Study on the Effect of Behavioral Interventions Based on the Theory of“Knowledge,Attitude,Practice”on Tuberculosis Cognitive Level of Close Contacts

Objective:Based on the theory of“Knowledge,Attitude,Practice,”health education was carried out for close contact with tuberculosis(TB)at a university in Beijing,and its impact on the students’awareness of TB was studied.This study could provide a reference for effective health education interventions among close contacts of TB in undergraduates.Methods:102 undergraduates who had close contact with one confirmed case of pulmonary TB in April 2021 at a university were randomly divided into a control group and an intervention group.The intervention group was given the“Knowledge,Attitude,Practice”health education intervention by professionally trained doctors,and were asked to complete a self-designed TB-related questionnaire before and after the intervention.Both groups performed the Tuberculin Skin Test(TST)and chest X-ray(CR)examination.Results:The rate of the TST test was 18.6%,and CR examination showed 0 cases of pulmonary TB.The survey results showed that the TB awareness rate(96.1%,49/51)in the intervention group was significantly higher than that of the control group(51.0%,26/51),and the differences in awareness rate between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).Regarding the attitude/skills toward TB,the prevalence rate of tuberculosis-related attitude/behavior in the intervention group(94.1%,47/51)was significantly higher than that of the control group(60.8%,31/51),and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:Both self-controlled and parallel-controlled studies showed that the health education intervention of“Knowledge,Attitude,Practice”improved the awareness of TB among close contacts of TB in undergraduates.

Serological Study of An Imported Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome and His Close Contacts in China, 2015

The first imported Middle East respiratory syndrome （MERS） case in China was identified in May 2015. We determined the kinetics of antibody （IgG and IgM） and neutralizing antibodies against MERS-coronavirus （MERS-CoV） in this case before discharge. Moreover, no seroconversion was found among 53 close contacts by anti-MERS IgG antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） of paired serum samples. These findings suggest that neither community nor nosocomial transmission of MERS-CoV occurred in China.

My First Close Contact with Japanese Kagura

The first time that I heard the concept of the "Japanese Kagura" was in March, 2012 when a working group of the Chinese People’s Association for Peace and Disarmament was paying a visit to Hiroshima, Japan. When Mr. Sen Nakata, President of NPO "The World", an old friend of the Chinese Association for International Understanding (CAFIU), enthusiastically

Clinical characteristics of 24 asymptomatic infections with COVID-19 screened among close contacts in Nanjing,China

Previous studies have showed clinical characteristics of patients with the 2019 novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19)and the evidence of person-to-person transmission.Limited data are available for asymptomatic infections.This study aims to present the clinical characteristics of 24 cases with asymptomatic infection screened from close contacts and to show the transmission potential of asymptomatic COVID-19 virus carriers.Epidemiological investigations were conducted among all close contacts of COVID-19 patients(or suspected patients)in Nanjing,Jiangsu Province,China,from Jan 28 to Feb 9,2020,both in clinic and in community.Asymptomatic carriers were laboratory-confirmed positive for the COVID-19 virus by testing the nucleic acid of the pharyngeal swab samples.Their clinical records,laboratory assessments,and chest CT scans were reviewed.As a result,none of the 24 asymptomatic cases presented any obvious symptoms while nucleic acid screening.Five cases(20.8%)developed symptoms(fever,cough,fatigue,etc.)during hospitalization.Twelve(50.0%)cases showed typical CT images of ground-glass chest and 5(20.8%)presented stripe shadowing in the lungs.The remaining 7(29.2%)cases showed normal CT image and had no symptoms during hospitalization.These 7 cases were younger(median age:14.0 years;P=0.012)than the rest.None of the 24 cases developed severe COVID-19 pneumonia or died.The median communicable period,defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests,was 9.5 days(up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases).Through epidemiological investigation,we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members,which even caused severe COVID-19 pneumonia.Overall,the asymptomatic carriers identified from close contacts were prone to be mildly ill during hospitalization.However,the communicable period could be up to three weeks and the communicated patients could develop severe illness.These results highlighted the importance of close contact tracing and longitudinally surveillance via virus nucleic acid tests.Further isolation recommendation and continuous nucleic acid tests may also be recommended to the patients discharged.

Suspected Close Contacts as the Pilot Indicator of the Growth Trend of Confirmed Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Simulation Approach

Regarding to the actual situation of the new coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic,social factors should be taken into account and the increasing growth trend of confirmed populations needs to be explained.A proper model needs to be established,not only to simulate the epidemic,but also to evaluate the future epidemic situation and find a pilot indicator for the outbreak.The original susceptible-infectious-recover model is modified into the susceptible-infectious-quarantine-confirm-recover combined with social factors(SIDCRL)model,which combines the natural transmission with social factors such as external interventions and isolation.The numerical simulation method is used to imitate the change curve of the cumulative number of the confirmed cases and the number of cured patients.Furthermore,we investigate the relationship between the suspected close contacts(SCC)and the final outcome of the growth trend of confirmed cases with a simulation approach.This article selects four representative countries,that is,China,South Korea,Italy,and the United States,and gives separate numerical simulations.The simulation results of the model fit the actual situation of the epidemic development and reasonable predictions are made.In addition,it is analyzed that the increasing number of SCC contributes to the epidemic outbreak and the prediction of the United States based on the population of the SCC highlights the importance of external intervention and active prevention measures.The simulation of the model verifies its reliability and stresses that observable variable SCC can be taken as a pilot indicator of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

Experimental investigation of p-section concrete beams under contact explosion and close-in explosion conditions

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on explosive breaching of p-section concrete beams. Twenty three p-section concrete beams with a 100 cm length were tested. TNT charges were placed at three positions: contact detonation in the center, contact detonation above the web and close-in detonation in the center. The external and internal breach parameters of the panels were evaluated by measuring the diameter of the ejection crater, spalling crater and breach hole created by the charge detonation. The experimental results were compared to predict values obtained by the analytical models proposed by McVay, Morishita and Remennikov. A modified breach with crater limit line and breach without crater limit line were put forward based on the experimental results. The maximum cross-sectional destruction area ratio(MCDAR) values were used to evaluate the damage degree. The maximum value of MCDAR reached 0.331 corresponding to the C5 experimental condition, of which explosion occurred above the web.

深水测试密闭环空压力变化下的封隔器胶筒性能分析

为探讨深水测试双封隔器由密闭环空压力变化引起的变形与强度问题,建立双封隔器胶筒结构的力学分析模型。根据工作过程中封隔器间密闭环空压力的变化,对胶筒的密封性能进行分析,得到各胶筒的应变量、等效应力以及接触应力的变化情况。分析采用胶筒不同圆形倒角参数时封隔器胶筒与套管的接触特性,研究胶筒倒角参数对封隔器密封性能的影响,得出封隔器的优化结构参数。结果显示:各胶筒的应变量、等效应力以及接触应力均随密闭环空压力的增大而增大,其中下胶筒的增大幅度最明显;各胶筒变形量随着胶筒倒角的增大无明显变化,但等效应力随着胶筒倒角的增大均减小,而随着胶筒倒角的增大上胶筒和中胶筒的接触应力均增大,下胶筒的接触应力先增大后减小。因此,一定程度上增大胶筒倒角有利于提升封隔器的密封性能,倒角半径为0.75 mm时为最优结构。

SF_(6)断路器触头劣化过程合闸预击穿特性研究

电容器组投切断路器触头烧蚀劣化后会改变合闸预击穿时间,这不仅会影响选相合闸效果,同时也说明预击穿电弧持续时间可作为衡量触头烧蚀状态的指标之一。建立了126 kV SF_(6)断路器灭弧室内合闸预击穿过程电—流体耦合仿真模型,研究了触头劣化过程中合闸预击穿特性,并提出了预击穿时间带电检测方法。结果表明:合闸过程中场强最大点总是出现在静弧触头表面;灭弧室内SF_(6)气体密度几乎保持不变;110 kV电压等级相电压下,触头预击穿电弧持续时间随烧蚀程度变化的试验值与仿真值吻合良好。从电场畸变角度解释了随着触头的表面烧蚀劣化程度增大对应预击穿时间的变化规律,结果可为断路器选相合闸策略和触头状态评估提供理论指导。

2019—2022年上海市静安区学校结核病密接筛查及学校卫生教师结核病知识知晓情况调查

目的:了解上海市静安区学校结核病防控工作现状,为完善学生结核病防治策略提供理论依据。方法:通过静安区学校肺结核登记本,汇总2019—2022年学校或家庭地址位于静安区的学生肺结核患者及结核病密切接触者的相关信息,分析学校结核病流行特征、密切接触者结核感染率等;对静安区托幼机构、小学、初中、高中及中专的学校卫生教师开展问卷调查,了解其对学校结核病相关知识的知晓程度。结果:2019—2022年静安区共发生学校结核病54例,其中,托幼机构、小学、初中、高中学生共17例,大学生25例,托幼机构、小学、初中教职员工12例;主要为因症就诊,共40例。2019—2022年静安区共筛查学校结核病患者密切接触者735人,其中,接受结核感染筛查679人,发现结核潜伏感染阳性63人,潜伏感染阳性率为9.28%(63/679)。其中,托幼机构儿童、学生感染阳性率为7.44%(43/578),教职员工感染阳性率为19.80%(20/101)。符合预防性服药标准且应服药者服药率为13.64%(6/44)。接受调查的202名卫生教师对学校结核病核心信息总知晓率为65.10%,对结核感染核心信息总知晓率为53.34%。结论:静安区学生结核病患者主动发现比例、潜伏感染阳性者预防性服药比例以及学校卫生教师结核病信息知晓率均较低,学校结核病防治相关工作仍需加强。

上海市静安区肺结核患者家庭内儿童青少年密接结核感染筛查情况及医务人员态度调查

目的:了解上海市静安区肺结核患者家庭内密切接触结核病患者(以下简称密接)的儿童青少年潜伏感染筛查开展情况,为相关部门完善儿童青少年密接筛查工作提供参考依据。方法:2019年7月1日—2023年6月30日,选取上海市静安区管理的肺结核患者家庭内的儿童青少年密接78例,动员其进行结核潜伏感染筛查;对15名基层结核病防治医务人员进行问卷调查及访谈,了解其对结核潜伏感染的知晓情况及对潜伏感染检测、预防性服药的认识和态度等;对4名结核病领域专家进行访谈,了解其对于潜伏感染筛查及预防性服药具体问题的看法。结果:78例儿童青少年中,进行潜伏感染筛查者为26例,筛查率为33.33%;潜伏感染阳性者为4例,总潜伏感染率为15.38%;基层医生对潜伏感染结核发病概率、预防性治疗基本药物、疗程时间及判定是否应服药的影响因素等知晓率相对较低;有3位专家认为开展家庭内儿童青少年密接筛查及预防性服药有意义,应以阳性患者的儿童青少年密接为筛查和服药的重点人群。结论:上海市静安区肺结核患者家庭内儿童青少年密接潜伏感染筛查及预防性服药有意义,但是目前还存在筛查推广困难,需要政策及经费支持,应通过完善筛查流程、开展医务人员培训和加大社会宣传及推广力度等方式,争取早期干预潜伏感染者,最终减少结核病的发生。

重庆市病原学阳性肺结核患者密切接触者结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染现状及影响因素

目的了解病原学阳性肺结核患者密切接触者结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染(LTBI)现状及影响因素,为制定LTBI干预措施提供基础依据。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法选取重庆市39个区县病原学阳性肺结核患者密切接触者为研究对象,通过问卷调查收集人口学信息等资料,采用γ-干扰素释放试验(IGRA)检测结核分枝杆菌感染状态。采用χ^(2)检验和二元logistic回归模型对LTBI影响因素进行分析。结果共纳入密切接触者2591例,男女性别比为0.69∶1,平均年龄(35.72±16.64)岁。检出LTBI 1058例,结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染率为40.83%。单因素分析结果显示,不同年龄、身体质量指数(BMI)、职业、文化程度、婚姻状态,是否患有慢性病或大手术史,是否与指示病例共同居住,以及与指示病例累计接触时长是否≥250 h者,感染率不同,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);感染率随年龄和BMI升高均呈上升趋势(均P<0.001),随文化程度升高呈下降趋势(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄45~54岁(OR=1.951,95%CI:1.031~3.693)、55~64岁(OR=2.473,95%CI:1.279~4.781)、其他职业(OR=0.530,95%CI:0.292~0.964)、教师(OR=0.439,95%CI:0.242~0.794)、学生(OR=0.445,95%CI:0.233~0.851)、初中及以下文化程度(OR=1.412,95%CI:1.025~1.944)、BMI<18.5 kg/m2(OR=0.762,95%CI:0.586~0.991)、与指示病例共同居住(OR=1.621,95%CI:1.316~1.997)、与指示病例累计接触时长≥250 h(OR=1.292,95%CI:1.083~1.540)是LTBI的影响因素(均P<0.05)。结论病原学阳性肺结核患者密切接触者结核分枝杆菌潜伏感染率高,需重点关注高龄、农民、与患者接触程度高的密切接触者,及时采取针对性干预措施以降低发病风险。

四川地区肺结核患者家庭密切接触者结核病防治知信行调查

目的分析四川地区肺结核患者家庭密切接触者结核病防治知信行现状及其影响因素。方法采取方便抽样法,应用自行设计的“肺结核患者家庭密切接触者结核病防治知信行调查问卷”于2023年1月1日~3月31日对成都市公共卫生临床医疗中心357例肺结核患者家庭密切接触者进行问卷调查。结果调查对象结核病防治认知得分(15.605±4.583)分、态度得分(17.543±5.887)分、行为得分(19.961±3.688)分。Pearson相关分析显示,结核病防治认知与态度、行为呈显著正相关,态度与行为呈显著正相关。多元线性回归分析显示,居住地和有无基础病是结核病防治知信行的影响因素,其中婚姻状况是结核病防治相关行为的影响因素、民族及是否与患者共卧室是结核病防治相关态度的影响因素。结论肺结核患者家庭密切接触者结核病防治认知水平偏低、态度欠积极、行为不理想,建议重视其健康教育,并根据居住地、有无基础病、婚姻状况、民族、是否与患者共卧室等相关因素开展精细化管理。

Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Household Contacts of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Cases in Central State, Sudan: Prevalence and Associated Factors

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a major health problem in developing countries including Sudan. Screening for TB cases through Household contacts (HHCs) investigation is an appropriate strategy to interrupt transmission of TB. Objectives: To determine the prevalence tuberculosis infection and risk factors for tuberculosis infection among household contacts in Wadimadani locality, Central State, Sudan, between November 2015 and April 2016. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study conducted. During study period, to confirm TB diagnosis, all suspect contacts were tested through sputum samples, tuberculin skin test or chest X-ray. Structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and environmental factors. Results: One hundred forty six patients of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis were included in the study, 657 household contacts were identified and screened. Forty three new TB cases were detected from household contacts, yielding a prevalence of 6.5% (95% confidence interval = 0.05, 0.09) of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). Two factors were significantly associated with LTBI among HHCs: duration of contact with a TB patient ≤ 4 months (P = 0.03) and the educational status (P = 0.02). Conclusion: Screening of HHCs of index case of TB will contribute in early detection and treatment of new cases, and considered as a forward step towards eliminating TB.

An Orbital Period Study of the Contact Binary CK Bootis

Various times of light minima of the contact binary CK Boo are compiled and the correspnoding O C curve is analyzed with Kalimeris at al.’s method (1994). It is shown that the orbital period varies in a quasi sinusoidal form with a period of about 14 years and an amplitude of 0.26 × 10 -5 days while it undergoes a secular period increase dP/dE =+4 97 × 10 -7 days/year. The mechanisms that could explain the changes in the orbital period are also discussed.

免液氦量子电压标准热传导特性

基于小型Gifford-McMahon(G–M)制冷机的低温系统是免液氦量子电压标准的关键组件之一,然而由于量子效应的电学表征与结阵表面温度密切相关,结阵芯片对环境温度高度敏感。特别是当结阵表面辐照较大功率的微波时,大量热负荷加剧了无液氦环境下超导量子态的不稳定性。针对上述问题,深入分析和研究了免液氦量子电压标准的低温固体热传导特性,建立低温恒温系统两级辐射漏热及结阵接触热传导模型,应用该模型设计了低温恒温器,并开展了结阵温度稳定性和超导电流–电压(I–U)特性实验。实验结果表明:2伏可编程约瑟夫森结阵所有子阵列的量子电压台阶宽度均大于1.3 mA,验证了所提模型的准确性和可行性。该研究的相关理论和方法可为免液氦量子电压标准低温系统设计和完善提供重要依据。

基于ARCHARD磨损模型的WR-CVT非连续接触钢丝绳磨损研究

针对WR-CVT(Wire rope continuously variable transmission)弯曲段钢丝绳更易磨损问题,以6×7+IWS(Merallic wire strand core)钢丝绳为研究对象,基于Archard磨损模型结合自适应网格技术,建立WR-CVT钢丝绳非连续接触磨损有限元模型,研究磨损对钢丝绳接触压应力以及滑移幅值等接触参量的影响,并进行了试验揭示磨损机理.结果表明:随着磨损的作用,钢丝间接触区域不断增大.最大磨损深度出现在钢丝绳与绳槽边缘接触处,此处钢丝接触压应力较磨损前显著减小,滑移幅值和磨损深度在不断增大,接触压应力集中点沿钢丝轴向不断移动,接触区域形貌逐渐形成扁平状,磨损机理为磨粒磨损、黏着磨损和疲劳磨损.

某医院肺结核密接者结核感染筛查结果及其影响因素分析

目的对某医院医务人员确诊为肺结核后的密接者的筛查结果进行分析,探讨医院工作人员结核病流行情况的控制及预防措施,并分析影响肺结核流行的因素。方法以某医院一名确诊肺结核的实习生的89位密接者作为筛查对象,密接者行结核菌素试验(PPD)和胸片(CR)检查,使用卡方检验,多因素logistic回归等分析方法进行统计学分析。结果89名密接者的PPD试验结果显示强阳性5例,强阳性率为5.62%;CR检查结果显示密接者无阳性体征。医院工作人员是结核病传播的高危人群,不同人员类别及不同文化程度密接人员PPD试验强阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),护工密接人员PPD试验强阳性率明显高于实习医学生、医生和护士,中专及以下密接人员PPD试验强阳性率明显高于大专或本科和研究生及以上密接人员。多因素logistic回归分析发现人员类型和密接者强阳性存在相关关系,人员类别可能是肺结核流行的影响因素。结论从结核密接者各项筛查结果来看,该结核病例未构成群体环境结核疫情,没有造成传播。人员类型和密切接触者强阳性存在相关关系,同为密切接触者中肺结核在护工群体的传染概率较大,院内应加强结核防护意识,提高身体素质,增强对结核病的抵抗力,特别是护工人群。有条件的医院应定期对医务人员进行体检,以便早期发现结核人员,并采取积极措施予以防控。

水下近距和接触爆炸载荷作用下板架结构动态响应机理

以某型水面舰船防护结构的膨胀舱为原型设计板架试验模型,依药量和爆距不同进行7个工况的水下近距和接触爆炸试验。采用光子多普勒测速系统测量模型典型位置的速度时程,收集试验产生的飞片,并对试验后板架的破口形态进行记录。结合数值方法对试验结果进行对比分析,验证试验结果的一般性及数值计算方法的准确性。根据试验和数值计算结果对水下近距和接触爆炸载荷作用下板架结构动态响应开展研究。研究结果表明:板架结构容易在加强筋、隔板处发生剪切或撕裂破坏形成飞片,飞片的形成与药量、爆距、板架的结构形式均有密切关系;爆炸载荷驱动下板面上各点速度以爆心投影点为中心沿板面向外呈指数衰减趋势;当爆距大于2倍装药半径后,不同药量在相同的距径比下,板架结构上正入射点处速度峰值基本相当。

INVESTIGATION OF ENERGY EQUILIBRIUM EQUATION ON CRACK FORMATION OF ELECTRICAL CONTACT SURFACE

Experiment investigations on crack propagation of silver based contact surface are carried out with various currents and contact closed forces.It is found that crack propagation of contact surface is caused by arc energy and contact closed forces.Meanwhile, the energy equilibrium equation of crack propagation of silver based contact material under arc energy and contact closed force is provided.