A Study of the Impacts of the Spatial Differences in Climate Engineering Programs on the Intensities of Extreme High-Temperature Events in China Under A 1.5℃ Temperature Control Target

Based on the daily maximum temperature data and average temperature data prediction for the period ranging from 2020 to 2099 under the scenario of BNU-ESM climate engineering(G4 test)and non-climate engineering(RCP4.5),the regional differences in the extreme high-temperature intensities in China during the implementation of climate engineering programs(2020 to 2069)and after the implementation of those programs(2070 to 2099)were analyzed using the Weibull Distribution Theory.The results are as follows.(1)The comparison of the two scenarios shows that climate engineering has not fundamentally changed the spatial variation of the intensity of extreme hightemperature events in different recurring periods in China.It was found that in both scenarios,the extreme hightemperature intensities were characterized by the spatial differentiations of low-temperature intensities on the QinghaiTibet Plateau,and high-temperature intensities in the eastern and northwestern region.(2)The comparison of the two scenarios shows that climate engineering in the two study periods could help mitigate the extreme high-temperature intensities with different recurrence periods in China,and the mitigation effects during the implementation period would be significantly higher than those after the implementation.(3)The comparison between the periods ranging from 2020 to 2069 and 2070 to 2099 under the proposed climate engineering scenarios suggests that there would be no strong rebounding of extreme high-temperatures following the implementation of climate engineering programs.Moreover,the mitigation effect of extreme high-temperature intensity during the implementation of climate engineering is significantly higher than that after the completion of climate engineering.(4)According to the comparison between the average temperature changes in China before and after the implementation of the climate project,the average temperature in China has been reduced by at least 1.25℃,which effectively alleviates global warming and is conducive to the realization of the 1.5℃temperature control target of the Paris Agreement.

The Expanding Earth, Climate Engineering and Earthquake Processes

This article examines the issue of future directions of climate engineering in the light of the consequences of the Earth’s expansion process. One of the directions of climate engineering should be the study of seismic problems, because the state of the geosphere affects not only the atmosphere, but also the processes taking place in the bowels of the planet. If we accept the hypothesis of an expanding Earth [1], then rapid changes in meteorological conditions on the planet will become clear, and the secrets of earthquake processes will come out of the shadow of existing misconceptions among most geophysicists of the world and scientists will understand the mechanisms of energy formation of seismic processes. But, there are multiple arguments of world geophysicists testifying against the hypothesis of an expanding Earth, and in their opinion, scientists supporting this hypothesis allegedly did not provide mechanisms for the expansion of the planet [2]. In turn, the development of the theory of plate tectonics and the alleged discovery of the processes of formation of subduction zones led to the recognition of the hypothesis of plate tectonics by the world scientific community as the main theory of geophysics and sent science straight into a dead end of false conclusions, from which modern geophysics has not found a way out. And it was enough just to listen to A. Einstein and a march into the jungle of unfounded fantasies could be very easily avoided. Everything is extremely simple, but this makes it obvious and incomprehensible to most geophysicists that energy is matter, and matter is energy. For example, only the total amount of solar energy that our planet absorbs, including the atmosphere, land surface, and mirrors of the seas and oceans, is ~3,850,000 EJ per year [3]. And this is without taking into account the energy supply from space in the form of highly energetic particles. This scientific fact, which cannot be denied, must inevitably lead to the formation of matter and, consequently, to the expansion of the planet, because any high school student knows the physical concept of the equivalence of mass and energy arising from the theory of relativity A. Einstein [4], according to which the energy of a body at rest is equivalent to its mass multiplied by the square of the speed of light in a vacuum: E = mc2. That is, whether we like it or not, but the energy of the Sun and Space, as it has been transformed for billions of years into matter familiar to us: rocks, gases, minerals, fluids, will be transformed, in accordance with the laws of science. Otherwise, all the proponents of the expanding Earth hypothesis will have to declare that Mr. Einstein’s formula E = mc2 does not correspond to reality, and recognize the great scientist as a falsifier. Therefore, no matter what far-fetched arguments in the form of mythical subduction zones geophysicists give, no matter what “exotic laws of local significance” they invent, no matter how cynically they mock the fundamental laws of science—all energy entering the planet is necessarily processed and will be processed into matter with an increase in the volume of the planet. Without any exceptions! Only one biochemical process of photosynthesis continuously occurring in algae in one year brings ~3.6 × 1011 tons of oxygen into the Earth’s atmosphere [5], which significantly exceeds the amount of hydrogen and helium “immigrating” into space. Even if we take a geological epoch of one hundred million years, the evidence of an increase in the volume of the Earth only due to oxygen (3.6 × 1011 × 107 tons) becomes quite convincing. the surface area of the Earth is constantly increasing, then the processes of expansion of the planet increase exponentially, which inevitably leads to an increase in seismic activity and volcanic activity, and the increase in the volume of the planet itself serves as a lever for changing the meteorological conditions of the planet’s existence and one of the sources of seismic energy formation. In this article, we will consider seismic processes in the light of the expanding Earth hypothesis.