Judicial Typification of Human Rights Protection Amid Climate Risks:Legal Analysis and Path Choice

In accordance with the canonical sources of the right of legal claim,the targets of judicial review,and the intensity of judicial review intervention policies,lawsuits that directly and indirectly activate the function of human rights protection amid climate risks can be divided into the following categories:climate change lawsuits based on international human rights law,climate change lawsuits based on the domestic constitution,and judicial review of administrative procedures.Due to the singularity of the legal status and force of international human rights law,its“direct applicability”and“explanatory applicability”limit its function in protecting human rights;Climate change lawsuits based on domestic constitutions have the identification of basic right of claim,the judgment of basic rights and function,and the scope of state obligations as the judgment process.Factors such as the difficulty in right typification caused by the integration of climate law and interests,the expansion of discretionary and administrative power in legislation under the context of risk prevention,and the functional boundary of the judicial system cause the dysfunction of the dichotomous review standard of positive rights and negative rights.Procedural rights represent an important dimension of climate-related human rights.With the standardization of administrative procedures on addressing climate risks,the courts are gradually reinforcing decision-making authorities’obligation of due diligence through judicial review of risk decision-making procedures,thus indirectly guaranteeing the realization of tangible human rights.

Analysis of the Correlation between Tourism and Climate in the Ancient City of Langzhong

Based on the meteorological data of Langzhong from 1981 to 2016,a comprehensive comfort index model of tourism climate suitable for Langzhong is established by calculating the meteorological and climatic factors affecting tourism in the ancient city of Langzhong.The model is used to evaluate the climate comprehensive comfort of Langzhong,and its grades and suitable tourism periods are divided.Based on the monthly index of passenger flow volume in the ancient city of Langzhong from 2013 to 2015,a mathematical model is established through OLS regression analysis to analyze the correlation between changes in monthly passenger flow volume in a year and the comprehensive comfort of tourism climate in the ancient city of Langzhong.The results show that the climate in Langzhong is suitable for tourism in spring and autumn.It is suitable for tourism from February to June and from September to December,of which it is most suitable for tourism from April to May and from September to October.It is less suitable for tourism in only January and from July to August,and there is no unsuitable period.The changes in monthly passenger flow volume in a year are mainly affected by the meteorology and climate.The changes of climate comprehensive comfort in various month have an extremely significant impact on passenger flow volume.The elastic coefficient of impact of climate comprehensive comfort index on the monthly index of passenger flow volume is 0.9614%.

A Review on Aspects of Climate Simulation Assessment

This paper reviews some aspects of evaluation of climate simulation, including the ITCZ, the surface air temperature （SAT）, and the monsoon. A brief introduction of some recently proposed approaches in weather forecast verification is followed by a discussion on their possible application to evaluation of climate simulation. The authors suggest five strategies to extend the forecast verification methods to climate simulation evaluation regardless significant differences between the forecasts and climate simulations. It is argued that resolution, convection scheme, stratocumulus cloud cover, among other processes in the atmospheric general circulation model （AGCM） and the ocean-atmosphere feedback are the potential causes for the double ITCZ problem in coupled models and AGCM simulations, based on the system- and component-level evaluations as well as the downscaling strategies in some recent research. Evaluations of simulated SAT and monsoons suggest that both coupled models and AGCMs show good performance in representing the SAT evolution and its variability over the past century in terms of correlation and wavelet analysis but poor at reproducing rainfall, and in addition, the AGCM alone is not suitable for monsoon regions due to the lack of air-sea interactions.

Performance of CMIP5 Models in the Simulation of Climate Characteristics of Synoptic Patterns over East Asia

The evolution of daily synoptic weather patterns is the main driver of day-to-day weather change. These patterns are generally associated with changes in temperature, precipitation, etc., especially during extreme weathers. Evaluating the ability of climate models to reproduce the frequency and intensity of daily synoptic patterns is essential for increasing confidence in future projections. In this study, we investigated the ability of 34 global climate models （GCMs） included in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） to simulate synoptic patterns over East Asia and their evolution features in winter and summer. Daily synoptic patterns in sea level pressure and their occurrence frequencies were identified by using an objective clustering algorithm, self-organizing maps （SOMs）. The evaluation consists of correlating the frequencies of these patterns in the 34 CMIP5 models with the frequencies in the NCEP reanalysis during the baseline period of 1980-1999. The results illustrated that most of these models were able to reproduce the synoptic patterns of the NCEP reanalysis. In addition, the frequencies of temporal sea level pressure （SLP） anomaly patterns were reproduced by most of the models over the baseline period, but the frequencies of spatial SLP anomaly patterns were only reproduced by a few GCMs. Overall, the models performed better in summer than in winter. Comprehensive evaluation shows that the four top-performing models for both winter and summer are bcc-csml-l-m, NorESM1-M, MRI-CGCM3, and CCSM4. They show good performance in simulating the daily synoptic patterns in SLP and in reproducing their occurrence frequencies. The results showed that the SOM was an effective tool for differentiating characteristics of synoptic circulation patterns and for evaluating the ability of climate models to simulate the frequency of daily synoptic patterns. The results can also help users to choose a better model for future climate projection and downscaling over East Asia.