Tip Clearance Flows in Turbine Cascades

This article describes the effects of some factors on the tip clearance flow in axial linear turbine cascades. The measurements of the total pressure loss coefficient are made at the cascade outlets by using a five-hole probe at exit Mach numbers of 0.10, 0.14 and 0.19. At each exit Mach number, experiments are performed at the tip clearance heights of 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0% of the blade height. The effects of the non-uniform tip clearance height of each blade in the pitchwise direction are also studied. The results show that at a given tip clearance height, generally, total pressure loss rises with exit Mach numbers proportionally. At a fixed exit Mach number, the total pressure loss augments nearly proportionally as the tip clearance height increases. The increased tip clearance heights in the tip regions of two adjacent blades are to be blame for the larger clearance loss of the center blade. Compared to the effects of the tip clearance height, the effects of the exit Mach number and the pitchwise variation of the tip clearance height on the cascade total pressure loss are so less significant to be omitted.

Topology and Vortex Structures of Turbine Cascade with Different Tip Clearances

This paper uses the topology theory to analyze the surface flowspectrums of straight, positively curved and negatively curvedcascades with relative tip clearances of 0.023 and 0.036, findsapparent differences of topology and vortex structures in the bladetip and the suction side wall corner of single type of cascade withthis two clearances, and studies the mechanism of the differenceformation as well as their effects o the energy loss.

TOPOLOGY AND VORTEX STRUCTURES OF A CURVING TURBINE CASCADE WITH TIP CLEARANCE (Ⅰ)- EXPERIMENTAL MODEL AND TOPOLOGICAL FLOW PATTERNS ON BOTH ENDWALLS AND BLADE SURFACES

By means of ink trace visualization of the flows in conventional straight, positively curved and negatively curved cascades with tip clearance, and measurement of the aerodynamic parameters in the transverse section, and by appling topology theory, the structures on both endwalls and blade surfaces were analyzed. Compared with conventional straight cascade, blade positive curving eliminates the separation line of the upper passage vortex and leads the secondary vortex to change from close separation to open separation, while blade negative curving effects merely the positions of singular points and the intensities and scales of vortex.

TOPOLOGY AND VORTEX STRUCTURES OF A CURVING TURBINE CASCADE WITH TIP CLEARANCE (Ⅱ)- TOPOLOGICAL FLOW PATTERN AND VORTEX STRUCTURE IN THE TRANSVERSE SECTION OF A BLADE CASCADE

By means of ink trace visualization of the flows in conventional straight, positively curved and negatively curved cascades with tip clearance, and measurement of the aerodynamic parameters in transverse section, and by appling topology theory, the topological structures and vortex structure in the transverse section of a blade cascade were analyzed. Compared with conventional straight cascade, blade positive curving eliminates the separation line of the upper passage vortex, and leads the secondary vortex to change from close separation to open separation, while blade negative curving effects merely the positions of singular points and the intensities and scales of vortex.

Effect of tip geometry and tip clearance on aerodynamic performance of a linear compressor cascade

The tip leakage flow between a blade and a casing wall has a strong impact on compressor pressure rise capability, efficiency, and stability. Consequently, there is a strong motivation to look for means to minimize its impact on performance. This paper presents the potential of passive tip leakage flow control to increase the aerodynamic performance of highly loaded compressor blades. Experimental investigations on a linear compressor cascade equipped with blade winglets mounted to the blade tips have been carried out. Results for a variation of the tip clearance and the winglet geometry are presented. Current results indicate that the use of proper tip winglets in a compressor cascade can positively affect the local aerodynamic field by weakening the tip leakage vortex. Results also show that the suction-side winglets are aerodynamically superior to the pressure-side or combined winglets. The suction-side winglets are capable of reducing the exit total pressure loss associated with the tip leakage flow and the passage secondary flow to a significant degree.

Experimental Study of Effects of One Kind of Tangentially Non-uniform Tip Clearance on the Flow Field at an Exit of a Compressor Cascade Passage

This paper presents an experimental investigation of effects of one kind of tangentially non-uniform tip clearance on the flow field at an exit of a compressor cascade passage.The tests were performed in a low-speed large-scale cascade with the uniform tip clearance and the non-uniform clearance.The three-dimensional flow field was measured at the exit at three incidence angles of 0°,5°,and 8° using a mini five-hole pressure probe.The measurement results show that the non-uniform tip clearance can moderate the leakage flow and blow down more low-energy fluids at the tip corner and decrease the accumulation of low-energy fluids which cause the flow blockage in the blade passage.In the meantime,the non-uniform clearance can weaken the tangential migration of the low-energy fluids in the endwall boundary layer and reduce the secondary loss and the flow blockage in the tip region.

Experimental Investigations of the Three-DimensionalFlow in a Large Deflection Turbine Cascade with Tip Clearance

Results obtained from an experbontal study of the threedimensional flow survey within and exit of a large defiection linear turbine cascade are presented for a tip clearance levels of 0.08, 1.5, 3.0 percent of chord and compared with the help of boundary layer probes and that within and exit of a blade passage was done with a miniaturised five hole probe. End wall and blade tip surface static pressures were also obtained, in addition to flow visualisation studies. A strong horse-shoe vortex forms in front of the leading edge for zero clearance whereas this vortex does not appear for 3 percent clearance indicating that for large clearance the pressure forces have dominating infiuence than the viscous forces. In addition to normally known clearance vortex, a small tip separation vortex was noticed on the blade tip surface inside the tip gap. Due to the area contraction caused by the tip separation vortex, the fluid movign towards the tip gap from the pressure side is accelerated. Downstream of the vortex, the endwall pressure increases due to flow mixing. Both vortices increase in size and strength along the chord. The miring is incomplete in the aft portion of the blade. The tip gap velocity profiles exhibit wak like characteristics especially at axial positions where the mixing is incomplete. The passage vortex in the present investigations did not diminish with increase in clearance. The discharge coefhcient and the total pressure loss coefficient within the tip gap show similar tendency with lower values near the leading and trailing edge regions.

Flow Visualization and Topological Analysis of a Turbine Rotor Cascade with Tip Clearance

By means of ink trace visualization and topological allalysis, this paper investigates the topological structure of the flow pattern surrounding both endwalls and blade surfaces for a low aspect ratio linear rotor cascade with tip cIearance. The structure of the flow pattern shows that most of the singular points and separation lines are located in the upper half span region of the tested cascade where the aerodynamic behaviors are deteriorated.

Experimental Investigation of Aerodynamic Performance due to Blade Tip Clearance in a Gas Turbine Rotor Cascade

This study examines how the complex flow structure within a gas turbine rotor affects aerodynamic loss. An unshrouded linear turbine cascade was built, and velocity and pressure fields were measured using a 5-hole probe. In order to elucidate the effect of tip clearance, the overall aerodynamic loss was evaluated by varying the tip clearance and examining the total pressure field for each case. The tip clearance was varied from 0% to 4.2% of blade span and the chord length based Reynolds number was fixed at 2×10^(5). For the case without tip clearance, a wake downstream of the blade trailing edge is observed, along with hub and tip passage vortices. These flow structures result in profile loss at the center of the blade span, and passage vortex related losses towards the hub and tip. As the tip clearance increases, a tip leakage vortex is formed, and it becomes stronger and eventually alters the tip passage vortex. Because of the interference of the secondary tip leakage flow with the main flow, the streamwise velocity decreases while the total pressure loss increases significantly by tenfold in the last 30% blade span region towards the tip for the 4.2% tip clearance case. It was additionally observed that the overall aerodynamic loss increases linearly with tip clearance.

Effect of Winglet Geometry Arrangement and Incidence on Tip Clearance Control in a Compressor Cascade

An experimental study is conducted to investigate the influences of blade tip winglet on the flow field of a compressor cascade. The tests are performed in a low speed linear cascade with stationary endwall, with three blade tip configurations, including the baseline tip, the suction-side winglet tip and the pressure-side winglet tip. The fiowfield downstream of the cascade is measured using five-hole probe, from which the three-dimensional velocity field, vorticity field and pressure field are obtained. Static pressure measurements are made on the endwall above the blade row using pressure taps embedded in the plywood endwall. All measurements are made at both design and off-design conditions for tip clearance level of about 2 percent of the blade chord. The results revealed the incidence variation significantly affects the secondary flow and the associated loss field downstream of the cascade, where the tip leakage vortex and passage vortex exist as the major contributors on the field. The winglet geometry arrangements can change the trajectory of the tip leakage vortex. The suction-side winglet tip blade provides a lower overall total pressure loss coefficient when compared to the baseline tip blade and pressure-side winglet tip blade at all incidence angles.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TIP-CLEARANCE FLOW IN CASCADE

The tip-clearance flow in a cascade was numerically simulated by solving theRANS equations of incompressible fluids. The computational model was based upon the artificialcompressibility formulation proposed by Chorin. The Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model was used to makethe governing equations closed. For the specific structure of tip-clearance flow, a multi-block gridstructure was adopted to facilitate numerical compulations. The comparison of numerical resultswith experimental data indicates that the present method is capable of simulating tip-clearanceflows with satisfactory accuracy.

大间隙涡轮叶栅流场结构的研究

对具有 3.6 %相对叶顶间隙涡轮叶栅的三维流场进行了实验和数值模拟 ,分析了大间隙涡轮叶栅流道内的涡系结构。结果表明在叶顶间隙内部和上半叶展出现了复杂的分离涡系 ,在上半叶展存在叶顶泄漏涡、上通道涡、吸力侧脱落涡、压力侧叶顶脱落涡和被泄漏流吹向下游的尾缘涡系的相互作用。

冲角变化对涡轮叶栅内间隙流动的影响

航空发动机涡轮工作效率的损失很大程度在于涡轮叶尖间隙损失,而叶尖区域泄漏流动的形成机理强烈地依赖于叶栅的运行工况,因此有必要研究来流冲角的变化对涡轮叶栅内间隙流动的影响。为此在低速风洞中对三套不同叶片积迭线形状的矩形叶栅进行了实验,测量了间隙内以及沿流动方向8个横截面的气动参数。通过对实验结果的分析和讨论,认为随着冲角的增加叶顶压差与端壁流道横向压力梯度增大,同时叶栅的总流动损失也随之增加。

叶尖泄漏与压气机叶栅三维角区分离相互作用实验研究

为了进一步揭示叶顶泄漏与压气机叶栅三维角区分离流动的相互作用机制,采用五孔气动探针测量了叶栅出口截面气动参数,并对机匣端壁静压进行了测量,详细分析了不同间隙尺寸及来流角度时压气机叶栅间隙流对角区三维分离流动的影响机理。研究结果表明,适当大小叶顶间隙引入的泄漏流阻止了端壁二次流动与叶片吸力面附面层之间的相互作用,移除了三维角区分离,改善了叶栅性能。随着叶顶间隙尺寸及叶栅内气流折转程度的增加,叶顶泄漏涡与上通道涡间的相互作用程度逐渐增强。

具有叶顶间隙涡轮转子叶栅流动的拓扑及旋涡结构观测

为了了解具有顶部间隙的涡轮转子叶栅流道内及间隙内的流动状况，采用五孔球头测针和五孔微型束状测针分别对叶栅流道和间隙进行了测量，同时对端壁及叶片壁面进行了流动显示，采用拓扑分析方法对显示结果进行了详细分析，探讨了间隙存在时叶栅各种旋涡的形成机理。测量及显示结果表明：由于顶部间隙的存在，在叶栅顶部形成如泄漏涡等复杂的涡系结构，这些涡系之间及它们与上通道涡之间发生强烈的相互作用，明显增大了叶栅的顶部损失；在叶栅尾缘附近存在着部分回流区域。

具有叶顶间隙的涡轮正弯叶栅流场的拓扑与旋涡结构

为进一步揭示在具有间隙的涡轮叶栅中叶片正弯降低泄漏损失的机理，采用微型束状与球头五孔测针详细测量了直叶栅和正弯叶栅间隙内和诸横截面流场中的气动参数，并对壁面（包括上、下端壁和叶片表面）进行了墨迹显示。根据测量与显示结果，应用拓扑学原理分析了壁面与横截面流动的拓扑结构，推测出叶栅内流场的旋涡结构。分析结果表明，在直叶栅中存在着七条分离线与七大集中涡系，它们分别为上端壁叶顶进口吸力边与压力边马蹄涡、泄漏涡、二次涡、下端壁进口边马蹄涡和上、下通道涡。与直叶栅比较，叶片正弯明显减少了壁面与横截面流场中奇点的数量，消除了上通道涡，并使叶顶吸力边的二次涡分离流动由闭式分离转变为开式分离。

叶顶间隙对环形叶栅三维粘性流场影响的数值分析

１前言考虑叶顶间隙影响的三维叶栅粘性流场特性的数值模拟是当今比较流行的研究课题。顶部泄漏流动的研究对更准确分析、设计三维叶栅具有重要意义。近年来，国内外的学者使用了多种不同的数值方法及实验方法对叶顶间隙流进行研究。然而，以往的计算往往局限于直列叶栅，...

涡轮叶栅叶顶间隙泄漏流动实验研究

针对一种高负荷涡轮叶栅,利用低速矩形叶栅风洞实验研究叶顶间隙泄漏流动.研究了不同叶顶间隙和不同来流冲角情况下,涡轮叶栅的流场结构和气动性能.研究工况包括无间隙,0.5%、1.0%、1.5%叶高间隙和±10°、±5°、0°冲角.通过五孔探针获得矩形叶栅出口截面上总压、气流角以及速度分布;通过叶片表面开设的静压孔,获得叶片中部以及靠近叶顶截面的叶片表面静压分布.实验结果表明:叶顶间隙的存在增强了叶栅顶部的二次流动,恶化了上半叶展的流动状况,涡系结构发生了改变.随着叶顶间隙的增大,叶栅总压损失增加,气流偏转不足/过偏现象加剧;随着冲角的增大叶栅总压损失增加.

有叶顶间隙的涡轮弯叶栅拓扑与旋涡结构(Ⅰ)——试验模型、端壁与叶片表面拓扑结构

根据具有叶顶间隙的直叶栅和正、反弯叶栅壁面流动的墨迹显示以及横截面内气动参数测量 ,应用拓扑学原理 ,分析了端壁与叶片表面拓扑结构· 与直叶栅比较 ,叶片正弯消除了上通道涡分离线 ,并使二次涡由闭式分离转变为开式分离 ,而叶片反弯仅影响奇点位置。

叶片弯曲对叶顶间隙流动影响的实验研究

详细测量了直叶栅与正、反弯叶栅叶顶间隙中分面以及叶栅前、后横截面内气动参数分布，并对壁面（包括上、下端壁与叶片表面）流场进行了墨迹显示。对比３ 套叶栅的实验结果发现：叶片正弯削弱了泄漏流与端壁流道内横向二次流，泄漏涡与上通道涡合并，二次涡分离由整体分离转变为局部分离，既减少了相对漏气量又降低了掺混损失；叶片反弯加强了泄漏涡与上通道涡的相互作用，虽然使相对漏气量减少，但却增大了掺混损失。