Closed-loop supply chain network equilibrium strategy model with environmental protection objectives

With the increasing popularity of ecological civilization and sustainable development,enterprises should consider environmental protection measures in their operations in addition to pursue their economic interests.This paper establsihes a closed-loop supply chain network model composed of multiple suppliers,manufacturers,retailers,recyclers,and demand markets—regarding their dual goals of the profit maximization and the minimization of carbon emissions.The conditions necessary for establishing overall equilibrium and an equilibrium model of the entire closed-loop supply chain network are determined by applying variational inequality and dual theory.A modified projection contraction algorithm is used to design a model-solving program.Finally,using numerical examples,the paper conducts a comparative static analysis on important parameters such as the weight coefficients of environmental protection objectives and consumers'awareness of low-carbon environmental protection and attains some beneficial enlightenment on management.The results indicate that when the environmental protection objectives of a certain type of enterprise increases,both the economic benefits and environmental protection performance will improve;when the environmental protection objectives of all enterprises increases simultaneously,environmental protection performance improves significantly,but the changes in economic benefits of different enterprises are inconsistent and profit coordination is more complex.Although consumers’awareness of low-carbon preference could improve environmental performance,it reduces the overall profits of network members and the entire closed-loop supply chain network as a whole.The above conclusions can be used as a reference for the government in designing low-carbon environmental protection policy and in closed-loop supply chain research.

A closed-loop Supply Chain Network Equilibrium Model with Fuzzy Demand under Production Capacity Constraints and Price Rigidities

A closed-loop supply chain network equilibrium problem is examined,which consists of mutual competitive manufacturers with production capacity constraints and retailers with fuzzy market demands,mutual competitive collectors as well as a binding price ceiling of the commodities.By utilizing the credibility measure of fuzzy event,variational inequality and Lagrange dual theory,the optimum behaviors of manufactures,retailers,collectors and consumers are described.Therefore,the supply chain network equilibrium model is established.Numerical examples were given to illustrate the impact of production capacity constraints and price ceiling on the network equilibrium pattern.The results show that the shortage of commodities in consumer market will be more serious,the wholesale price of product and purchase price of waste products rise,the profits of retailers decrease,the profits of manufacturers and collectors increase as the government gradually reduce the binding price ceiling on competitive markets,and the trend will be more obvious in the existence of production capacity constraints at same time.

Remanufacturing closed-loop supply chain network design based on genetic particle swarm optimization algorithm

As the huge computation and easily trapped local optimum in remanufacturing closed-loop supply chain network (RCSCN) design considered, a genetic particle swarm optimization algorithm was proposed. The total cost of closed-loop supply chain was selected as fitness function, and a unique and tidy coding mode was adopted in the proposed algorithm. Then, some mutation and crossover operators were introduced to achieve discrete optimization of RCSCN structure. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can gain global optimal solution with good convergent performance and rapidity. The computing speed is only 22.16 s, which is shorter than those of the other optimization algorithms.

Supply Chain Network Equilibrium with Revenue Sharing Contract under Demand Disruptions

Contract is a common and effective mechanism for supply chain coordination,which has been studied extensively in recent years.For a supply chain network model,contracts can be used to coordinate it because it is too ideal to obtain the network equilibrium state in practical market competition.In order to achieve equilibrium,we introduce revenue sharing contract into a supply chain network equilibrium model with random demand in this paper.Then,we investigate the influence on this network equilibrium state from demand disruptions caused by unexpected emergencies.When demand disruptions happen,the supply chain network equilibrium state will be broken and change to a new one,so the decision makers need to adjust the contract parameters to achieve the new coordinated state through bargaining.Finally,a numerical example with a sudden demand increase as a result of emergent event is provided for illustrative purposes.

Supply chain network equilibrium model with capacity constraints

The supply chain network with capacity constraints of manufacturers and retailers is considered.The linkage between supply chain network equilibrium and transportation network equilibrium is investigated.By analyzing the relationships among the manufacturers,retailers and consumers in the supply chain network and their own decisions concerning maximum profits,a combined variational inequality for the supply chain network equilibrium mode is proposed.Then an equivalent supernetwork of the supply chain network is constructed by adding additional links which denote the producing of manufactures and the handling of retailers.By the supernetwork,the supply chain network equilibrium model can be reformulated as a transportation network equilibrium model.Equivalent mathematical programming is,therefore,obtained based on the principle of a Wardrop user equilibrium.The corresponding Lagrange multiplier of the capacity constraints can be explained as the extra cost of marginal production when capacity is exceeded.A numerical example is given to illustrate the rationality of the model and the validity of the results.

Literature Review on Network Design Problems in Closed Loop and Reverse Supply Chains

The productivity of an organization is very much affected by non-value adding activity like logistics, which moves the resources from suppliers to factory, raw materials/semi-finished items within the factory and finished goods from factory to customers via a designated distribution channel called as forward logistics. In some cases, parts of the products such as automobiles, computers, cameras, mobile phones, washing machines, refrigerators, garments, footwear and empty glass bottles of beverages, etc. will be brought back to the factories as a product recovery strategy through reverse logistics network which is integrated in a sustainable closed loop supply chain network. So, it is highly essential to optimize the movement of the items in the reverse logistics network. This paper gives a comprehensive review of literature of the design of networks for the reverse logistics as well as for the reverse logistics coupled with forward logistics. The contributions of the researchers are classified into nine categories based on the methods used to design the logistics network.

多周期农产品废弃物供应链网络均衡模型构建

目的研究农产品废弃物可持续利用问题,既实现供应链整体利润最优,又减轻对环境的污染。方法在随机需求的背景下,考虑生产合作社对零售商的不同激励度,分析生产合作社、零售商、需求市场的最优状态,利用变分不等式建立相应的多周期供应链网络均衡模型。结果从多周期角度,实现了农产品废弃物供应链网络均衡利益最优化,可为合作社与零售商在较长时间达到一种均衡状态提供有效解决方案。结论既实现了多周期农产品废弃物的持续利用,又促进了循环经济的发展,同时还实现了供应链网络均衡、供应链整体利润最优和减轻环境污染等目标。

“双碳”目标下考虑各方努力水平的生鲜供应链网络均衡研究

为探讨不同竞争与合作模式下生鲜供应链成员最优努力水平、消费者低碳偏好和原材料产能约束对生鲜供应链利润的影响,本文结合生鲜产品易腐性、季节性的特点,以多个供应商、制造商、零售商及需求市场组成的生鲜供应链为研究对象,利用网络均衡的方法构建供应链网络模型,并设计基于对数二次型逼近的算法求解。研究结果表明:当所有生鲜供应链成员协同努力时,一定程度的努力投入能够使相关成员及供应链整体利润达到最优;当生鲜供应链各层级之间协同努力时,供应商和零售商努力水平的提高更有利于整体利润最大化;当生鲜供应链成员各自努力时,决策者需密切关注竞争对手或其余层级成员的努力水平;消费者低碳偏好的增加有利于提升制造商利润,但对供应商与零售商利润的改善有限;原材料产能约束能够使供应商利润得到较为显著提升,但并不利于改善其余供应链成员利润。

考虑生产商风险的绿色供应链网络均衡问题研究

文章研究了考虑生产商风险管理因素并存在为购买绿色商品的零售商提供价格补贴的绿色供应链网络均衡模型,可以有效降低风险损失,提高竞争优势。该供应链由生产商、零售商、消费市场的三层结构组成,分析了损失函数表达供应链中的中断风险特征及生产商、零售商、消费市场的行为优化条件,将供应链网络均衡问题转化为广义纳什均衡问题,通过证明广义纳什均衡解的存在性证明得到供应链网络均衡问题的解也是存在的,并提供数值算例以验证其合理性。

考虑运输安全投入自营物流的危化品制造企业供应链网络均衡研究

随着我国经济的快速发展,危险化学品的需求量飞速增长,同时危化品物流规模也迅速扩大。危化品生产企业以自营物流为主,道路运输事故频发,造成大量人员伤亡和巨大的经济损失。结合以上情况,文章将使用变分不等式、空间价格理论等,在考虑运输安全投入的前提下,构建两层供应链网络模型,结合实例进行算例分析。研究结果表明,当自营物流的危化品制造企业采用不同的成本投入决策时,供应链网络整体利润更大。文章旨在为广大的危险化学品企业提供供应链网络整体决策建议与优化。

基于退货后二次销售的供应链网络均衡问题研究

本文讨论了退货后的二次销售对供应链网络的均衡问题,并重点分析了零售商和消费者在市场中的行为。同时,考虑到二次销售商品在打折销售时所带来的销量影响,提出了一种能够增加零售商利润并减少退货损失的方法,同时保障消费者权益。对供应商、零售商和消费市场的竞争行为及其均衡条件进行了详细分析,并将零售商与消费市场之间的交易行为划分为两个阶段进行研究。最终,建立了一个供应链网络均衡不等式模型,通过求解不等式来实现供应链的均衡。

多贸易政策影响下的跨区域供应链网络均衡策略

为研究贸易政策对跨区域供应链网络均衡的影响,本研究基于四种贸易政策将贸易关系划分为三类:自由贸易、贸易保护以及施行贸易保护反制措施,构建了三类贸易关系下的供应链网络各成员的最优化模型;运用变分不等式刻画了制造商层、经销商层和需求市场层的最优决策和均衡条件;通过算例模拟分析了不同贸易情境下贸易关系改变对均衡结果的影响;最后,通过灵敏度分析探讨了成员利润和区域社会福利随贸易保护政策参数取值变动而变化的情况,界定了不同的贸易保护政策或反制行为对均衡结果产生等效影响的无差异点。

随机需求下考虑广告遗忘效应的多周期闭环供应链网络均衡

研究由供应商、制造商、再制造商及需求市场组成的多周期闭环供应链网络均衡问题。在随机需求假设下,利用变分不等式方法构建了考虑制造商和再制造商广告投入及广告遗忘效应的多周期闭环供应链网络均衡模型,给出了网络模型的均衡条件,利用算例分析对均衡结果进行了验证和解释,并得到管理学启示。研究表明,无论广告遗忘情境如何,制造商广告投入对回收率及整体利润的影响占据主导;当制造商广告投入水平较再制造商更高时,再制造商利润总是更高,而供应商、制造商及系统整体利润仅在广告遗忘系数小于某阈值时更高;广告遗忘性的存在降低了广告投入对目标市场的正向激励作用,随着广告遗忘系数的增加,回收率、成员企业及系统整体利润均降低,并且在广告遗忘系数呈非固定状态下,其前期的值对系统影响更显著。

考虑劳动力流动限制的供应链网络均衡模型

新冠疫情引起的劳动力不足对劳动密集型企业造成了巨大的产能压力,“共享员工”是疫情期间许多企业缓解生产压力的一种做法。针对由多个相互竞争的异构供应链组成的供应链网络系统,利用变分不等式的方法,建立考虑劳动力流动限制的供应链网络均衡模型。利用欧拉算法求解该问题,分析了劳动力资源对供应链网络均衡决策的影响,并进一步分析“共享员工”措施对供应链运营效率的影响。研究表明,劳动力资源不足会降低供应链的产量及利润;“共享员工”可以帮助供应链根据自身产业结构及需求更好地分配有限的劳动力;“共享员工”在某些情况下会损害供应链的运行效率。

碳交易机制下考虑公平关切的低碳供应链网络均衡模型

文章以实现供应链网络的低碳可持续发展为目标,基于碳交易机制与制造商公平关切特征,利用变分不等式理论构建了库存能力约束下的网络均衡模型。研究结果表明,制造商有利的不公平关切行为不利于自身利润的增加,而不利不公平关切行为却能使其获得更多收益,并且零售商的利润也表现出相同的变化趋势。而当零售商存在库存能力限制时,制造商有利的不公平关切行为会进一步增加能力约束对低碳网络定价均衡决策的影响程度,而不利不公平关切行为会进一步削弱能力约束对低碳网络定价均衡决策的影响程度。另外,碳交易机制虽然提高了产品的价格,但对激励企业积极投资减排技术具有促进作用。

Closed-loop Supply Chain Based Battery Swapping and Charging System Operation: A Hierarchy Game Approach

To realize optimal day-ahead operation of battery swapping and charging systems(BSCSs),a closed loop supply chain(CLSC)based management scheme is proposed,where the game theory is adopted for benefits allocation.The CLSC is used to depict the battery-swapping-charging process between the battery charging stations(BCSs)and battery swapping stations(BSSs).The arrival,departure and swapping service of electric vehicles(EVs)at BSSs is modeled as distinct queues based on the network calculus theory.The depleted batteries(DBs)and well-charging batteries(WBs)based interaction among BCSs and BSSs is formulated as a Stackelberg game.In the game,one BCS acts as the leader and the BSSs act as the followers.The BCS sets optimized prices to maximize its utility and the BSSs optimally demand WBs,supply DBs and provide battery swapping services to maximize their own utilities while guaranteeing the quality of service(QoS)needed for battery swapping.The existence of Stackelberg equilibriums(SEs)of the proposed game is proved.A differential evaluation based hybrid algorithm is proposed to compute an SE.The effectiveness of proposed method has been demonstrated by the simulation results,guaranteeing the QoS and balancing benefits among the BCS and BSSs while maximizing social welfare.

第三方检测市场入侵条件下乳品供应链网络均衡研究

构建包含生鲜乳供应商、第三方检测机构、乳品制造商以及需求市场的乳品供应链网络均衡模型,揭示第三方检测机构入侵下,生鲜乳检测技术革新投入水平变化对乳品供应链各层级均衡决策的影响。研究结果表明:第三方检测机构承担生鲜乳检测技术投入,有利于供应链检测质量水平的提升,行业风险规避能力加强,供应链整体获利增加,是实现乳品供应链治理的有益尝试;生鲜乳供应商应在质量控制上占据主导地位,通过价格传导机制,促使乳制品制造商分担部分检测费用;政府在第三方检测环境下扮演监管角色,通过补贴与惩罚举措提升第三方检测机构的公平性及公正性,并通过策略调整来推动第三方检测的市场化运作。

An efficient algorithm for solving supply chain network equilibria and equivalent supernetwork based traffic network equilibria

This paper is concerned with the algorithm of the supply chain network equilibrium model and its equivalent supernetwork based traffic network equilibrium model with elastic demands. Both models are further written as nonlinear complementarity problems. Semismooth least squares reformulations of the complementarity problems are presented and their convergence properties are investigated. Considering the drawbacks of Quasi-Newton method (using the Fischer-Burmeister function), a semi-smooth Levenberg-Marquardt-type method is proposed to solve the problems. Numerical examples show that the Levenberg-Marquardt-type method can solve the supply chain network equilibrium model and its equivalent supernetwork based traffic network equilibrium model significantly, and is more efficient than the Quasi Newton method and the modified projection method. Furthermore, the Levenberg-Marquardt-type method with the equivalent supernetwork based complementarity formulation can be implemented faster than with the supply chain network equilibrium complementarity formulation.

电子商务参与下的农产品供应链渠道分析——以“菜管家”为例

为了分析电子商务的参与对于农产品流通的影响,供应链网络均衡理论被引入到农产品供应链分析当中。文章首先简要介绍了"菜管家"农产品电子商务平台的运营现状,并重点分析了在"菜管家"参与下电子商务线上渠道与传统线下渠道并存的农产品供应链模式,在此基础上利用供应链网络均衡理论分析了电子商务的加入对于农产品供应链参与各方的影响,并以实例验证了电子商务渠道能够显著降低农产品流通成本,促进农业产业化发展。

供应链网络的动态均衡问题

供应链是一典型的动态系统,链内各成员间供给与需求的关系随时间发生改变,同时,成员的目标也是随时间的变化而变化,如何协调系统中各成员之间的关系与利益是供应链管理中一复杂而重要的问题．为此,通过引入经济学中的均衡理论,以变分不等式为工具,研究一个由m个制造商和n个批发商所构成的具有库存的两阶段供应链的物流与价格动态均衡问题．给出了相应的均衡条件和经济解释,并建立了均衡问题的变分不等式模型,最后证明了变分不等式问题解的存在性与唯一性．