As an emerging technology to promote the combination of medicine and industry,the three-dimensional(3D)printing has developed rapidly in the fields of orthopedics,while its unique advantages in improving precise treat...As an emerging technology to promote the combination of medicine and industry,the three-dimensional(3D)printing has developed rapidly in the fields of orthopedics,while its unique advantages in improving precise treatment still need to be further popularized.In this report,our team have exhibited several classic cases of integrating 3D printing into orthopedic clinical application,thereby further elaborating thoughts and opinions on the significance of 3D printing in the orthopedic clinical application,technical advantages,existing main problems and coping strategies.展开更多
Objective To develop RT-nPCR assays for amplifying partial and complete VP1 genes of human enteroviruses(HEVs)from clinical samples and to contribute to etiological surveillance of HEV-related diseases.Methods A panel...Objective To develop RT-nPCR assays for amplifying partial and complete VP1 genes of human enteroviruses(HEVs)from clinical samples and to contribute to etiological surveillance of HEV-related diseases.Methods A panel of RT-nPCR assays,consisting of published combined primer pairs for VP1 genes of HEV A–C and in-house designed primers for HEV-D,was established in this study.The sensitivity of each RT-nPCR assay was evaluated with serially diluted virus stocks of five serotypes expressed as CCID50 perμL and copies perμL,and the newly established methods were tested in clinical specimens collected in recent years.Results The sensitivity of RT-nPCR assays for amplifying partial VP1 gene of HEVs was 0.1 CCID50 perμL and 10 virus copies perμL,and for the complete VP1 gene was 1 CCID50 perμL and 100 virus copies perμL,using serially-diluted virus stocks of five serotypes.As a proof-of-concept,25 serotypes were identified and complete VP1 sequences of 23 serotypes were obtained by this system among 858 clinical specimens positive for HEVs during the past eight surveillance seasons.Conclusion This RT-nPCR system is capable of amplifying the partial and complete VP1 gene of HEV A–D,providing rapid,sensitive,and reliable options for molecular typing and molecular epidemiology of HEVs in clinical specimens.展开更多
BACKGROUND Gambling disorder is characterized by excessive and recurrent gambling and can have serious negative social consequences.Although several psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approaches have been used to t...BACKGROUND Gambling disorder is characterized by excessive and recurrent gambling and can have serious negative social consequences.Although several psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approaches have been used to treat gambling disorder,new treatment strategies are needed.Growing evidence suggests that dopamine D3 receptor plays a specific role in the brain reward system.AIM To investigate if blonanserin,a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist,would be effective in reducing gambling impulses in patients with gambling disorder.METHODS We developed a study protocol to measure the efficacy and safety of blonanserin as a potential drug for gambling disorder,in which up to 12 mg/d of blonanserin was prescribed for 8 wk.RESULTS A 37-year-old female patient with gambling disorder,intellectual disability,and other physical diseases participated in the pilot study.The case showed improvement of gambling symptoms without any psychotherapy.However,blonanserin was discontinued owing to excessive saliva production.CONCLUSION This case suggests that blonanserin is potentially an effective treatment for patients with gambling disorder who resist standard therapies,but it also carries a risk of adverse effects. Further studies are needed to confirm the findings.展开更多
Introduction: Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous male cancers, contributing to significant mortality rates globally. Mutations of RNase L, an enzyme involved in inflammatory and immunological pathways, h...Introduction: Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous male cancers, contributing to significant mortality rates globally. Mutations of RNase L, an enzyme involved in inflammatory and immunological pathways, have been speculated to predispose to cancer. This study assesses three different mutations of the RNase L gene in Irish prostate cancer patients, including one linked with general cancer susceptibility never investigated before in prostate cancer (rs3738579), and reports on links with aggressive cancer. Methods: 134 patients had their RNase L mutation status determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of serum DNA. Complementary clinical details for each patient are statistically analysed. Results: No link to age of diagnosis, high grade disease or prostate specific antigen (PSA) level at diagnosis was demonstrated with any of the studied single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). The SNP variation was consistent with that of published international series. Conclusion: SNP genotypic frequencies in Ireland are consistent with international findings. The studied RNase L mutations including rs3738579 do not appear to have a significant impact on our patient population.展开更多
This review starts with a brief history of drug discovery & development, and the place of Asia in this worldwide effort discussed. The conditions and constraints of a successful translational R&D involving aca...This review starts with a brief history of drug discovery & development, and the place of Asia in this worldwide effort discussed. The conditions and constraints of a successful translational R&D involving academic basic research and clinical research are discussed and the Singapore model for pursuit of open R&D described. The importance of well-characterized, validated drug targets for the search for novel targeted anti-cancer agents is emphasized, as well as a structured, high quality translational R&D. Furthermore, the characteristics of an attractive preclinical development drug candidate are discussed laying the foundation of a successful preclinical development. The most frequent sources of failures are described and risk management at every stage is highly recommended. Organizational factors are also considered to play an important role. The factors to consider before starting a new drug discovery & development project are described, and an example is given of a successful clinical project that has had its roots in local universities and was carried through preclinical development into phase I clinical trials.展开更多
Objective:Observe the clinical characteristics of children with SLE,namely,to observe the symptoms and laboratory examinations,such as blood routine,blood lipid,immunoglobulin,complement,autoantibodies,serum 25(OH)D a...Objective:Observe the clinical characteristics of children with SLE,namely,to observe the symptoms and laboratory examinations,such as blood routine,blood lipid,immunoglobulin,complement,autoantibodies,serum 25(OH)D and other indicators,and to explore the clinical characteristics,the difference and the significance of vitamin D supplements between male and female SLE patients in children respectively.Methods:We enrolled 64 cases of SLE patients in children who were admitted into the department of pediatrics and rheumatology of the third affiliated hospital of sun yat-sen university in guangzhou from May 1,2011 to February 1,2019,They were analyzed retrospectively,adoptingΧ²test for statistical analysis.Results:64 cases of SLE in children,which included 10 cases of male and 54 cases of female.Clinical manifestations:facial skin rash in 48 patients(75%),fever in 38 cases(59.4%),arthritis in 28 cases(43.8%),oral ulcer in 18 cases(28.1%),serositis in13 cases(20.3%),and the sun allergy in 9 cases(14.1%),the damage of central nervous system in 7 cases(10.9%).Laboratory examination:30 cases of leukopenia(46.9%),anemia in 30 cases(46.9%),thrombocytopenia in 12 cases(18.8%),hematuria in 18 cases(28.1%),proteinuria in 33 cases(51.2%),6 patients with renal impairment(9.4%),antinuclear antibody positive in 63 cases(98.4%),anti-double-stranded DNA(dsDNA)antibody positive in 48 cases(75%),anti SSA antibody positive in 44 cases(68.7%),SSB antibody positive in 33 cases(51.6%),Sm antibody positive in 40 cases(62.5%),nucleosome antibody positive in 28 cases(43.8%).Among these children,male SLE patients were higher than female children with SLE in the damage of kidney,Sm antibodies and resisting nucleosome antibody positive rates(Χ²=4.451,8.336,6.803,P<0.05),the female children with SLE was higher than male SLE Children in the anti-SSB antibody positive rate(Χ²=4.945,P<0.05).In 64 cases of SLE children,which included 52 cases were lower than the normal level of serum 25(OH)D measurements,12 cases were in the normal lower limit of serum 25(OH)D measurements,at the same time,the female SLE.Patients was higher than male children with SLE in the reduce rate of serum 25(OH)D(Χ²=8.351,P<0.05).Conclusion:Male SLE patients which appeared damage of kidney easier than female patients,the proteinuria was the most common in the damage of kidney.Resistance to Sm antibodies which was the risk factor of renal injury with higher incidence in male children with SLE;Anti nucleosome antibody which was the risk factor for the disease activity in male children with SLE were higher than female children with SLE.It was estimated that the risk of Sjogren’s syndrome appeared in female with SLE were higher than that in male SLE children.In this retrospective study,the serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in children with SLE,and vitamin D supplementation was required.展开更多
Cementless acetabular components are associated with a significant incidence of polyethylene wear and secondary osteolysis. 3-dimentional (3-D) porous coating and enhanced shell to a liner fixation are expected to red...Cementless acetabular components are associated with a significant incidence of polyethylene wear and secondary osteolysis. 3-dimentional (3-D) porous coating and enhanced shell to a liner fixation are expected to reduce the polyethylene wear and to increase the longevity of an acetabular cup. The authors report the early clinical outcome with a cementless acetabular cup, Regenerex Ringloc+ (Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, IN) for total hip arthroplasty. Between 2007 and 2013, the registry with 476 hip joints was reviewed retrospectively. There were 210 (48.4%) female and 224 (51.6%) male patients. The average age of the patients at the surgery was 63.9 (± 12.0) years and the average follow-up period was 2.6 years [0.5, 6.5]. At the final follow-up, there was no loosening or cup failure. There were 2 infections, 1 dislocation and 1 liner fracture, resulting in revision hip surgery. Average Harris hip score improved from 53.9 preoperatively to 91.4 postoperatively. The survivorship of Regenerex Ring Loc+ cup and the low complication rate is comparable with previous studies using other 3-D porous metal prostheses. Although this short-term outcome from the institute is very encouraging, a longer follow-up study is required.展开更多
<strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate the clinical diagnostic value of C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and D-dimer (D-D) in patients with pulmonary thromboemboli...<strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate the clinical diagnostic value of C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and D-dimer (D-D) in patients with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). <strong>Methods:</strong> We conducted a retrospective analysis comparing hematology and coagulation in 362 PTCA-confirmed PTE patients with the control group and analyzing their relationships with CAR, NLR, and D-D. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to analyze the diagnostic threshold, area under the curve (AUC), diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of CAR, NLR and D-D for PTE. <strong>Results:</strong> 1) CAR, NLR and D-D levels in PTE patients were 2.13 ± 2.08, 8.96 ± 1.94 and 9.69 ± 8.61 respectively, significantly higher than those in control group (CAR = 0.03 ± 0.01, t = 20.7736, P < 0.01;NLR = 1.76 ± 0.53, t = 2.4281, P < 0.05 and PTE = 0.20 ± 0.11, t = 3.0066, P < 0.01 respectively). 2) NLR was positively correlated with CAR (r = 0.2111, t = 4.0971, P < 0.01) and D-D (r = 0.1065, t = 2.0481, P < 0.05), but CAR was not correlated with D-D (r = 0.0975, P > 0.05). 3) The levels of HB, LY, PLT and AT in PTE patients were significantly lower than those in control group, while WBC, NE and FB were significantly higher than those in control group. 4) CAR was negatively correlated with Hb and AT (P all < 0.01), but positively correlated with WBC, NE, MO and FB (P all < 0.01). NLR was negatively correlated with LY and AT (P all < 0.01), but positively correlated with WBC, NE and FB (P all < 0.01). DD was negatively correlated with Hb and PLT (P all < 0.05), but positively correlated with WBC, NE and MO (P all < 0.01). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The levels of Hb, LY, PLT and AT were significantly decreased in PTE patients, while WBC, NE and FB were significantly increased. CAR, NLR and D-D were highly expressed in PTE patients, and were closely correlated with Hb, AT and FB. Combined detection of CAR, NLR and D-D can improve the diagnostic value of PTE.展开更多
Objective To study the effect of using improved 2D computer-assisted fluoroscopic navigation through simulating 3D vertebrae image to guide pedicle screw internal fixation.Methods Posterior pedicle screw internal fixa...Objective To study the effect of using improved 2D computer-assisted fluoroscopic navigation through simulating 3D vertebrae image to guide pedicle screw internal fixation.Methods Posterior pedicle screw internal fixation,distraction展开更多
The Gouméré region is located in the North-East of Côte d’Ivoire and is located in the South-West of the Bui furrow. In order to highlight the geology of the area studied, 14 samples were taken for stu...The Gouméré region is located in the North-East of Côte d’Ivoire and is located in the South-West of the Bui furrow. In order to highlight the geology of the area studied, 14 samples were taken for studies using petrographic, geochemical and metallogenic methods. The study of macroscopic and microscopic petrography made it possible to highlight two major lithological units: 1) a volcano-plutonic unit, formed of gabbros, basalt, volcaniclastics and rhyodacite;2) a sedimentary unit (microconglomerate). From a geochemical point of view, the results obtained indicate that the plutonites are gabbro and gabbro diorite while the volcanics have compositions of basaltic andesites, rhyolite and dacites. The sediments have a litharenitic to sublitharenitic character. The metallogenic study made it possible to highlight hydrothermal alterations and metalliferous paragenesis on the formations studied. Hydrothermal alteration is characterized by the presence of carbonation, silicification, sericitization, sulfidation and to a lesser degree chloritization. Metalliferous paragenesis consists of pyrite, chalcopyrite, hematite and magnetite.展开更多
文摘As an emerging technology to promote the combination of medicine and industry,the three-dimensional(3D)printing has developed rapidly in the fields of orthopedics,while its unique advantages in improving precise treatment still need to be further popularized.In this report,our team have exhibited several classic cases of integrating 3D printing into orthopedic clinical application,thereby further elaborating thoughts and opinions on the significance of 3D printing in the orthopedic clinical application,technical advantages,existing main problems and coping strategies.
基金National Science and Technology Major Projects[No.2017ZX10104001 and No.2017ZX10103008]Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation[No.2016J01350]。
文摘Objective To develop RT-nPCR assays for amplifying partial and complete VP1 genes of human enteroviruses(HEVs)from clinical samples and to contribute to etiological surveillance of HEV-related diseases.Methods A panel of RT-nPCR assays,consisting of published combined primer pairs for VP1 genes of HEV A–C and in-house designed primers for HEV-D,was established in this study.The sensitivity of each RT-nPCR assay was evaluated with serially diluted virus stocks of five serotypes expressed as CCID50 perμL and copies perμL,and the newly established methods were tested in clinical specimens collected in recent years.Results The sensitivity of RT-nPCR assays for amplifying partial VP1 gene of HEVs was 0.1 CCID50 perμL and 10 virus copies perμL,and for the complete VP1 gene was 1 CCID50 perμL and 100 virus copies perμL,using serially-diluted virus stocks of five serotypes.As a proof-of-concept,25 serotypes were identified and complete VP1 sequences of 23 serotypes were obtained by this system among 858 clinical specimens positive for HEVs during the past eight surveillance seasons.Conclusion This RT-nPCR system is capable of amplifying the partial and complete VP1 gene of HEV A–D,providing rapid,sensitive,and reliable options for molecular typing and molecular epidemiology of HEVs in clinical specimens.
基金Supported by The Grant from Council for Addiction Behavior Studies。
文摘BACKGROUND Gambling disorder is characterized by excessive and recurrent gambling and can have serious negative social consequences.Although several psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approaches have been used to treat gambling disorder,new treatment strategies are needed.Growing evidence suggests that dopamine D3 receptor plays a specific role in the brain reward system.AIM To investigate if blonanserin,a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist,would be effective in reducing gambling impulses in patients with gambling disorder.METHODS We developed a study protocol to measure the efficacy and safety of blonanserin as a potential drug for gambling disorder,in which up to 12 mg/d of blonanserin was prescribed for 8 wk.RESULTS A 37-year-old female patient with gambling disorder,intellectual disability,and other physical diseases participated in the pilot study.The case showed improvement of gambling symptoms without any psychotherapy.However,blonanserin was discontinued owing to excessive saliva production.CONCLUSION This case suggests that blonanserin is potentially an effective treatment for patients with gambling disorder who resist standard therapies,but it also carries a risk of adverse effects. Further studies are needed to confirm the findings.
文摘Introduction: Prostate cancer is the most common non-cutaneous male cancers, contributing to significant mortality rates globally. Mutations of RNase L, an enzyme involved in inflammatory and immunological pathways, have been speculated to predispose to cancer. This study assesses three different mutations of the RNase L gene in Irish prostate cancer patients, including one linked with general cancer susceptibility never investigated before in prostate cancer (rs3738579), and reports on links with aggressive cancer. Methods: 134 patients had their RNase L mutation status determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of serum DNA. Complementary clinical details for each patient are statistically analysed. Results: No link to age of diagnosis, high grade disease or prostate specific antigen (PSA) level at diagnosis was demonstrated with any of the studied single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). The SNP variation was consistent with that of published international series. Conclusion: SNP genotypic frequencies in Ireland are consistent with international findings. The studied RNase L mutations including rs3738579 do not appear to have a significant impact on our patient population.
文摘This review starts with a brief history of drug discovery & development, and the place of Asia in this worldwide effort discussed. The conditions and constraints of a successful translational R&D involving academic basic research and clinical research are discussed and the Singapore model for pursuit of open R&D described. The importance of well-characterized, validated drug targets for the search for novel targeted anti-cancer agents is emphasized, as well as a structured, high quality translational R&D. Furthermore, the characteristics of an attractive preclinical development drug candidate are discussed laying the foundation of a successful preclinical development. The most frequent sources of failures are described and risk management at every stage is highly recommended. Organizational factors are also considered to play an important role. The factors to consider before starting a new drug discovery & development project are described, and an example is given of a successful clinical project that has had its roots in local universities and was carried through preclinical development into phase I clinical trials.
文摘Objective:Observe the clinical characteristics of children with SLE,namely,to observe the symptoms and laboratory examinations,such as blood routine,blood lipid,immunoglobulin,complement,autoantibodies,serum 25(OH)D and other indicators,and to explore the clinical characteristics,the difference and the significance of vitamin D supplements between male and female SLE patients in children respectively.Methods:We enrolled 64 cases of SLE patients in children who were admitted into the department of pediatrics and rheumatology of the third affiliated hospital of sun yat-sen university in guangzhou from May 1,2011 to February 1,2019,They were analyzed retrospectively,adoptingΧ²test for statistical analysis.Results:64 cases of SLE in children,which included 10 cases of male and 54 cases of female.Clinical manifestations:facial skin rash in 48 patients(75%),fever in 38 cases(59.4%),arthritis in 28 cases(43.8%),oral ulcer in 18 cases(28.1%),serositis in13 cases(20.3%),and the sun allergy in 9 cases(14.1%),the damage of central nervous system in 7 cases(10.9%).Laboratory examination:30 cases of leukopenia(46.9%),anemia in 30 cases(46.9%),thrombocytopenia in 12 cases(18.8%),hematuria in 18 cases(28.1%),proteinuria in 33 cases(51.2%),6 patients with renal impairment(9.4%),antinuclear antibody positive in 63 cases(98.4%),anti-double-stranded DNA(dsDNA)antibody positive in 48 cases(75%),anti SSA antibody positive in 44 cases(68.7%),SSB antibody positive in 33 cases(51.6%),Sm antibody positive in 40 cases(62.5%),nucleosome antibody positive in 28 cases(43.8%).Among these children,male SLE patients were higher than female children with SLE in the damage of kidney,Sm antibodies and resisting nucleosome antibody positive rates(Χ²=4.451,8.336,6.803,P<0.05),the female children with SLE was higher than male SLE Children in the anti-SSB antibody positive rate(Χ²=4.945,P<0.05).In 64 cases of SLE children,which included 52 cases were lower than the normal level of serum 25(OH)D measurements,12 cases were in the normal lower limit of serum 25(OH)D measurements,at the same time,the female SLE.Patients was higher than male children with SLE in the reduce rate of serum 25(OH)D(Χ²=8.351,P<0.05).Conclusion:Male SLE patients which appeared damage of kidney easier than female patients,the proteinuria was the most common in the damage of kidney.Resistance to Sm antibodies which was the risk factor of renal injury with higher incidence in male children with SLE;Anti nucleosome antibody which was the risk factor for the disease activity in male children with SLE were higher than female children with SLE.It was estimated that the risk of Sjogren’s syndrome appeared in female with SLE were higher than that in male SLE children.In this retrospective study,the serum 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in children with SLE,and vitamin D supplementation was required.
文摘Cementless acetabular components are associated with a significant incidence of polyethylene wear and secondary osteolysis. 3-dimentional (3-D) porous coating and enhanced shell to a liner fixation are expected to reduce the polyethylene wear and to increase the longevity of an acetabular cup. The authors report the early clinical outcome with a cementless acetabular cup, Regenerex Ringloc+ (Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, IN) for total hip arthroplasty. Between 2007 and 2013, the registry with 476 hip joints was reviewed retrospectively. There were 210 (48.4%) female and 224 (51.6%) male patients. The average age of the patients at the surgery was 63.9 (± 12.0) years and the average follow-up period was 2.6 years [0.5, 6.5]. At the final follow-up, there was no loosening or cup failure. There were 2 infections, 1 dislocation and 1 liner fracture, resulting in revision hip surgery. Average Harris hip score improved from 53.9 preoperatively to 91.4 postoperatively. The survivorship of Regenerex Ring Loc+ cup and the low complication rate is comparable with previous studies using other 3-D porous metal prostheses. Although this short-term outcome from the institute is very encouraging, a longer follow-up study is required.
文摘<strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate the clinical diagnostic value of C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and D-dimer (D-D) in patients with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE). <strong>Methods:</strong> We conducted a retrospective analysis comparing hematology and coagulation in 362 PTCA-confirmed PTE patients with the control group and analyzing their relationships with CAR, NLR, and D-D. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to analyze the diagnostic threshold, area under the curve (AUC), diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of CAR, NLR and D-D for PTE. <strong>Results:</strong> 1) CAR, NLR and D-D levels in PTE patients were 2.13 ± 2.08, 8.96 ± 1.94 and 9.69 ± 8.61 respectively, significantly higher than those in control group (CAR = 0.03 ± 0.01, t = 20.7736, P < 0.01;NLR = 1.76 ± 0.53, t = 2.4281, P < 0.05 and PTE = 0.20 ± 0.11, t = 3.0066, P < 0.01 respectively). 2) NLR was positively correlated with CAR (r = 0.2111, t = 4.0971, P < 0.01) and D-D (r = 0.1065, t = 2.0481, P < 0.05), but CAR was not correlated with D-D (r = 0.0975, P > 0.05). 3) The levels of HB, LY, PLT and AT in PTE patients were significantly lower than those in control group, while WBC, NE and FB were significantly higher than those in control group. 4) CAR was negatively correlated with Hb and AT (P all < 0.01), but positively correlated with WBC, NE, MO and FB (P all < 0.01). NLR was negatively correlated with LY and AT (P all < 0.01), but positively correlated with WBC, NE and FB (P all < 0.01). DD was negatively correlated with Hb and PLT (P all < 0.05), but positively correlated with WBC, NE and MO (P all < 0.01). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The levels of Hb, LY, PLT and AT were significantly decreased in PTE patients, while WBC, NE and FB were significantly increased. CAR, NLR and D-D were highly expressed in PTE patients, and were closely correlated with Hb, AT and FB. Combined detection of CAR, NLR and D-D can improve the diagnostic value of PTE.
文摘Objective To study the effect of using improved 2D computer-assisted fluoroscopic navigation through simulating 3D vertebrae image to guide pedicle screw internal fixation.Methods Posterior pedicle screw internal fixation,distraction
文摘The Gouméré region is located in the North-East of Côte d’Ivoire and is located in the South-West of the Bui furrow. In order to highlight the geology of the area studied, 14 samples were taken for studies using petrographic, geochemical and metallogenic methods. The study of macroscopic and microscopic petrography made it possible to highlight two major lithological units: 1) a volcano-plutonic unit, formed of gabbros, basalt, volcaniclastics and rhyodacite;2) a sedimentary unit (microconglomerate). From a geochemical point of view, the results obtained indicate that the plutonites are gabbro and gabbro diorite while the volcanics have compositions of basaltic andesites, rhyolite and dacites. The sediments have a litharenitic to sublitharenitic character. The metallogenic study made it possible to highlight hydrothermal alterations and metalliferous paragenesis on the formations studied. Hydrothermal alteration is characterized by the presence of carbonation, silicification, sericitization, sulfidation and to a lesser degree chloritization. Metalliferous paragenesis consists of pyrite, chalcopyrite, hematite and magnetite.
