Repellent and Fumigant Effects of Essential Oil from Clove Buds Syzygium aromaticum L. against Tribofium castaneum （Herbest） （Coleoptera： Tenebrionidae）

Essential oil from clove buds Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. ＆ Perry （Myrtaceae） was extracted using petroleum ether in Soxhlet apparatus. The resultant oil contained eugenol （48.92%）, caryophyllene （18.55%）, α-caryophyllene （3.25%）, eugenol acetate （23%）, cis-13-docosenamide （3.2 1%）, presenting more than 96% of the oil. This oil was examined as a fumigant and repellent agent against adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Data showed that various concentrations of the oil have revealed dramatic repellent activity against the tested insect, where it gave 100% repellency by 1.0, 0.8, and 0.2% clove oil at 4, 8, 10 min, respectively. The RTs0 and RT95 were 1.1 and 8.0 min at 0.2% and 0.4, 2.6 min at 0.8%, respectively. In addition, fumigation assay has also exhibited strong fumigant activity toward the adults of T. castaneum. At 100 μL oil/L air, mortality was 75, 80 and 100% after 6, 7, and 8 days exposure period with LCs0 and LC95 17 and 70 μL/L air, respectively. The utilization of clove oil for its potential effects against stored product insect is discussed.

Potential of <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i>(Clove) Leaf Extract on Immune Proliferation Response in Balb/c Mice Infected with <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>

Background and Objective: Syzygium aromaticum is an immunomodulator with the main active compound eugenol which can stimulate the function of lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage production. Lymphocytes play an important role for body protection against infection. This study aims to analyze the effect of S. aromaticum extract to increase proliferation of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and macrophage production in Balb/c mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Methodology: Mice strain Balb/c were divided into 4 groups: treatment group infected with S. typhimurium and control group (without treatment) to tested the activity of peritoneal macrophages. The treatment group was administrated by S. aromaticum leaf extract (15 mg, 75 mg, 150 mg/kgbw) for 12 days. Results: S. aromaticum leaf extract increased the proliferation activity (p Conclusion: Administration of S. aromaticum leaf extract increased the proliferation activity of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and ROI secretion of macrophagesin Balb/c mice infected with S. typhimurium.

丁香 [Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr .et Perry]挥发油中天然抗菌成分研究(英文)

研究结果表明 ,丁香 [Syzygiumaromaticum (L .)Merr .etPerry]挥发油及其衍生物均可抑制黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger)和扩展青霉 (Penicilliumexpansun) 的生长 ,丁香挥发油对黑曲霉的最小抑菌浓度为 5 0 % ,对扩展青霉的最小抑菌浓度为 2 5 % ;丁香挥发油衍生物对黑曲霉的最小抑菌浓度为 2 5 % ,对扩展青霉的最小抑菌浓度为 2 0 %。用GC MS详细分析了丁香挥发油的化学成分 ,共鉴定了 2 0个化合物 ,其中主要成分为丁香酚 ,含量占挥发油成分总量的6 8.0 2 78%。

Larvicidal efficacies and chemical composition of essential oils of Pinus sylvestris and Syzygium aromaticum against mosquitoes

Objective:To assess the chemical composition and mosquito larvicidal potentials of essential oils of locally sourced Pinus sylvestris(P.sylvestris)and Syzygium aromatkum(S.aromaticum)against Aedes aegypti(A.aegypti)and Culex quinquefasciatus(C.quinquefasciatus).Method:The chemical composition of the essential oils of both plants was determined using GCMS while the larvicidal bioassay was carried out using different concentrations of the oils against the larvae of A.aegypti and C.quinquefasciatus in accordance with the standard protocol.Results:The results as determined by GC-MS showed that oil of S.aromaticum has eugenol(80.5%)as its principal constituent while P.sylvestris has 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol,.alpha.,.alpha.4-trimethyl(27.1%)as its dominant constituent.Both oils achieved over 85%larval mortality within24 h.The larvae of A.aegypti were more susceptible to the oils[LC_(50)(S.aromaticum)=92.56 mg/L,LC_(50)(P.sylvestris)=100.39 mg/L]than C.quinquefasciatus[LC_(50)(S.aromaticum)=124.42 mg/L;LC_(50)(P.sylvestris)=128.00 mg/L].S.aromaticum oil was more toxic to the mosquito larvae than oil of P.sylvatris but the difference in lethal concentrations was insignificant(P>0.05).Condusioii:The results justify the larvicidal potentials of both essential oils and the need to incorporate them in vector management and control.

Effects of the Syzygium aromaticum L. extract on antioxidation and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase in human dermal fibroblast

Objective: To investigate cosmetic potential of Syzygium aromaticum L.(S. aromaticum L.) and to determine its antioxidant and anti-wrinkling effects. Methods: Using highperformance liquid chromatography, eugenol component was quantitated. The antioxidant activity of S. aromaticum L. was analyzed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and superoxide dismutase like activities. To determine cell viability, elastase and matrix metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1) activity, human dermal fibroblasts(HS68) were treated with S. aromaticum L. The inhibitory effect of S. aromaticum L. on tumor necrosis factor alpha induced MMPs expression in HS68 was analyzed by realtime-PCR. Results: The eugenol content was confirmed in S. aromaticum L. S. aromaticum L. was observed to have high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase like activity. S. aromaticum L. had no cytotoxicity against the HS68 and dose-dependently increased elastase inhibition. Moreover, S. aromaticum L. significantly decreased MMP-1 content and inhibited gene levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-9. Conclusions: The findings suggest that S. aromaticum L. has great potential as a cosmeceutical ingredient with antioxidant and antiwrinkling effects.

Ameliorative Effects of <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i>Essential Oil on Fertility in Male Rats Exposed to Manganese

Introduction: Several substances were likely to cause the decline in male fertility which could go up to the complete sterility. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil on fertility in male rats exposed to manganese. Materials and Methods: Twenty four male rats, 6 months old, were divided into 2 groups;12 rats in one group received, by oral route, a water containing manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl2·4H2O) is at the dose of 4.79 mg·ml-1 for 12 weeks. The group of control male rats received a distilled water in the same conditions. After a period of experimentation, each group was divided into two subgroups of 6 rats which received daily, by intraperitoneal way, a 0.1 mg/kg body weight, of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil. Results: After a chronic exposure, microscopic examination of the testes showed degeneration of the seminiferous tubules and the gremlin cell. Seminal parameters indicated a decrease in the sperm levels (21.3 × 106 cells/ml) and a rise of morphological abnormalities (66.1%). However, intraperitoneal administration of essential oil extracted from the flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum, during 3 weeks, to the rats previously intoxicated with Mn, showed a significant rising of sperm concentration (61.2 × 106 cells/ml) and a reduction of morphological abnormalities (10.8%). These changes were associated with a significant regeneration of seminiferous tubules and interstitial cells. Conclusion: This study revealed an ameliorative effect of essential oil Syzygium aromaticum in testicular tissue and the sperm quality.

The Effect of Mixture of Alpinia Galanga, Eurycoma Longifolia Jack and Syzygium Aromaticum Crude Extract on the Growth of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Escherichia Coli

Alpinia galanga, Eurycoma longifolia Jack and Syzygium aromaticum have been widely used in traditional medicine for decades. Antimicrobial activities for individual crude extract were well established. Crude methanolic extracts of Alpinia galanga, Eurycoma longifolia Jack and Syzygium aromaticum and the combination for all extracts were tested using well diffusion techniques against Saccharomyces cerevisiae （ATCC 9763） and Escherichia coli （ATCC 25922）. The mixed extracts were prepared based on the concentration ratio of 50 μg/μL which are 1：1, 1：1：1 and 1：2：2. Single Syzygium aromaticum extract showed higher inhibition zone on Saccharomyces cerevisiae compared to Escherichia coli. There is reduction in diameter of inhibition zone for single extract and mixture extracts either in combination of two or three extracts tested on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli growth but they are not significant. In conclusion, Syzygium aromaticum showed highest activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli. Reduction in diameter of inhibition zone indicated that Alpinia galanga and Eurycoma longifolia Jack extracts had antagonistic effect with Syzygium aromaticum.

Safety Assessment and Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethanolic Extract of <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i>in Albino Rats

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the ethanolic extract of Syzygium aromaticum to albino rats. Forty eight Albino rats were employed to test the safety and the anti-inflammatory effect of the extract. Safety of the extract was examined on experimental animal’s model at three dose levels of the extract orally in daily doses for three weeks. Effects of S. aromaticum on rats revealed no significant effect on biochemical or haematological parameters. The anti-inflammatory effect of the extract was tested in four equal groups;groups 1 and 2 were treated with 250 and 500 mg/kg of the extract, respectively, group 3 was treated with indomethacine and group 4 was the untreated control. Carrageenan was used as an acute form inducer of inflammation. Indomethacine, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), was used as a reference compound. Oedema size was monitored at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th and after 24 hours. The ethanolic extract of S. aromaticum showed significant (P 0.001) decreased in the oedema size at efficacy rates of 79.41%, 82.39% and 63.92% for the dose, 500 mg/kg body weight at the 2nd, 4th and 6th hour respectively higher than that produced by indomethacine.

Biological Activity of <i>Syzygium aromaticum</i>and <i>Ravensara aromatica</i>Essential Oils from Madagascar and Their Possible Use against Postharvest Mango Anthracnose

The fungitoxicity of five Malagasy essential oils (Eos) against Colletotrichum asianum was assessed in terms of conidial germination and mycelial growth. Their effect on defense-related compounds content, physicochemical properties and anthracnose lesions in mango fruits was also determined. Four of the tested Eos were from Ravensara aromatica leaves, and the last Eo was extracted from clove leaves. Their chemical compositions were then determined through GC-MS analysis and the active compound of the most fungitoxic Eo was determined by testing the toxicity of its major component to C. asianums spore germination, mycelial growth and its ability to inhibit anthracnose development on mango fruits. The R. aromatica Eos tested were fungistatic to C. asianum, whereas clove Eo was fungitoxic and the 4 chemotypes of R. aromatica Eo exhibited variable inhibiting capabilities: 1) all tested doses of all Eos (112.5 and 225 μL/L of air) were effective against C. asianum mycelial growth (10% - 100% inhibition) but doses of 225 μL/L were more inhibitory than those of 112.5 μL/L, 2) Conidial germination was more resistant to Eos toxicity since only 225 μL/L of methyl eugenol chemotype of R. aromatica Eo, all tested doses of the sabinene chemotype of R. aromatica Eo and clove Eo were found inhibitory toward conidial germination of C. asianum. 30 μL/L of sprayed clove Eoweretested on inoculated mangoes and were found to be effective against anthracnose development without affecting the resorcinol content in mango peel and the physicochemical properties of mango pulp. Tests on the major components of clove Eo showed fungitoxic activities against mycelial growth and conidial germination of C. asianum similar to those of clove Eo.

Insecticidal Activity of the Powders Obtained from the Bauxite Red Mud, Zyzygium aromaticum and Citrus sinensis Peel Extracts on the Conservation of Corn against Sitophilus zeamais: Physicochemical Properties

The remarkable push of technologies increasingly recommends materials for their constructions.Hence the extraction of alumina is for different uses.The exploitation of bauxite pollutes the surrounding areas in this case the discharge of mud wheel.Furthermore,the excessive use of dangerous conventional synthetic insecticides continues to be in circulation in Cameroon despite the known adverse effects.These problems lead us to formulate bio insecticides from rejection of the extraction of alumina and extracts of S.aromaticum and Citrus sinensis which respectively offer us essential oils eugenol and limonene having insecticidal properties against the main insects,pests of corn stocks,Sitophilus zeamais.From the kinetic point of view of the adsorption of the extracts of eugenol,limonene and their association by the red mud,the adsorption curve shows that the Eu/Li mixture(30/70)is better by 0.36 mg/g during the 24 h.The results showed a high toxicity of the Eu-Li binary mixture of ratio 30/70 with respective mortality rates of 95.88%after 8 days of exposure to the concentration of 5 mL/L on the adults of Sitophilus zeamais.The other composites induce an average rate of 80%.The results from the physicochemical analysis of corn before and after treatment with formulated insecticides showed a slight loss in nutritional quality of 14.90%in ash,12.5%in protein,16.14%in lipids and 13.63%in total sugars for 180 days.The powdery formulation from red mud and Eu-Li(30/70)mixture can therefore ensure the protection of corn stocks against Sitophilus zeamais in a farming environment.

<i>In Vitro</i>Efficacy of Clove Oil and Eugenol against <i>Staphylococcus</i>spp and <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>on Hydrophobicity, Hemolysin Production and Biofilms and their Synergy with Antibiotics

The present study aimed to evaluate Syzygium aromaticum (clove) plant extract, clove oil and eugenol for their antibacterial activity and their potential to eradicate bacterial biofilms alone and in combination with antibiotics. Anti-bacterial efficacy of S. aromaticum extract, clove oil and eugenol was evaluated as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and subsequently sub-MICs was selected for inhibition of virulence factors against test bacterial strains. Biofilm cultivation and eradication was assayed using XTT reduction in 96-well microtiter plate. Checkerboard method was used to study the interaction between essential oils and antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus MTCC3160, Staphylococcus epidermidis MTCC435, Staphylococcus sciuri (SC-01), Staphylococcus auricularis (SU-01) and Streptococcus mutans MTCC497 were found strong biofilm former among all the test bacterial strains. The potency of test agents was found in the order of eugenol > clove oil > S. aromaticum methanolic extract. Sub-MIC (0.5 × MIC) of clove oil and eugenol showed a significant reduction in cell surface hydrophobicity (p < 0.05) and hemolysin production in the test bacterial strains. Eugenol showed no increase in sessile MIC (SMIC) against S. auricularis (SU-01), S. epidermidis MTCC435 and S. mutans MTCC497 compared to planktonic MIC (PMIC). Antibiotics (vancomycin and azithromycin) exhibited upto 1000-folds increased in SMIC compared to PMIC against all the test bacterial strains. Synergy was observed between eugenol and antibiotics (vancomycin/azithromycin) against all the test bacterial strains in both planktonic and sessile mode. Highest synergy was exhibited between eugenol and azithromycin in planktonic mode (FICI value 0.141). Further, microscopy also confirmed the spectacular effect of combination treatment on pre-formed S. aureus MTCC3160 and S. mutans MTCC497 biofilms. These findings highlighted the promising role of clove oil and eugenol alone and in combination on pathogenic bacterial biofilms.

丁香、甘草与迷迭香的抑菌作用及其在酱油中的应用研究

该文研究了从丁香、甘草及迷迭香中提取抑菌防腐物质的方法及其抑菌效力、最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、活性pH范围及热稳定性等性能。经组合后取代苯甲酸应用于酱油防腐,存放2个月后检测卫生指标,全部合格。

丁香挥发油化学成分与抗菌活性研究(英文)

利用气相色谱—质谱(GCMS)法结合化学计量学方法对丁香挥发油化学成分进行了分析研究。得益于化学计量学分辨方法,从丁香花蕾与丁香果实中共鉴定了46种化合物。其中从丁香果实挥发油中鉴定了41种化合物,占挥发油总量的94.154%;从丁香花蕾挥发油中鉴定出30种化合物,占其挥发油总量的98.418%。2,3,4trimethoxyacetophenone和2methoxy4[2propenyl]phenolacetate为首次从丁香挥发油中鉴定得到。两种已经确认具有生物活性的化合物丁子香酚和石竹烯在丁香果挥发油分别为22.667%和7.147%,而在丁香花蕾挥发油中含量分别为和57.133%和14.408%,二者在相对含量上差异较大。体外抗菌试验结果表明,这两种挥发油对金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌十分敏感,对大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌敏感。而丁香花蕾挥发油对所有试验菌株都比丁香果挥发油表现出更强的抗菌活性,我们认为这可能是前者丁子香酚和石竹烯含量高的原因。

丁香对赤拟谷盗卵和幼虫的致死作用

在室内条件下,研究了丁香干燥花蕾粉末对赤拟谷盗卵和幼虫的影响。结果表明:丁香对赤拟谷盗卵孵化有明显的抑制作用,对赤拟谷盗幼虫有致死作用并且全部致死时间随着赤拟谷盗幼虫龄期的增大而延长,龄期越小的幼虫其全部致死时间越短。

丁香对赤拟谷盗蛹和成虫的致死作用

桃金娘科植物丁香Syzygium aromaticum可以作为药材、香料。研究了其干燥花蕾粉末对赤拟谷盗蛹和成虫的致死作用。结果表明:丁香对赤拟谷盗蛹羽化有明显的抑制作用,蛹因不能羽化而死亡;对赤拟谷盗成虫有致死作用并且致死时间随着赤拟谷盗成虫寿命的不同而不同;赤拟谷盗成虫的耐饥能力强。

北京松山不同密度丁香天然林枯落物及土壤水文效应

以北京松山5个不同密度（784,1 024,1 210,1 616,1 872株/hm2）的丁香（Syzygium aromaticum）天然林为对象,对其枯落物层及土壤层水文效应进行研究。结果表明：枯落物总蓄积量、最大持水率、最大持水量随丁香天然林密度的升高而增大。枯落物的总储量在13.19~31.66t/hm2之间;有效拦蓄能力在32.71~79.77t/hm2之间;枯落物最大持水量在50.76~119.29t/hm2之间,与浸泡时间呈明显的对数关系（R〉0.86）;枯落物最大持水率为385.72%~507.16%,枯落物吸水速率与浸泡时间呈明显的幂函数关系（R〉0.99）;同一密度土壤容重随土层深度的增加而增大,总孔隙度随密度的升高先增大后减小。初渗速率在37.50~54.55mm/min之间,入渗速率与入渗时间存在较好的幂函数关系（R〉0.99）。中密度丁香天然林水源涵养功能较强。

天然防腐剂的提取及其在酱油酿造中的应用

从丁香、甘草及迷迭香中提取抑菌防腐物质,并研究其抑菌效力、最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、活性pH范围及热稳定性等性能。经组合后应用于酱油防腐,以取代苯甲酸,存放两个月后检测卫生指标,全部合格。

崂山常见中药材提取物对烟草青枯病菌的抑制作用

以烟草青枯病菌Ralstonia solanacearum为病原指示菌,从艾叶Artemisiae argyi等40种崂山常见中药材95%乙醇提取液中筛选对其具有明显抑制作用的活性物质。结果表明,32种(80%)药材提取物显示出不同程度的抑菌作用,其中公丁香Syzygium aromaticum提取物抑菌活性最强,其抑菌圈直径达19.53 mm。采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用法分析鉴定了公丁香提取物中12种化学组分,其中相对含量最高的丁香酚(40.43%)抑菌活性最强,抑菌圈直径达18.50 mm,处理6 h对病菌的抑制中质量浓度(EC50)值为0.0292 mg/m L。本研究表明崂山地区抑菌植物具有丰富的多样性,公丁香提取物中活性成分丁香酚具有防治烟草青枯病的良好应用潜力。

丁香提取物对芒果炭疽病菌和香蕉枯萎病菌的抑制作用

初步研究了几种植物(中草药)乙醇提取物对芒果炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)抗药性菌株、敏感菌株和引起香蕉枯萎病的尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型菌株(Fusariumoxysporumf.sp.cubense)的抑制作用,同时对丁香[Syzygium aromaticum(L.)Merr.et Perry]不同溶剂提取物对芒果炭疽病菌抗药性菌株、香蕉枯萎病菌的抑制作用及丁香乙醇提取物对芒果炭疽病菌抗药性菌株、香蕉枯萎病菌的有效中浓度EC50进行了研究。离体检测结果表明,丁香等植物乙醇提物提取物对芒果炭疽病菌及香蕉枯萎病菌具有不同程度的抑制作用,芒果炭疽病抗药性菌株对供试植物提取物没有明显的抗药性。其中丁香、石菖蒲、花椒提取物抑菌作用尤为明显。丁香4种不同极性溶剂的提取物在1mgDW/mL浓度下对芒果炭疽病菌及香蕉枯萎病菌相对抑制率达86%以上,说明丁香抑菌物质丰富。其乙醇提取物对芒果炭疽病菌及香蕉枯萎病菌有效中浓度EC50分别为0.40mgDW/mL、0.54mgDW/mL。

公丁香中多种金属元素的ICP-AES研究

探讨公丁香中多种金属元素的测定方法，采用湿法硝酸-双氧水进行消解，用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）同时测定试样中钾、镁及多种微量元素铅、铜、铁、铬、锌、锰等的方法。其检出限为0.0004～0．0954μg·mL^-1，变异系数为0．4％～4．9％，回收率在91．8％-112．2％，结果令人满意。发现中药公丁香中含有比较丰富的锰元素，微量元素在中药中可能起到一定的药理作用，用ICP-AES测定中药中微量元素以评价中药价值具有重要的意义。