Stability control of gob-side entry retained under the gob with close distance coal seams

In multi-seam mining,the interlayer rock strata between the upper coal seam(UCS)and the lower coal seam(LCS)appear damage and strength weakening after mining the UCS.Ground stability control of the gob-side entry retaining(GER)under the gob with close distance coal seams(CDCS)is faced with difficulties due to little attention to GER under this condition.This paper focuses on surrounding rock stability control and technical parameters design for GER under the gob with CDCS.The floor rock strata damage characteristics after mining the UCS is first evaluated and the damage factor of the interlayer rock strata below the UCS is also determined.Then,a structural mechanics model of GER surrounding rock is set up to obtain the main design parameters of the side-roadway backfill body(SBB)including the maximum and minimum SBB width calculation formula.The optimal SBB width and the water-to-cement ratio of high water quick-setting material(HWQM)to construct the SBB are determined as 1.2 m and 1.5:1.0,respectively.Finally,engineering trial tests of GER are successfully carried out at#5210 track transportation roadway of Xingwu Colliery.Research results can guide GER design under similar mining and geological conditions.

Measurement of overburden failure zones in close-multiple coal seams mining

In the Kaiping Coal field,mining of five coal seams,located within 80 m in the Kailuan Group,#5,#7,#8,#9 and#12 coal seam,is difficult due to small interburden thickness,concentrated stress distributions,high coal seam metamorphism,and complex geological conditions.By using the ZTR12 geological penetration radar(GPR)survey combined with borehole observations,the overburden caving due to mining of the five coals seams was measured.The development characteristics of full-cover rock fractures after mining were obtained from the GPR scan,which provides a measurement basis for the control of rock strata in close multiple coal seam mining.For the first time,it was found that the overburden caving pattern shows a periodic triangular caved characteristic.Furthermore,it is proposed that an upright triangular collapsed pile masonry and an inverted triangular with larger fragments piled up alternately appear in the lower gob.The research results show that the roof structure formed in the gob area can support the key overlying strata,which is beneficial to ensure the integrity and stability of the upper coal seams in multiple-seam mining of close coal seams.

Layout and support design of a coal roadway in ultra-close multiple-seams

A roadway within ultra-close multiple-seams(RUCMSs) is one of the most difficult supported coal roadways to deal with in underground coal mines. This is usually due to the unknown stress distributions, improper roadway layout, and unreasonable support parameters. In order to solve this support problem and effectively save RUCMSs from frequent and abrupt disasters(such as serious deformation of the surrounding rock, roof cave ins, and coal side collapse), a comprehensive method is adopted here which includes theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field monitoring. A mechanical model was constructed to determine the stress distribution in the coal pillar after two sides of a longwall panel had been mined. Based on this model, the horizontal, vertical, and tangential stress equations for the plane below the floor of the upper-left coal pillar were deduced. In addition, a typical coal mine(the Jinggonger colliery, located in Shuozhou city, Shanxi province, China) with an average distance between its 9# and 11# coal seams of less than 8.0 was chosen to conduct research on the proper layout and reasonable support required for a typical coal roadway located within coal seam 11#. Using FLAC3D(Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua in 3-Dimensions) numerical software, eight schemes were designed with different horizontal distances(d) between the center lines of the coal pillar and the roadway in the lower coal seam(RLCS). The simulations and detailed analysis indicate that the proper distances required are between 22.5 and 27.5 m. A total of 20 simulation schemes were used to investigate the factors influencing the support provided by the key bolts(bolt length, spacing, distance between two rows, installation angle, and pre-tightening force). The results were analyzed and used to determine reasonable values for the support parameters. Field results show that the stability and strength of the RLCS can be effectively safeguarded using a combination of researched stress distribution characteristics, proper layout of the RLCS, and correct support parameters.

Study on ascending mining roadway layout of close distance coal seams in deep mine

To solve the problems appeared in mining process of No.2 seam, the ascending stress-releasing mining method was adopted. Studying on the reasonable layout of actual mining roadway in upper coal seams is the precondition of successful ascending mining. By using ＂device of leak measuring by blocking up double ends＂, it detected the height of overburden water flowing fractured zone originated from sub-coal seams mining. Thus it proved that the actual mining roadway of No.2 upper ascending seam was located in the smooth sagging zone. On the basis of analyzing the stress-releasing effect of sub-coal seams mining to upper coal seams by using RFPA software, it analyzed the stability of up-face coal seams and the reasonable location of starting cut in up-face coal seams. It also analyzed the reasonable gateway location in upper coal seams, which ensured the crossheading in upper coal seams out of the effect of sub-coal work face mining by using theory of underground pressure. Meanwhile, the reasonable pillars dimensions in upper coal seams by building the structure mechanics model of stope were researched. It can make the roadway driven along next goaf to be located in low stress zone, and be beneficial to keeping roads stable owing to less stress of surrounding rock. Finally, it tested the rationality of the layout method of roads in upper coal seams by engineering field measurement in 3221 working face.

Study on the economic mining method for the close quarter coal seams with thin rock sheet

The paper presents the mining method for the close quarter coal seams with thin rock sheet, that is mining the low coal seam, recovering the top coal seam after putting down the roof rock of the low coal seam. Practice has proved that in recovering the top coal outside the face width after the rock between seams falls naturally or is demolished, the technology is simple, easy to operate and does not make a great demand for technical equipment. In the process of recovering the top coal, the low seam support could not be affected seriously, and two seams mining could be coordinated. Compared with the individual mining method, this mining method can produce a better economic benefit.

Research on downward crack closing of clay aquiclude in shallow coal seam safety mining

The water resisting property of aquiclude is the key factor of water conservation and safety mining, and the mining induced cracks in aquiclude is major factor of water resisting property. The aquiclude is composed by loess layer and red clay layer in Yushuwan Coal Mine, and the water reaction property of clay and loess of aquiclude was tested by soil mechanics method. The permeability coefficient of the loess is 0.856 m/d and the clay is 0.434 m/d. The dilatability coefficient of the loess is 16.1% and the clay is 14.6%. Through physical solid-liquid simulation with whole stress-stain similarity, the distribution of ＂downward crack zone＂ and ＂upward crack zone＂ was found to be the major factor of aquiclude stability. The downward crack closing length is about 30% of the downward crack length. The expanding of clay and loess with water are principal factors of downward crack closing. At last, the mechanical model of downward crack closing was constructed, and the criterion of crack closing was put forward at all. This work will provides the theoretical base for aquiclude stability research and safety mining in shallow seam.

三河尖关闭煤矿煤层CO_(2)封存潜力研究

关闭煤矿煤层CO_(2)地质封存是CO_(2)封存的重要方式之一,也是短期内实现碳减排指标的有效手段之一。以江苏省徐州市三河尖关闭煤矿为例,分析了已采7号煤和9号煤的煤岩煤质特征,统计了剩余煤炭资源储量,运用模糊综合评价法,选取了稳定系数、上覆岩层性质、地质构造复杂程度、地下水指标、封存煤层压温比、封存煤层深厚比、封存煤层渗透率、采空塌陷程度和其他因素等9个主要影响因素指标对7号煤和9号煤封存CO_(2)稳定性进行评价,建立关闭煤矿煤层CO_(2)封存评价方法并评估CO_(2)封存潜力。结果表明,三河尖关闭煤矿7号煤和9号煤剩余储量较大,CO_(2)封存稳定性综合评价结果分别为86.209和87.698,评价等级均为较稳定,封存潜力较高。根据建立的关闭煤矿煤层CO_(2)封存评价方法,计算获得三河尖关闭煤矿7号和9号煤层CO_(2)理论封存量分别为207.6 Mt和80.9 Mt,并据此划分封存有利区为有利区、较有利区和不利区3个等级。研究可为关闭煤矿煤层CO_(2)封存研究提供基础依据。

极近距离煤层开采无煤柱自成巷控制方法研究

极近距离煤层传统长壁开采,受上层遗留煤柱和采空区垮落等因素的影响,下煤层开采过程中应力环境复杂、矿压显现剧烈,易诱发巷道围岩大变形。为解决上述问题,提出了极近距离条件下巷道定向切顶–约束高强支护无煤柱自成巷控制方法。通过顶板定向预裂切顶,主动改变顶板悬臂结构,切断采空区向巷道顶板的应力传递。充分利用矿山压力和岩体碎胀特性,取消煤柱留设,结合高强支护加强巷道顶板整体性,共同实现切顶自成巷。建立了极近距离煤层开采覆岩结构模型,计算了下煤层切顶自成巷巷旁支护阻力。以典型极近距离煤层为工程背景,开展了不同开采方法的数值试验对比研究,结果表明,提出的自成巷控制方法使巷道围岩应力降低59.8%,巷道顶板变形减少70.8%,并明确了极近距离煤层开采无煤柱自成巷控制机理。在此基础上,开展了典型极近距离煤层工程设计及现场应用研究,结果表明该方法有效降低了矿压显现程度,保证了自成巷的安全稳定控制。

近距离煤层下行采动应力场分布规律与巷道合理位置研究

上层位近距离煤层开采后,形成的残留煤柱和采空区将会影响下层位的巷道布置。以新柳矿231101工作面为工程背景,采用理论分析和数值模拟的综合研究手段,研究和分析了上煤层开采后采动应力场的应力演化规律,对下层煤巷道非对称变形破坏机理进行深入探究,从而得出下层煤巷道合理布置位置。研究结果表明:①上覆煤层开采改变巷道所处位置的主应力大小、主应力比值以及应力偏转角、应力矢量的变化是导致巷道呈非对称破坏的主要原因。②巷道在距离煤柱中心11 m处,巷道围岩最大主应力达到14.43 MPa,主应力比值为2.74,应力偏转角为52.33°,此时巷道处于较差的应力环境中,致使围岩产生蝶形破坏且蝶叶旋转至巷道顶板右侧,巷道顶板右侧易发生冒顶事故。③为使巷道处于相对稳定区域,依据3个主要影响因素将工作区域划分为4个分区,在考虑煤矿经济与安全因素后建议最佳布置区域为H–IV,主应力偏转角在0°~38°或45°~90°的范围内,通过综合分析对该巷道布置及支护提供合理建议,为类似工程条件提供了借鉴和参考。

近距离煤层联采巷道交错布置及支护技术研究

为解决近距离煤层联合开采时采出率低、安全性差等问题,探究巷道交错布置方式及下煤层巷道支护技术在近距离煤层联合开采中的应用,以山西晋保煤矿12#、13#煤层地质条件为研究背景,采用理论分析与FLAC3D数值模拟的研究方法,研究了巷道采用交错布置时下煤层巷道的围岩变形与矿压变化,得到巷道交错式布置时上下煤层巷道的水平错距应大于7.98 m。通过数值模拟分析矿方原始支护方案与新支护方案下煤层巷道顶板的垂直位移变化规律,确定对下煤层巷道进行锚网索联合支护的分区支护方案。结合现场实测结果表明:下煤层巷道围岩变形处于可控范围内,交错式巷道布置方式以及巷道分区支护方案较为合理,能够保证工作面的安全生产,可以为类似地质条件下近距离煤层的开挖提供借鉴。

煤层群下行开采底板应力演化规律与合理巷道错距研究

为解决近距离煤层开采遗留煤柱下伏回采巷道合理布置工程问题,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测相结合的方法,基于半无限平面体理论建立遗留煤柱底板岩层应力分布力学模型,系统研究了遗留煤柱下伏底板岩层应力分布特征及减压区相对位置关系,提出遗留煤柱非均布载荷影响的底板水平/垂向距离判别方法,揭示了遗留煤柱水平/垂向间距对下伏煤层回采巷道应力变化率的影响程度。结果表明:垂直应力集中是导致下伏巷道失稳的主控因素,以垂直应力变化量0.2γH作为评判应力影响程度的临界指标,探究了不同因素影响下的应力扰动程度,随着遗留煤柱尺寸、煤层间距、埋深与岩层垮落角逐渐减小,底板岩层应力影响深度呈递减趋势;随着水平错距增大,巷道围岩垂直应力值、应力变化率差值不断减小,界定两者数值低于0.2γH与0.01时,围岩达到可控稳定状态;现场试验21320回风巷采用外错式25 m进行实测验证,优化布置后巷道顶板相对位移量控制在45 mm以内,服务期间巷道围岩工况稳定,验证了所得安全错距的合理性。

浅埋近距离煤层过平行煤柱开采强矿压机理研究

为了揭示浅埋近距离煤层工作面过平行煤柱开采动载传递特征及强矿压机理,以榆家梁煤矿43207工作面为工程背景,采用现场实测、物理模拟、理论分析相结合的方法,研究了煤柱覆岩“倒梯形”结构随下部间隔岩层的运动及其载荷传递特征,分析了超前支承压力和支架载荷的转化规律,建立了“煤柱-间隔岩层台阶岩梁”耦合结构力学模型,得出了强矿压瞬间和顶板切落稳定后的支架载荷计算公式。研究结果表明:煤柱覆岩“倒梯形”结构的集中应力和载荷主要集中于煤柱后段,后段集中载荷是导致工作面过煤柱强矿压的根源;工作面进煤柱初期,煤柱应力表现为双峰;临近出煤柱时,应力集中为单峰,位于煤柱后段。工作面出煤柱4 m后,煤柱后区的超前支承应力系数达到峰值6.00,间隔层开始产生超前裂隙;出煤柱5 m时发生强矿压,煤柱应力下降43%。强矿压期间,煤柱应力传递至煤柱下7 m层位(间隔岩层关键层中部)下降了39%,表明顶板结构承担了相当大的载荷。基于间隔岩层台阶岩梁结构的理论计算,得出强矿压瞬间的支架载荷计算公式,按照煤柱平均应力计算得出支架载荷为22.9 MN/架,按照强矿压时刻煤柱后段应力计算得出支架载荷为24.1 MN/架;煤柱传递至支架的载荷仅为煤柱总载荷的12%~18%,仍超过现场支架额定工作阻力9.2 MN/架。因此,为防止压架,支架额定工作阻力需达到15 MN/架,或者对煤柱及间隔岩层结构进行处理,以保证安全开采。研究结果可为类似条件工作面过平行煤柱开采提供参考。

近距离煤层“上采下掘”巷道破坏分析及防治措施研究

“上采下掘”巷道主要受多次动压影响,矿压显现剧烈、支护难度大,上部煤层回采使得下部巷道准备困难,围岩变形加剧。本文以3201回风顺槽为工程研究背景,采用FLAC^(3D)软件,通过分析不同宽度煤柱垂直应力分布特征、下部巷道布置方式对其稳定性影响、相向“上采下掘”应力分布、时空关系等,为巷道布置、掘进提供设计依据。本研究方法可在类似条件的矿井提供参考。实践表明:“上采下掘”期间,巷道采用内错布置,上下进入扰动期后,停止上部回采,错峰施工,同时对下部巷道采取补强支护,可有效控制巷道的围岩变形。

近距离煤层垂向采空区高静储瞬态充水模式与解危技术

榆神府矿区侏罗纪煤田垂向层序上赋存多个煤层,当下层煤开采时,面临上部近距离采空区积水威胁,基于垂向采空区充水模式的综合解危技术是下层煤安全回采的关键。通过分析煤层顶板岩性组合、含隔水层以及导水裂缝带发育高度特征,形成了近距离煤层垂向采空区高静储瞬态充水模式,认为基岩风化带水、火烧区水、第四系萨拉乌苏组松散层潜水以及大气降水是浅层采空区的直接或间接补给水源,在上部煤层采空区中形成较高水位的静储量;近距离煤层下层煤开采时,导水裂缝带沟通上部采空区,高静储积水以瞬间溃入形式进入下层煤回采工作面。针对高静储采空区积水威胁,提出了“近距离煤层充水模型建立—采空区积水范围探测与积水量预计—垂向采空区积水解危—疏控效果评价”4阶段解危模式,形成了解危成功的判别标准,即当钻孔疏放量等于动态补给量时,可认定采空区静储量积水已基本疏放完毕,采空区积水威胁解除。该成果在神木惠宝煤矿成功应用,对类似条件下的矿井具有借鉴意义。

中组煤上覆煤层开采冲击荷载扰动下底板破坏深度研究

为研究近距离煤层中上煤层开采冲击荷载扰动下底板破坏发育情况,采用理论计算、数值模拟、现场观测等方法观察近距离煤层开采扰动下底板破坏范围,以半无限平面体理论结合摩尔-库伦破坏准则及屈服条件为基础,分析了顶板垮落冲击动荷载及静载作用下工作面底板下任意一点应力状态,计算得出底板破坏深度17.32m;对近距离煤层开采进行数值模拟,走向方向推进25m后,原位塑性区发育基本稳定,底板塑性区在逐步回采过程中发育呈现以煤壁下方塑性区“先垂直后水平扩散”特点,底板最大破坏深度16.12m;采用钻孔呈像法对工作面采动前后底板破坏进行观测,工作面下方底板破坏深度范围在16.85m附近,分析得出中组煤层61煤层开采扰动对下煤层62煤层、63煤层顶板稳定性造成破坏,验证了冲击荷载理论模型的可靠性,开采62煤层、63煤层需加强顶板支护。研究结果为近距离煤层开采扰动下底板破坏对下煤层影响范围提供参考。

浅埋近距离煤层工作面过平行煤柱开采强矿压显现规律

浅埋近距离煤层工作面过平行煤柱开采容易发生强矿压压架事故,严重影响工作面安全高效开采。以榆家梁煤矿43207工作面和石圪台煤矿2^(-2上)102及2^(-2上)103工作面为背景,采用理论分析、物理模拟和现场实测相结合的方法,根据间隔岩层厚度和煤柱应力传递影响角,提出了过煤柱阶段划分判据,重点分析了不同间采比G、水力压裂程度条件下,过平行煤柱不同阶段的矿压显现特征。结果表明:由于上覆遗留煤柱及倒梯形覆岩结构的作用,导致煤柱影响阶段来压时支架平均载荷最大,进煤柱阶段次之,出煤柱阶段最小,强矿压位置主要集中在出煤柱影响阶段范围;间采比越小,工作面过煤柱采动期间来压时支架平均载荷越大,间采比G=5.5较G=10在进煤柱阶段、煤柱影响阶段和出煤柱阶段分别增大14.6%、14.2%和23.5%,动载效应越明显;间采比对周期来压步距影响不大,总体上煤柱影响阶段的周期来压步距是进出煤柱阶段的1.6~2倍,周期来压步距越大造成顶板悬伸长度增大,导致工作面来压时支架载荷明显。根据过煤柱阶段不同水力压裂范围的矿压规律分析,压裂后的支架平均载荷较未压裂减小11.2%~15%,来压步距减小7.8%~20.3%,水力压裂效果较明显,可有效地降低工作面过煤柱采动的强矿压风险,为类似开采条件的强矿压控制提供借鉴意义。

极近距离煤层采空区下沿空留巷技术研究

为了解决极近距离煤层采空区下多次回采影响的沿空留巷围岩严重变形难题,以山东新查庄矿业有限责任公司(以下简称“新查庄煤矿”)91006综采工作面为工程背景,研究分析了采空区下沿空留巷覆岩顶板结构特征及运动规律,通过建立顶板位态力学结构模型,确定了采空区下沿空留巷巷旁支护阻力计算方法,计算出巷旁支护阻力为3432 kN,提出了“水力压裂超前断顶+巷旁钢管混凝土墩柱高强支护”为主体的巷旁复合支护体系。利用超前断顶卸压技术将巷旁顶板由传递岩梁结构向短悬臂梁结构转变,大大降低巷旁支护阻力,与钢管混凝土墩柱的高强巷旁支护相结合,特别适用于采空区下的沿空留巷工程。通过在新查庄煤矿91006综采工作面试验应用表明,留巷取得了较好的效果,巷道表面整体变形量较小,满足工作面回采期间的要求。

近距离下伏煤层采动影响巷道围岩稳定性分析

针对近距离下伏煤层采动影响上部轨道大巷变形失稳、围岩稳定性较差的问题,本文以张集煤矿北区14148工作面上方12m左右南翼轨道“Y”型大巷为工程背景,运用“竖三带”经验公式分析得出巷道与工作面之间的层位关系,采用数值模拟与现场实践相结合的方法,研究了近距离下伏煤层回采过程中上覆巷道应力分布特征及位移演化规律,确定了巷道重点支护部位。研究结果表明:上覆巷道位于覆岩裂隙带影响范围,围岩应力受工作面超前支承压力集中影响,呈先增大后急剧减小的趋势;围岩呈非对称性变形,变形速率随工作面推进呈三段式规律;顶板深部离层呈逐渐增大后平稳趋势,浅部离层呈先增大后减小的趋势。在此基础上提出了采前锚杆索预加固+采后U型棚“补强”巷道支护技术,数值模拟对比结果显示,补强支护后巷道两帮应力增大了9MPa,顶板下沉减少了103mm,巷道薄弱点位移量大幅减小,补强支护控制效果显著。实测结果表明,该支护方案能有效地控制巷道围岩变形,保证了矿井安全生产。

基于DIC技术近距离煤层采动裂隙-位移-应变演化规律相似模拟研究

为研究近距离煤层采动条件下覆岩裂隙演化规律,以安顺煤矿9305工作面为研究对象,利用相似模拟试验研究近距离煤层开采过程中位移场与应变场的演化情况。结果表明:①上覆岩层随着工作面距离的不断推进,先形成离层裂隙和纵向裂隙,随后采空区中部部分离层逐渐压实;②位移场在工作面推进方向上出现不对称分布,工作面侧覆岩位移量明显小于采空区靠左区域,位移峰值主要集中在采空区中部;③最大主应变集中位置由采空区中部向开切眼侧以及工作面侧进行不对称转移,开切眼侧集中程度明显大于工作面侧,且最大主应变集中位置与瓦斯富集区存在潜在关联。

近距离煤层多次采动影响巷道围岩破坏特征与控制

针对隆德煤矿近距离煤层上下同采工作面巷道围岩稳定性控制问题,采用现场实测和理论分析方法,对多次采动影响下巷道支护体受力特征和煤柱应力演化特征进行研究。结果表明,巷道锚杆/索受力经历7个变化阶段,包括采动影响前初始稳定阶段、单工作面超前影响阶段、双工作面超前影响阶段、采动卸压区快速升高阶段、采动应力恢复区慢速升高阶段、二次稳定阶段和双工作面开采扰动升高阶段;煤柱采动应力演化经历5个阶段,包括采动影响前初始稳定阶段、单工作面超前影响区缓慢上升阶段、采动卸压区快速上升阶段、采空区压实自由演化阶段和双工作面开采扰动升高阶段。随着钻孔应力计安装深度增加,煤柱应力呈现先升高后降低趋势,煤柱浅部3 m左右进入塑性状态,承载能力降低;基于上述观测结果,对新掘巷道支护参数进行优化,在保证围岩长期稳定性的同时还可以降低支护费用,实测结果表明,支护参数优化后巷道表面位移量在工程允许范围内,巷道围岩裂隙发育程度较低。