The potential mechanism and clinical application value of remote ischemic conditioning in stroke

Some studies have confirmed the neuroprotective effect of remote ischemic conditioning against stroke. Although numerous animal researches have shown that the neuroprotective effect of remote ischemic conditioning may be related to neuroinflammation, cellular immunity, apoptosis, and autophagy, the exact underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. This review summarizes the current status of different types of remote ischemic conditioning methods in animal and clinical studies and analyzes their commonalities and differences in neuroprotective mechanisms and signaling pathways. Remote ischemic conditioning has emerged as a potential therapeutic approach for improving stroke-induced brain injury owing to its simplicity, non-invasiveness, safety, and patient tolerability. Different forms of remote ischemic conditioning exhibit distinct intervention patterns, timing, and application range. Mechanistically, remote ischemic conditioning can exert neuroprotective effects by activating the Notch1/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway, improving cerebral perfusion, suppressing neuroinflammation, inhibiting cell apoptosis, activating autophagy, and promoting neural regeneration. While remote ischemic conditioning has shown potential in improving stroke outcomes, its full clinical translation has not yet been achieved.

Magnesium-based biomaterials as emerging agents for bone repair and regeneration:from mechanism to application

Magnesium(Mg)is the fourth most abundant element in the human body and is important in terms of specific osteogenesis functions.Here,we provide a comprehensive review of the use of magnesium-based biomaterials(MBs)in bone reconstruction.We review the history of MBs and their excellent biocompatibility,biodegradability and osteopromotive properties,highlighting them as candidates for a new generation of biodegradable orthopedic implants.In particular,the results reported in the field-specific literature(280 articles)in recent decades are dissected with respect to the extensive variety of MBs for orthopedic applications,including Mg/Mg alloys,bioglasses,bioceramics,and polymer materials.We also summarize the osteogenic mechanism of MBs,including a detailed section on the physiological process,namely,the enhanced osteogenesis,promotion of osteoblast adhesion and motility,immunomodulation,and enhanced angiogenesis.Moreover,the merits and limitations of current bone grafts and substitutes are compared.The objective of this review is to reveal the strong potential of MBs for their use as agents in bone repair and regeneration and to highlight issues that impede their clinical translation.Finally,the development and challenges of MBs for transplanted orthopedic materials are discussed.

Biomedical application of materials for external auditory canal: History,challenges, and clinical prospects

Biomaterials play an integral role in treatment of external auditory canal (EAC) diseases. Regarding the specialanatomic structure and physiological characteristics of EAC, careful selection of applicable biomaterials wasessential step towards effective management of EAC conditions. The bioactive materials can provide reasonablebiocompatibility, reduce risk of host pro-inflammatory response and immune rejection, and promote the healingprocess. In therapeutic procedure, biomaterials were employed for covering or packing the wound, protection ofthe damaged tissue, and maintaining of normal structures and functions of the EAC. Therefore, understandingand application of biomaterials was key to obtaining great rehabilitation in therapy of EAC diseases. In clinicalpractice, biomaterials were recognized as an important part in the treatment of different EAC diseases. Thechoice of biomaterials was distinct according to the requirements of various diseases. As a result, awareness ofproperty regarding different biomaterials was fundamental for appropriate selection of therapeutic substances indifferent EAC diseases. In this review, we firstly introduced the characteristics of EAC structures and physiology,and EAC pathologies were summarized secondarily. From the viewpoint of biomaterials, the different materialsapplied to individual diseases were outlined in categories. Besides, the underlying future of therapeutic EACbiomaterials was discussed.

Nanovaccines for cancer immunotherapy:Current knowledge and future perspectives

Cancer immunotherapy harnesses the immune system to attack tumors and has received extensive attention in recent years.Cancer vaccines as an important branch of immunotherapy are designed for delivering tumor antigens to antigen-presenting cells(APCs)to stimulate a strong immune response to against tumors,representing a potentially therapeutic and prophylactic effect with the long-term anticancer benefits.Nevertheless,the disappointing outcomes of their clinical use might be attributed to dilemma in antigen selection,immunogenicity,lymph nodes(LNs)targeting ability,lysosomal escape ability,immune evasion,etc.Nanotechnology,aiming to overcome these barriers,has been utilized in cancer vaccine development for decades.Numerous preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate positive results in nanomaterials-based cancer vaccines with considerable improvement in the vaccine efficacy.In this review,we systematically introduced the characteristics of nanovaccines and highlighted the different types of nanomaterials used for cancer vaccine design.In addition,the opportunities and challenges of the emerging nanotechnology-based cancer vaccines were discussed.