A new method for driving a One-Dimensional Stratiform Cold （1DSC） cloud model with Weather Research and Fore casting （WRF） model outputs was developed by conducting numerical experiments for a typical large-scale ...A new method for driving a One-Dimensional Stratiform Cold （1DSC） cloud model with Weather Research and Fore casting （WRF） model outputs was developed by conducting numerical experiments for a typical large-scale stratiform rainfall event that took place on 4-5 July 2004 in Changchun, China. Sensitivity test results suggested that, with hydrometeor pro files extracted from the WRF outputs as the initial input, and with continuous updating of soundings and vertical velocities （including downdraft） derived from the WRF model, the new WRF-driven 1DSC modeling system （WRF-1DSC） was able to successfully reproduce both the generation and dissipation processes of the precipitation event. The simulated rainfall intensity showed a time-lag behind that observed, which could have been caused by simulation errors of soundings, vertical velocities and hydrometeor profiles in the WRF output. Taking into consideration the simulated and observed movement path of the precipitation system, a nearby grid point was found to possess more accurate environmental fields in terms of their similarity to those observed in Changchun Station. Using profiles from this nearby grid point, WRF-1DSC was able to repro duce a realistic precipitation pattern. This study demonstrates that 1D cloud-seeding models do indeed have the potential to predict realistic precipitation patterns when properly driven by accurate atmospheric profiles derived from a regional short range forecasting system, This opens a novel and important approach to developing an ensemble-based rain enhancement prediction and operation system under a probabilistic framework concept.展开更多
Depositional growth of ice crystal is one of the major processes for development of precipitation systems and can be represented by depositional growth of cloud ice from cloud water(P_(IDW)) and depositional growth of...Depositional growth of ice crystal is one of the major processes for development of precipitation systems and can be represented by depositional growth of cloud ice from cloud water(P_(IDW)) and depositional growth of snow from cloud ice(P_(SFI)) in cloud-resolving model. Four parameterization schemes are analyzed in the cloud-resolving model simulations of four rainfall cases over the tropics and midlatitudes. The comparison of time and model domain mean data shows that Shen's scheme produces the closest rainfall simulation to the observation. Compared to Zeng's scheme,Shen's scheme improves the mean rain-rate simulation significantly through the dramatic decrease in depositional growth of cloud ice from cloud water. Compared to other schemes, Shen's scheme produces the better rainfall simulation via the reduction in the mean rain rate associated with the enhanced gain of cloud water and ice.展开更多
为了准确判断施工现场在突降暴雨情况下的安全状态,采用贝叶斯最优最劣法(Bayesian Best Worst Method,BBWM)和云模型方法,提出暴雨灾害下的建筑施工现场风险评价模型,以确定施工现场在遭受暴雨灾害时的风险等级。该模型利用了压力状态...为了准确判断施工现场在突降暴雨情况下的安全状态,采用贝叶斯最优最劣法(Bayesian Best Worst Method,BBWM)和云模型方法,提出暴雨灾害下的建筑施工现场风险评价模型,以确定施工现场在遭受暴雨灾害时的风险等级。该模型利用了压力状态响应模型(Pressure State Response,PSR)和灾害系统理论,在考虑致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境稳定性、承灾体脆弱性和减灾能力抵御性4方面的基础上,构建18个风险因素的施工现场风险评价指标体系,并以武汉市某施工现场为例进行验证。结果显示,施工现场的减灾能力抵御性处于最重要的地位,做好现场减灾应对措施对灾害有非常重要的帮助;案例项目的评价结果处于一般风险状态,与现场实际情况相符。展开更多
本文通过耦合AFWA(Air Force Weather Agency)冻雨参数化方案的WRF模式,对2020年冬季因暖锋引发的中国北方严重冻雨灾害个例进行了模拟,结果显示模式能够很好地模拟此次冻雨过程中降水相态的空间分布。通过分析暖锋的演变、水成物云微...本文通过耦合AFWA(Air Force Weather Agency)冻雨参数化方案的WRF模式,对2020年冬季因暖锋引发的中国北方严重冻雨灾害个例进行了模拟,结果显示模式能够很好地模拟此次冻雨过程中降水相态的空间分布。通过分析暖锋的演变、水成物云微物理特征以及降水相态的变化,得到:在辽宁中北部—吉林中东部地区,暖锋导致中低空形成“冷—暖—冷”的温度层结,该区冻雨形成机制以“冰相机制”为主,即高空的雪花落入大于0℃暖层内融化、再降落到次冻结层后形成冻雨。同时,发现存在高空无固态水成物、逆温层内暖雨下落到次冻结层在地面形成冻雨的现象,这种新机制被定义为“暖雨机制”,更多水成物垂直剖面与同期地面观测降水相态的比对,验证了新机制的存在,并解释了该机制形成的可能原因。为更深入理解冻雨形成机理以及北方冻雨的预报、预警提供科学支撑。展开更多
基金jointly supported by the Main Direction Program of Knowledge Innovation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.KZCX2EW203)the National Key Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2013CB430105)the National Department of Public Benefit Research Foundation(Grant No.GYHY201006031)
文摘A new method for driving a One-Dimensional Stratiform Cold （1DSC） cloud model with Weather Research and Fore casting （WRF） model outputs was developed by conducting numerical experiments for a typical large-scale stratiform rainfall event that took place on 4-5 July 2004 in Changchun, China. Sensitivity test results suggested that, with hydrometeor pro files extracted from the WRF outputs as the initial input, and with continuous updating of soundings and vertical velocities （including downdraft） derived from the WRF model, the new WRF-driven 1DSC modeling system （WRF-1DSC） was able to successfully reproduce both the generation and dissipation processes of the precipitation event. The simulated rainfall intensity showed a time-lag behind that observed, which could have been caused by simulation errors of soundings, vertical velocities and hydrometeor profiles in the WRF output. Taking into consideration the simulated and observed movement path of the precipitation system, a nearby grid point was found to possess more accurate environmental fields in terms of their similarity to those observed in Changchun Station. Using profiles from this nearby grid point, WRF-1DSC was able to repro duce a realistic precipitation pattern. This study demonstrates that 1D cloud-seeding models do indeed have the potential to predict realistic precipitation patterns when properly driven by accurate atmospheric profiles derived from a regional short range forecasting system, This opens a novel and important approach to developing an ensemble-based rain enhancement prediction and operation system under a probabilistic framework concept.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(41475039)National Key Basic Research and Development Project of China(2015CB953601)
文摘Depositional growth of ice crystal is one of the major processes for development of precipitation systems and can be represented by depositional growth of cloud ice from cloud water(P_(IDW)) and depositional growth of snow from cloud ice(P_(SFI)) in cloud-resolving model. Four parameterization schemes are analyzed in the cloud-resolving model simulations of four rainfall cases over the tropics and midlatitudes. The comparison of time and model domain mean data shows that Shen's scheme produces the closest rainfall simulation to the observation. Compared to Zeng's scheme,Shen's scheme improves the mean rain-rate simulation significantly through the dramatic decrease in depositional growth of cloud ice from cloud water. Compared to other schemes, Shen's scheme produces the better rainfall simulation via the reduction in the mean rain rate associated with the enhanced gain of cloud water and ice.
文摘为了准确判断施工现场在突降暴雨情况下的安全状态,采用贝叶斯最优最劣法(Bayesian Best Worst Method,BBWM)和云模型方法,提出暴雨灾害下的建筑施工现场风险评价模型,以确定施工现场在遭受暴雨灾害时的风险等级。该模型利用了压力状态响应模型(Pressure State Response,PSR)和灾害系统理论,在考虑致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境稳定性、承灾体脆弱性和减灾能力抵御性4方面的基础上,构建18个风险因素的施工现场风险评价指标体系,并以武汉市某施工现场为例进行验证。结果显示,施工现场的减灾能力抵御性处于最重要的地位,做好现场减灾应对措施对灾害有非常重要的帮助;案例项目的评价结果处于一般风险状态,与现场实际情况相符。
文摘本文通过耦合AFWA(Air Force Weather Agency)冻雨参数化方案的WRF模式,对2020年冬季因暖锋引发的中国北方严重冻雨灾害个例进行了模拟,结果显示模式能够很好地模拟此次冻雨过程中降水相态的空间分布。通过分析暖锋的演变、水成物云微物理特征以及降水相态的变化,得到:在辽宁中北部—吉林中东部地区,暖锋导致中低空形成“冷—暖—冷”的温度层结,该区冻雨形成机制以“冰相机制”为主,即高空的雪花落入大于0℃暖层内融化、再降落到次冻结层后形成冻雨。同时,发现存在高空无固态水成物、逆温层内暖雨下落到次冻结层在地面形成冻雨的现象,这种新机制被定义为“暖雨机制”,更多水成物垂直剖面与同期地面观测降水相态的比对,验证了新机制的存在,并解释了该机制形成的可能原因。为更深入理解冻雨形成机理以及北方冻雨的预报、预警提供科学支撑。
