Forest recovery after clear-cutting in Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis) plantations of North China

In Hebei Province of North China, forest was recovered with natural recruitment in plantations with large area of clear-cutting Chinese pine（Pinus tabuliformis）. This study was aimed to demonstrate the dynamic characteristics of recruits during the natural recruitment. Both plot survey and the spatial point-pattern analysis were performed. Five developmental stages of natural recruitment were selected and studied, including 1 year before and 2, 5, 8, and 11 years after clear-cutting. Different slope aspects were also included. Natural recruitment was always dominated by Chinese pine with a proportion of higher than 90%. For plots of 1 year before clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, recruit densities were 7886 and 5036 stems/hm2, the average heights were 0.78（±0.85） and 1.06（±1.15） m, and the average diameters at breast height（DBH） were 3.21（±1.38） and 2.91（±1.38） cm, respectively. After clear-cutting, recruit density was initially increased, then it was gradually declined with time; however, the variation of average DBH was contrary to that of recruit density. Both of them were no longer varied between 8 and 11 years after clear-cutting. The average height of recruits continued to increase after clear-cutting. For the plots of 11 years after clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, average heights of recruits reached 2.00（±1.14） and 2.24（±1.20） m, respectively. The statuses of recruits on north-facing slopes were better than those on east-facing slopes after clear-cutting. Meanwhile, recruits on east-facing slopes were always aggregated at small scales, while spatial pattern of recruits varied with time on north-facing slopes. Moreover, forest was recovered more quickly by natural recruitment than by artificial afforestation after clear-cutting. The structural diversity was higher in naturally regenerated forests than in plantations of the same age. Our results demonstrated that clear-cutting of Chinese pine plantations recovered by natural recruitment has the potential to be an effective approach for establishing multifunctional forest.

Effect of clear-cutting silviculture on soil respiration in a subtropical forest of China

Aims Clear-cutting is a common forest management practice,especially in subtropical China.However,the potential ecological consequences of clear-cutting remain unclear.In particular,the effect of clear-cutting on soil processes,such as the carbon cycle,has not been quantified in subtropical forests.Here,we investigated the response of soil respiration(Rs)to clear-cutting during a 12-month period in a subtropical forest in eastern China.Methods We randomly selected four clear-cut(CC)plots and four corresponding undisturbed forest(UF)plots.Measurements of Rs were made at monthly time points and were combined with continuous climatic measurements in both CC and UF.Daily Rs was estimated by interpolating data with an exponential model dependent on soil temperature.Daily Rs was cumulated to annual Rs estimates.Important Findings In the first year after clear-cutting,annual estimates of Rs in CC(508±23g C m^(−2) yr^(−1))showed no significant difference to UF plots(480±12g C m^(−2) yr^(−1)).During the summer,soil temperatures were usually higher,whereas the soil volumetric water content was lower in CC than in UF plots.The long-term effects of clear-cutting on Rs are not significant,although there might be effects during the first several months after clear-cutting.Compared with previous work,this pattern was more pronounced in our subtropical forest than in the temperate and boreal forests that have been studied by others.With aboveground residuals off-site after clear-cutting,our results indicate that the stimulation of increasing root debris,as well as environmental changes,will not lead to a significant increase in Rs.In addition,long-term Rs will not show a significant decrease from the termination of root respiration,and this observation might be because of the influence of fast-growing vegetation after clear-cutting in situ.

Analysis on Natural Regeneration Characteristics and Growth Factors of Two Cut-over Lands of Larix gmelini Forests in Greater Khingan Mountains

[Objective] This study aims to analyze the natural regeneration characteristics and growth factors of two cut-over lands of Larix gmelini forests in Greater Khingan Mountains. [Method] A database was established based on the information of natural regeneration cut-over sample plots of Larix gmelini forests in Greater Khingan Mountains. Natural regeneration characteristics of clear-cutting sample plot and shelterwood-cutting sample plot of Larix gmelini in the northern regions of Greater Khingan Mountains were investigated by programming analysis. [Result] The natural regeneration of two principal felling systems was both good, and that of shelterwood-cutting sample plot was better. There were significant linear regression relationships among various growth factors of naturally regenerated plants. [Conclusion] This study provided scientific theoretical guidance for subsequent deforestation and regeneration in Greater Khingan Mountains.

A meta-analysis of the impacts of forest logging on soil CO2 efflux

Soil CO2 efflux,the second largest flux in a forest carbon budget,plays an important role in global carbon cycling.Forest logging is expected to have large effects on soil CO2 efflux and carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems.However,a comprehensive understanding of soil CO2 efflux dynamics in response to forest logging remains elusive due to large variability in results obtained across individual studies.Here,we used a meta-analysis approach to synthesize the results of 77 individual field studies to determine the impacts of forest logging on soil CO2 efflux.Our results reveal that forest logging significantly stimulated soil CO2 efflux of the growing season by 5.02%.However,averaged across all studies,nonsignificant effect was detected following forest logging.The large variation among forest logging impacts was best explained by forest type,logging type,and time since logging.Soil CO2 efflux in coniferous forests exhibited a significant increase(4.38%)due to forest logging,while mixed and hardwood forests showed no significant change.Logging type also had a significant effect on soil CO2 efflux,with thinning increasing soil CO2 efflux by 12.05%,while clear-cutting decreasing soil CO2 efflux by 8.63%.The time since logging also had variable effects,with higher soil CO2 efflux for 2 years after logging,and lower for 3-6 years after logging;when exceeded 6 years,soil CO2 efflux increased.As significantly negative impacts of forest logging were detected on fine root biomass,the general positive effects on soil CO2 efflux can be explained by the accelerated decomposition of organic matter as a result of elevated soil temperature and organic substrate quality.Our results demonstrate that forest logging had potentially negative effects on carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems.

Forest Disturbance Enhanced the Activity of Epedaphic Collembola in Windthrown Stands of the High Tatra Mountains

The study aimed to assess the response of ep- and hemiedaphic Collembola communities(activity, richness, community structure) to a disturbance, the subsequent management regime and to the season(summer, winter) in a High Tatra Mountains spruce forest destroyed by a windstorm.Fire and clear-cut resulted in an initial increase in the activity of Collembola inhabiting open areas,opportunistic or generalist species, while forest specialists diminished in numbers or disappeared.Our results indicated that treatment with nonextracted fallen trees(NEX) provided a better chance for forest species to survive compared with their survival in open habitats of extracted(EXT) and wildfire(FIR) treatments. Great species' potential of NEX treatment was indicated by Chao2 estimator and activity/species rarefaction curves. Communities of NEX treatment were more similar to the reference(REF) treatment, documented by ordination and cluster analyses. Thus, leaving fallen timber after a windthrow to natural process of succession is suitable for survival of forest species and maintenance of diversity in forests restoration than timber extraction.Community structure in wildfire(FIR) stands was the most dissimilar to the other treatments. Most of the species trapped in this treatment belonged to hemiedaphic life forms, while the activity of larger epedaphic species diminished. In contrast, the highest number of trapped Collembola in EXT treatment was connected with the larger-bodied epigeic species with fast dispersal ability. The trapping period affected both the number of individuals and species richness;Collembola activity and species diversity in the individual treatments were lower in winter compared with the summer period. Several species increased activity during the winter period, namely Folsomia penicula, Friesea mirabilis, F. truncata, Hypogastrura socialis and Protaphorura aurantiaca.

Changes of forest fire regime and landscape pattern under different harvesting modes in a boreal forest of Northeast China

Forest management such as timber harvesting shapes fire regimes and landscape patterns, and these patterns often differ significantly from those under natural disturbances. Our objective was to examine the effects of timber harvesting modes on fire regimes and landscape patterns in a boreal forest of Northeast China. We used a spatially explicit landscape model, LANDIS, to simulate the changes of forest landscape in the Huzhong forest region of the Great Khingan Mountains under no-cutting, clear-cutting, gradual-cutting and selective-cutting modes. Results showed that：（1） the fine fuel loadings generally decreased while the coarse fuel loadings increased with the increase of timber harvesting intensity;（2） the potential burn area significantly varied among different cutting modes, but the potential fire frequency had no obvious difference. Moreover, timber harvesting generally increased the potential fire risk;（3） clear-cutting mode significantly decreased the mean patch size and the aggregation of larch forests and increased the mean patch size and the aggregation of white birch forests. Therefore, clear-cutting mode should be abandoned, and selective-cutting mode be recommended for the sustainable forest management in the Great Khingan Mountains.

Productivity and energy balance of forest plantation harvesting in Uganda

The study evaluated the productivity and energy balance of the harvesting and the extraction of wood in plantation of exotic tree species, i.e., Pinus patula （Schiede ex Schlectendahl et Chamisso） and Cupressus lusitanica （Mill.）. The harvesting and extraction operations concerned clear-cut felling on two different types of terrain （gentle and steep terrain） and two levels of prun- ing. The results show that cutting is not affected by the terrain gradient whereas the pruning condition shows a significant effect on the delimbing operation. The productivity of cutting is evaluated at 28.1 m3.d-1 for unpruned trees and at 30.2 m3.d t for pruned trees. For the extraction phase, rolling was significantly affected by terrain conditions. On steep terrain, the gross productivity can be evaluated at 22.5 m3.d 1 for an extraction distance of 40 m, while for the same distance on gentle terrain the productivity decreases to 14.1 m3.d~. As a result, the steep terrain condition showed higher energy efficiency, suggesting that it is the more efficient system of extraction. The productivity model and the energy balance resulting from the study provide a better understanding of the variables af- fecting motor-manual cutting and rolling extraction in exotic plantations in Uganda.

Variable retention harvesting in Victoria’s Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests (southeastern Australia)

Variable retention harvesting is a silvicultural system that focuses on retaining key elements of stand structure at the time of logging and is increasingly being used worldwide.We describe the design and establishment of a variable retention harvesting experiment established in the Mountain Ash(Eucalyptus regnans)forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria,south-eastern Australia.The experiment was instigated in 2003,and the work to date has shown that it has environmental benefits for certain groups of small mammals,birds,and vascular plants.The experiment has been integrated with an ongoing long-term monitoring program as well as other experiments such as those in post-fire salvage-logged areas.Collectively,the results of various studies suggest that the potential value of variable retention harvesting extends beyond green-tree logging to post-fire salvage logging environments.We outline some of the challenges in,and new perspectives derived from,implementing and maintaining our experiment.This included difficulties protecting islands from high-intensity post-harvest regeneration burns and threat of declining funding undermining ongoing project viability.A critically important perspective concerns the ecological and economic context in which variable retention harvesting is implemented.In the particular case of Mountain Ash forests,assessments using formal IUCN criteria classify the ecosystem as being Critically Endangered under the Red Listed Ecosystem approach.As a result,Mountain Ash forests are at a high risk of ecosystem collapse.Further logging will increase that risk,making the basis for continued harvesting questionable.In addition,economic analyses suggest that the value of natural assets,like water production,far outweigh the value of the wood products harvested from the Mountain Ash ecosystem,again leading to questions about the viability of ongoing harvesting.We therefore conclude that whilst variable retention harvesting has the potential to contribute to biodiversity conservation in Mountain Ash forests,broader ecological and economic contextual issues(such as the values of competing resources like water yields and the heavily degraded state of the forest)may erode the case for its broader application.

Soil fungal and prokaryotic community structure exhibits differential short-term responses to timber harvest in the Pacific Northwest

Conventional clear-cut timber harvest is a widespread industrial practice across the Pacific Northwest;however,information regarding how these practices impact soil microbial community structure at the regional scale is limited.With evidence of consistent and substantial impact of harvest on soil microbial functional profiles across the region(despite a range of environmental conditions),the objective of this study was to determine the extent to which harvest also influences the structure of prokaryotic and fungal soil microbial communities,and how generalized these trends are throughout the geographic region.Paired soil samples were collected one year before and after harvest across nine second-growth Douglas-fir forests in the Pacific Northwest.Total community DNA was extracted from the soils,and high-throughput targeted gene sequencing of the 16 S r RNA gene for prokaryotes and the internal transcribed spacer(ITS)gene for fungi was performed.Alpha diversity was consistently and significantly higher after harvest;it was moderately so for fungal communities(+14.6%),but only marginally so for prokaryotic communities(+2.0%).Similarly,on average,a greater proportion of the variation in the community structure of fungi(20.1%)at each site was associated with forest harvest compared to that of prokaryotes(13.2%).Overall,the greatest influence of timber harvest on soil microbial communities appeared to be a relative depletion of ectomycorrhizal fungi,with a concomitant enrichment of saprotrophic fungi.Understanding the short-term responses of soil microbial communities across the region,particularly those of tree root-associated symbionts,may aid our understanding of the role soil microbial communities play in ecological succession.

Guild composition and habitat use of voles in 2 forest landscapes in south-eastern Norway

It is widely believed that intensive forestry has influenced small mammal population dynamics,and thereby the entire mammalian community in Fennoscandian boreal forests.The nature of these impacts on the different species is subject to debate.We live-trapped voles between 2006 and 2009 in 2 commercially harvested forests in south-eastern Norway.We investigated the variation in vole abundance among habitat types(e.g.mature forest and clear-cut)and the hypothesis that graminivorous species such as field voles(Microtus agrestis L.)benefit from clear-cuts at the expense of forest dwellers(i.e.the bank vole,Myodes glareolus Schreb.),using fine-scale descriptors of the ground vegetation.We could not find support for the hypothesis that field voles show a preference for clear-cuts,and their overall abundance was low,while bank voles were the dominant species in all habitat types,including clear-cuts in the peak and pre-peak years.We found a positive association between bank vole abundance and bilberry(Vaccinium myrtillus L.)availability rather than a specific habitat type.Low field vole density in clear-cuts might be due to variation in local productivity and ground vegetation as well as to large variation in the species temporal dynamics.The latter is particularly associated with the widespread decline of field voles in Scandinavia.Logging has the potential to negatively affect bank vole population dynamics because of the negative effect on bilberry development.