01 (23.45%), DQA1 * 01:02:01 (31.03%), DQB1 * 03:01:01 (21.79%), DRB1 * 11:01:02 (11.65%), DRB3 * 02:02:01 (31.65%), DRB4 * 01:01:01 (10.50%), and DRB5 * 01:01:01 (10.50%). Higher than expected homozygosity was observed at HLA-B (P = 0.022), DQA1 (P = 0.004), DQB1 (P = 0.023), and DRB1 (P = 0.0006) loci. The allele frequency distribution of this population is very similar to the ones observed in other sub-Saharan populations with the exception of lower frequencies of A * 23 (5.55% versus 11.21%) and DQA1 * 03 (4.79% versus 11.72%), and higher frequencies of DPB1 * 30 (2.26% versus 0.37%) and DRB1 * 11 (21.51% versus 15.89%). The knowledge of the diversity and allele/ phenotype frequencies of the HLA alleles of this east African population, can contribute to the understanding of how host genetic factors influence disease susceptibility and effective anti-retroviral treatment of HIV infections and future vaccine trials.

Differential response of injured and healthy retinas to syngeneic and allogeneic transplantation of a clonal cell line of immortalized olfactory ensheathing glia:a double-edged sword

Olfactory ensheathing glia promote axonal regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system,including retinal ganglion cell axonal growth through the injured optic nerve.Still,it is unknown whether olfactory ensheathing glia also have neuroprotective properties.Olfactory ensheathing glia express brain-derived neurotrophic factor,one of the best neuroprotectants for axotomized retinal ganglion cells.Therefore,we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective capacity of olfactory ensheating glia after optic nerve crush.Olfactory ensheathing glia cells from an established rat immortalized clonal cell line,TEG3,were intravitreally injected in intact and axotomized retinas in syngeneic and allogeneic mode with or without microglial inhibition or immunosuppressive treatments.Anatomical and gene expression analyses were performed.Olfactory bulb-derived primary olfactory ensheathing glia and TEG3 express major histocompatibility complex classⅡmolecules.Allogeneically and syngenically transplanted TEG3 cells survived in the vitreous for up to 21 days,forming an epimembrane.In axotomized retinas,only the allogeneic TEG3 transplant rescued retinal ganglion cells at 7 days but not at 21 days.In these retinas,microglial anatomical activation was higher than after optic nerve crush alone.In intact retinas,both transplants activated microglial cells and caused retinal ganglion cell death at 21 days,a loss that was higher after allotransplantation,triggered by pyroptosis and partially rescued by microglial inhibition or immunosuppression.However,neuroprotection of axotomized retinal ganglion cells did not improve with these treatments.The different neuroprotective properties,different toxic effects,and different responses to microglial inhibitory treatments of olfactory ensheathing glia in the retina depending on the type of transplant highlight the importance of thorough preclinical studies to explore these variables.

口外弓推磨牙向后治疗安氏II类1分类错的分析研究

目的 :探讨口外弓推磨牙向后治疗安氏 II类 1分类错牙合的机制。方法 :对 12例安氏 II类 I分类错牙合的少年进行口外弓推磨牙向后治疗 ,第二期用方丝弓矫治器治疗 ;对两期相关的软硬组织进行 X线头影测量。结果 :口外弓推磨牙向后的治疗使颌骨、牙齿、软组织有不同程度的改变 ,主要通过抑制上颌骨 ,使下颌正常生长而使 ANB明显减小 ;口外力也使上中切牙倾斜度明显减小。方丝弓矫治器使治疗更完善。结论 :口外弓推磨牙向后配合方丝弓矫治器是不拔牙治疗安氏 II类 1分类错牙合简便有效的方法之一。

安氏II类2分类错与先天性牙异常的关系

目的 :为了验证安氏II类 2分类错牙合与先天性牙异常如过小侧切牙、釉质发育不良、多生牙、易位牙、尖牙阻生和缺牙之间存在的关系。方法 :对 10 0例年龄 12～ 42岁未经历正畸治疗的II类 2分类错牙合患者的病史、口内、X片和牙模型进行检查 ,并进行样本百分比分析。结果 :结果显示牙异常者占 5 0 .0 0 %。 7.0 0 %的患者上侧切牙釉质发育不良 ,2 8.0 0 %过小侧切牙 ,4.0 0 %尖牙阻生 ,9.0 0 %下切牙缺失 ,易位牙为 2 .0 0 % ,无一例多生牙。 3 0 .0 0 %前牙Bolton比值不协调。结论 :安氏II类 2分类错牙合与过小侧切牙、釉质发育不良、先天缺牙密切相关。II类

岩石I类和II类曲线形成机制的弹塑性细胞自动机分析

基于弹脆塑性理论和细胞自动机自组织理论相结合来模拟岩石试样的应变软化行为,对岩样单轴压缩破坏过程中产生I类和II类曲线的机制进行模拟分析,利用应力-应变线性组合的控制加载方式,分别考虑不同的均质度和不同的加载控制参数的情况,并模拟非均质岩石单轴压缩破坏过程的I类和II类曲线。研究结果表明,当采用应力-应变线性组合的控制加载方式时,I类和II类曲线的出现与岩石试样的均质度和加载控制参数有很大的关系,均质度越大,岩石脆性越强,峰后越趋向于形成II类曲线;同一种岩石试样,采用不同的线性组合参数,岩样既可以表现为I类行为,也可表现为II类行为。

活动斜面导板在成人安氏II类下颌后缩深覆牙合治疗中的应用

目的:探讨活动斜面导板在矫治安氏Ⅱ类下颌后缩深覆牙合成人患者中的应用。方法:在临床上选择12例安氏Ⅱ类下颌后缩深覆牙合的成人错牙合患者,应用斜面导板分次前移下颌矫治下颌后缩,并纠正深覆牙合。恢复磨牙Ⅰ类关系。通过临床观察、模型测量及X线头影测量来评价其疗效。结果:12名患者中10名在戴用活动斜面导板6～12个月后,咬合关系明显改善;侧貌协调;前牙覆牙合覆盖正常,无颞颌关节症状。结论:只要病例合适,方法运用得当,活动斜面导板治疗安氏Ⅱ类下颌后缩深覆牙合的成人患者具有良好的疗效。

MHC II类分子表达调控的研究进展

MHCII类分子提呈经过加工的抗原给CD4 + T淋巴细胞 ,在诱发免疫反应中起重要作用。MHCII类分子不正常表达会引起严重的免疫缺陷疾病 ,如裸淋巴细胞综合征 (BLS)等。目前已识别出四种不同的MHCII调控基因。这些基因分别编码RFXANK、RFX5、RFXAP和CIITA。其中 ,前三个是RFX复合物的亚基 ,RFX是一种结合于所有MHCII类基因启动子上的泛式表达的因子。CIITA是MHCII类分子表达的主要调控因子 ,其严密调控的表达模式决定了MHCII类分子表达的细胞特异性 ,及能否被诱导且在何种水平上表达。

安氏II类1分类单双颌前磨牙减数对下颌第三磨牙影响的CBCT研究

目的:探讨安氏II类1分类患者单颌拔牙与双颌拔牙正畸治疗对下颌第三磨牙(M3)萌出的影响。方法:选取安氏II类1分类65例,上颌单颌前磨牙减数32例,双颌前磨牙减数33例。在治疗前后拍摄CBCT,NNT viewer中3D重建,测量M3的轴倾角度(LM3)和下颌第二磨牙(M2)远中间隙,以及M2之间、M3之间的宽度,治疗前后数据进行配对t检验。结果:单颌拔牙组左LM3增加(P<0.01);双颌拔牙组右LM3减少(P<0.01),M2远中间隙增加(P<0.001),M3间距减少(P<0.001)。结论:单颌拔牙可能会增加M3阻生机率;双颌拔牙可能会增加M3正常萌出机率。

HLA-II类基因与妊娠期糖尿病相关性的研究

有关HLAII类基因的研究已经涉及到遗传学、免疫学、临床医学。其中HLAII与自身免疫性疾病的相关性是非常重要且引人注目的问题,特别是HLAII类基因与糖尿病相关性研究已取得了一定的结论,HLAII类基因与病理性妊娠的相关研究也有所进展。妊娠期糖尿病的病因及发病机理目前尚不清楚。妊娠期糖尿病为糖尿病的一独立特殊型,它与HLAII类基因相关性的研究已开始起步,不同的HLAII类基因可能控制妊娠期糖尿病的抑制性和易感性。

基于数量化II类的数据分析库的设计与实现

数量化II类理论研究的是定性资料的分析,它与判别分析根据所研究的个体的观测指标来推断该个体所属类型的方式不一样。文章以数量化II类作理论依据,采用定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法,提出了一种数据分析库的设计和实施方案,该系统在数据分析和决策支持系统方面的研究和应用中有一定的特色。

Improved super-elastic Ti–Ni alloy wire intrusion arch for skeletal class Ⅱ malocclusion combined with deep overbite:A case report

BACKGROUND Treatment for deep overbite cases can be difficult. This case report presents some techniques with improved super-elastic Ti–Ni alloy wire(ISW) for deep overbite correction.CASE SUMMARY A 21-year-old woman had a chief complaint of flaring maxillary teeth. Orthodontic evaluation revealed a skeletal class Ⅱ malocclusion and a convex profile appearance. A deep overbite with palatal impingement and large overjet were also noted. Bilateral maxillary first premolars were extracted, and spaces were closed using a closed-coil spring and elastic chain. The deep overbite was corrected by applying the ISW curve and ISW intrusion arch. Intermaxillary elastics was used to adjust the intermaxillary relationship. Active treatment took approximately 3 years, and the appearance and dentition alignment noticeably improved.CONCLUSION The use of the ISW technique in a case of skeletal class Ⅱ malocclusion with deep overbite achieved a desirable result, and the patient was satisfied with the treatment outcome.

Orthodontic-surgical treatment of an Angle Class Ⅱ malocclusion patient with mandibular hypoplasia and missing maxillary first molars: A case report

BACKGROUND Adult patients presenting with Angle Class II division 1 malocclusions that have a strong skeletal etiology can be challenging for clinicians,particularly if accompanied by retrognathia of the mandible and a dolichofacial growth pattern.CASE SUMMARY In this case report,we describe the successful orthodontic and surgical management of a 20-year-old woman with an Angle Class II malocclusion with a severe anteroposterior skeletal discrepancy characterized by mandibular deficiency.She had incompetent lips,dental and skeletal Class II malocclusion,high mandibular plane angle,mild mandibular crowding,and two missing maxillary first molars.The treatment plan comprised:(1)Extraction of two mandibular second premolars to decompensate and retract mandibular incisors;(2)pre-surgical alignment,leveling,and space closure of the teeth in both arches,and protraction of the second maxillary molars to close the maxillary space;(3)surgical treatment including a LeFort I osteotomy for maxillary retraction and rotation,a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy for mandibular advancement and rotation,and a genioplasty for correctting the skeletal deformities;and(4)post-surgical correction of the malocclusion.CONCLUSION The patient’s facial esthetics was significantly improved and a desirable occlusion was achieved after 16 mo treatment.Follow-up records after 2 years showed stable esthetics and function.

黄颡鱼MHC classⅡ基因全长的克隆及饲料维生素D3对其组织表达的影响

为进一步丰富鱼类MHC class Ⅱ基因的研究,同时也为进一步探讨低磷饲料中添加维生素D3对鱼类免疫功能可能的影响,实验利用RACE(Rapid-amplification of c DNA ends)即c DNA末端快速扩增技术,成功克隆出黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)主要组织相容性复合体(Major histocompatibility complex,MHC)class Ⅱ抗原基因,全长1074 bp,其中ORF(Open reading frame)708 bp,编码236个氨基酸,5′UTR(5′端非翻译区)78 bp,3′UTR(3′端非翻译区)259 bp。进行氨基酸序列比对分析得到:黄颡鱼MHC class Ⅱ基因ORF氨基酸序列与长吻逘(Leiocassis longirostris)的氨基酸序列相似度最高为69.5%,与锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的氨基酸序列相似度最低为50.4%。利用q PCR对黄颡鱼MHC class Ⅱ基因进行组织表达分析,结果表明MHC class Ⅱ在小肠、肝脏、鳃中表达较高;在肌肉、鳍条中表达较低;而在肾、脾脏、脑、头肾中表达量极低(几乎检测不到)。在低磷饲料中添加维生素D3显著诱导了该基因的上调表达。研究结果展示了黄颡鱼MHC class Ⅱ抗原基因的分子结构、组织表达以及维生素D3的作用,在降低磷排放的同时,为今后黄颡鱼免疫抗病及分子选育等方向的深入研究及免疫型饲料的使用奠定了基础。

Generation of Interstellar Class Ⅱ 7_2-8_1A^+ and 7_2-8_1A^-Methanol Masers

New methanol maser lines at 72 → 63A^-（86.6 GHz） and 72 → 63A^＋（86.9 GHz） together with two candidate methanol maser lines at 72 → 81A-（80.99GHz） and 72→81A^＋（111.29GHz） have been detected in W3（OH）. We use a pumping mechanism, i.e., methanol masers without population inversion, to explain the formation of weak methanol masers of 72 → 81A^＋ and 72→ 81A^-. We explain well why the line-shape of the transition 72 → 81A^＋ is not typical. A similar argument can be applied to the A-type level system 72A^-, 63A^- and 81A^-, as well as to the 72 → 81A^- 80.99 GHz masers.