Strain data recorded in Xinjiang and their bearing on Tianshan’s uplift/shortening and Tarim basin’s rotation

Based on the continuous strain data recorded in Xinjiang since 1985, we discuss the mechanisms of Tianshan＇ s uplift and Tarim basin＇ s clockwise rotation. The results indicate ： 1 ） The principal - compression directions in Tianshan are nearly NS, and their intersection angles with regional structures and mountains are nearly perpendicular, which is in accordance with Tianshan＇ s uplift and crustal shortening. 2）The principal compressions around Tarim basin tend to facilitate the regional faults＇ left-lateral strike-slip movements and the basin＇ s clockwise rotation. These phenomena of uplift/shortening and rotation are fundamentally the re- suits of India plate＇ s northward push on Euro-Asia plate, and the associated Pamir arc ＇ s rapid northward movement and regional blocks＇ interaction.

Comparative Analysis of a Rare Autumn Rainstorm and a Spring Rainstorm in Xiamen Area

According to Ouyang potential temperature V-3θ charts, a rare autumn rainstorm in Xiamen on November 18, 2011 was compared with a spring rainstorm on March 29, 2005 firstly, and then the main characteristics of the autumn rainstorm were analyzed based on wind profiler data of Doppler weather radar. The results showed that ultra-low temperature on the top of the troposphere was more obvious in autumn than that in spring; clockwise tumble effect was distinct and warm and wet layer reached 300 hPa in both spring and autumn. Clockwise tumble effect appeared in various forms in autumn and spring. That is, the wind blew from the east at low altitudes and the west at high altitudes before the autumn rainstorm oc- curred; when the maximum wind speed appeared at 500 hPa, heavy rainfall occurred. During the spring rainstorm process, wind direction was con- sistent at each level and wind speed increased with the rise of altitude during early days. Afterwards, the wind blew from the east at low altitudes and the west at high altitudes. During the autumn rainstorm process, the heavy rainfall at the first stage was closely related to thickness of the 20 m/s wind speed layer at 3 -5 km. If the thickness declined sharply when the 20 m/s wind speed layer expended downwards, heavy rainfall would occur soon afterwards. Moreover, the precipitation intensity weakened immediately as the 20 m/s wind speed layer began to be stable. The heavy rainfall at the second stage was closely related to thickness of the 24 m/s wind speed layer, and the appearance, development and weakening of the 24 m/s wind speed layer foreboded the occurrence of heavy rainfall. Moreover, the thickness of the 24 m/s wind speed layer decreased to the minimum, and then heavy rainfall would appear soon afterwards. Hereafter, the thickness increased and then decreased again.

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The symmetry of diffusions and the circulations of their projection processes

The projection process along a simple closed smooth curve of a nonexplosive diffusion process on a cornplete Riemannian manifold is defined in probabilistic way. The winding numbers of the pmjection process are clockwise and counterclockwise given. The symmetry of the diffusion process is shown to be equivalent to that for any closed smooth curve. the long time average winding numbers of the projection process in two different directions are equal.

Evaluation of cyclorotation during femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery performed by using LenSx femtosecond laser

Objectives To evaluate degrees and percentages of cyclorotation in Chinese patients during femtosecond laser assisted cataract surgery performed by using LenSx femtosecond laser platform and to further sub-analyze bilateral cases to assess the congruency between both eyes. Methods This was a single-centre retrospective study(Beijing AIER-Intec Eye Hospital, Beijing, China) in which the records of 330 eyes of 274 patients who underwent femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery in 1 or two eyes(with placement of posterior chamber IOL) between May 2017 and July 2019 by using femtosecond laser platform(LenSx) were reviewed.LenSx Femtosecond Laser(Alcon Laboratories, Inc, Fort Worth, Texas, USA) was used to carry out corneal incisions, anterior capsulotomies and lens fragmentation in this procedure. All the patients were marked on corneal limbus(at 3 and 9 o’clock positions) by using sterile skin marker(Medplus.inc) while sitting upright preoperatively. Percentages of cyclorotation were calculated. Absolutes values were taken for all calculations. The cyclorotation data was tested to determine whether it followed a normal distribution. Descriptive statistics were applied to calculate percentile values of cyclorotation which is presented as(M [P25;P75]). Results This retrospective study evaluated 330 eyes of 274 Chinese patients who had femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery using the femtosecond laser platform. Of the 330 eyes, there were 90 eyes(27.27%) that did not show cyclorotation. Out of 330 eyes that were analyzed, 72.72%(240 eyes) exhibited cyclorotation. The median value of cyclorotation was 3.0[0.0;5.0](ranged between 0 to 19 degrees). Of the 330 eyes, there were 90 eyes(27.27%) that did not show cyclorotation. Overall anticlockwise rotation(172 eyes, 52.12%) was more common than clockwise rotation(68 eyes, 20.60%).The total numbers of right and left eyes were 169 and 161 respectively. In terms of laterality, 43.78% of right eyes(74 eyes out of 169) and 60.86% of left eyes(98 eyes out of 161) showed anticlockwise rotation. 25.44% of right eyes(43 eyes) and 15.52% of left eyes(25 eyes) exhibited clockwise rotation. Therefore anticlockwise rotation was considered as common occurrence in both left and right eyes. In order to assess the congruency of cyclorotation between eyes in bilateral cases, a subanalysis of all the patients who underwent bilateral femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery(56 out of 274) was performed. In total, 17 patients exhibited incylorotation(both eyes moved nasally) and 4 patients showed motion of eyes temporally exhibiting excyclorotation. In rest of patients some of them showed no rotation and others exhibited the movement of both eyes in opposite direction(one eye nasally and other temporally and vice versa).There were no AK-related complications or complications during femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery. Among them 56 were bilateral cases. Conclusion Clinically significant cyclorotation can occur during femtosecond laser assisted cataract surgery causing axis misalignment which might influence the desired astigmatism correction outcomes. It is highly recommended to take crucial compensatory measures to address this problem.

Research on the dynamics of the South China Sea opening:Evidence from analogue modeling

Independent of Indochina extrusion, the South China Sea experienced a process from passive continental rifting to marginal sea drifting. According to the fault patterns in the Beibu Gulf basin and the Pearl River Mouth basin, the continental rifting and early spreading stage from 32 to 26 Ma were controlled by extensional stress field, which shifted clockwise from southeastward to south southeastward. From 24 Ma on, the sea spread in NW-SE direction and ceased spreading at around 15.5 Ma. Integrated geological information with the assumption that the South China Sea developed along a pre-Cenozoic weakness zone, we did analogue experiments on the South China Sea evolu- tion. Experiments revealed that the pre-existing weakness zone goes roughly along the uplift zone between the present Zhu-1 and Zhu-2 depression. The pre-existing weakness zone is composed of three segments trending NNE, roughly EW and NEE, respectively. The early opening of the South China Sea is accompanied with roughly 15° clockwise rotation, while the SE sub-sea basin opened with SE extension. Tinjar fault was the western boundary of the Nansha block (Dangerous Ground), while Lupar fault was the eastern boundary of the Indochina, NW-trending rift belt known as Zengmu basin developed between above two faults due to block divergent of Indochina from Nansha. In the experiment, transtensional flower structures along NW-trending faults are seen, and slight inversion occurs along some NE-dipping faults. The existence of rigid massifs changed the orientations of some faults and rift belt, and also led to deformation concentrate around the massifs. The rifting and drifting of the South China Sea might be caused by slab pull from the proto South China Sea subducting toward Borneo and/or mantle flow caused by India-Asia collision.

Structural architecture of Neoproterozoic rifting depression groups in the Tarim Basin and their formation dynamics

The Tarim Basin is the largest, oil-bearing, superimposed basin in the northwest of China. The evolution and tectonic properties of the initial Tarim Basin have been hotly disputed and remain enigmatic. The Neoproterozoic basin is covered by a vast desert and a huge-thickness of sedimentary strata, has experienced multiple tectonic movements, had a low signal to noise ratios(SNRs) of deep seismic reflection data, all of which have posed critical obstacles to research. We analysed four field outcrops, 18 wells distributed throughout the basin, 27 reprocessed seismic reflection profiles with higher SNRs across the basin and many ancillary local 2D and 3D profiles and aeromagnetic data. We found about 20 normal fault-controlled rifting depressions of the Cryogenian and Ediacaran scattered throughout the basin, which developed on the Precambrian metamorphic and crystalline basement. The structural framework is clearly different from that of the overlying Phanerozoic. The rifting depressions consist of mainly half grabens, symmetrical troughs and horst-grabens. From the northeast to southwest of the basin,they are divided into three rifting depression groups with the WNW, ENE, and NW-trends that are mainly controlled by normal faults. The maximum thicknesses of the strata are up to 4100 m. From the Cryogenian to Ediacaran, most of the main inherited faults to active and eventually ceased at the end of the Ediacaran or Early Cambrian, while subsidence centres appeared and migrated eastward along the faults. They revealed that the different parts of the Tarim continental block were in NNE-SSWoriented and NNW-SSE-oriented extensional paleo-stress fields(relative to the present) during the Neoproterozoic, and were accompanied by clockwise shearing. According to the analysis of the activities of syn-sedimentary faults, filling sediments,magmatic events, and coordination with aeromagnetic anomalies, the tectonic properties of the fault depressions are different and are primarily continental rifts or intra-continental fault-controlled basins. The rifting phases mainly occurred from 0.8–0.61 Ga.The formation of the rifting depression was associated with the initial opening of the South Altun-West Kunlun Ocean and the South Tianshan Ocean, which were located at the northern and southern margins of the Tarim Block, respectively, in response to the break-up of the Supercontinent Rodinia and the initial opening of the Proto-Tethys Ocean.

Phase Equilibria Modeling and Zircon Dating for Precambrian Metapelites from the Xinghuadukou Complex in the Lulin Forest of the Erguna Massif,Northeast China

The nature and formation time of the Xinghuadukou complex in Northeast China are important for determining the tectonic evolution of the Precambrian geological evolution of the Erguna massif. In this study, we present the results of zircon U-Pb dating of two metapelites from the complex. Detrital and metamorphic zircons from the metapelites yield a depositional age of -601 Ma and a metamorphic age of 496-509 Ma, indicating that the supracrustal rocks formed during the Neoproterozoic and recorded pan-African metamorphic events in the Erguna massif. Garnet porphyroblasts in SiI-Grt-Bt-Ms paragneiss show diffusion zoning, implying a decreasing P-T trend. Based on mineral transformation and P-T estimates using conventional geothermobarometers and phase equilibria modeling, three metamorphic stages were determined, including an early prograde metamorphic stage, a near peak upper amphibolite facies metamorphic stage, and a near-isobaric cooling stage with P-T conditions of 6.1 kb, 645 ℃, 5-6 kb, 710-740 ℃, and 4.4 kb, 625℃, respectively. The metamorphic history of the Xinghuadukou complex is thus defined by a clockwise P-T trajectory, which implies that the metamorphism of the metapelites documented the subduction, subsequent uplift and post collision process.