Design,delivery and efficacy testing of therapeutic nucleic acids used to inhibit hepatitis C virus gene expression in vitro and in vivo

Despite major achievements in the treatment ofchronic hepatitis C with the combination ofinterferons and the nucleoside analog ribavirin themajority of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection cannot be treated effectively.Toimprove this response rate we used antisensetechnologies to inhibit HCV translation as possibleadditional option for experimental treatment.Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides(ODN) are

Therapeutic and Medicinal Uses of <i>Aloe vera</i>: A Review

The plant Aloe vera is used in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic and Allopathic streams of medicine, and not only tribal community but also most of the people for food and medicine. The plant leaves contains numerous vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids, natural sugars and other bioactive compounds with emollient, purgative, anti-microbial, anti inflammatory, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, anti-helmenthic, antifungal, antiseptic and cosmetic values for health care. This plant has potential to cure sunburns, burns and minor cuts, and even skin cancer. The external use in cosmetic primarily acts as skin healer and prevents injury of epithelial tissues, cures acne and gives a youthful glow to skin, also acts as extremely powerful laxative.

Blastocystis hominis as a cause of chronic diarrhea in low-resource settings:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Blastocystis hominis(B.hominis),an anaerobic unicellular protist parasite,is known for its diverse clinical manifestations upon infecting the human gastrointestinal tract.Although globally distributed,it is particularly prevalent in developing nations.Examining the symptoms and treatment outcomes of B.hominis infection in low-resource settings holds immense significance,providing healthcare practi-tioners with valuable insights to enhance patient care.AIM To synthesize existing evidence on the symptomatology and treatment outcomes of B.hominis infection in low-resource settings.METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines,a systematic review was conducted.The search spanned electronic databases including PubMed,Scopus,and Google Scholar.After a comprehensive screening process,a thorough examination of the papers,adhering to inclusion and exclusion criteria,and data extraction from eligible studies was conducted.The findings underwent summarization through simple descriptive analysis.RESULTS The search yielded 1200 papers,with 17 meeting inclusion criteria.Chronic diarrhea due to B.hominis infection was reported in only two studies,while abdominal pain,diarrhea,flatulence,constipation,and nausea/vomiting emerged as the most commonly documented symptoms.Recovery rates after one week of treatment ranged from 71.8%to 100%,and after two weeks,from 60%to 100%.CONCLUSION In low-resource settings,chronic diarrhea resulting from B.hominis infection is infrequent.Common symptoms include abdominal pain,diarrhea,flatulence,constipation,and nausea/vomiting.Post-treatment,clinical outcomes are notably favorable,supporting the recommendation for treatment.Metronidazole is advocated as the first-line agent,with consideration for switching to a second-line option in cases of treatment failure or poor response.

Continuous Wear of Hydrogel Contact Lenses for Therapeutic Use

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy and complications of continuous wear of etafilcon A for therapeutic use. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 228 eyes of 219 outpatients prescribed contact lens (CL) for one week of continuous therapeutic wear during 10 years. The reason for prescription of CLs, the primary disease, the duration of CL wear and the complications were assessed retrospectively. Results: The predominant reason for prescription of CLs was relief of pain or a foreign-body sensation (62.3%) and protection of the corneal epithelium (20.6%). The primary disease was post-penetrating keratoplasty (36.8%), followed by corneal epithelial erosion (14.5%), post-lamellar keratoplasty (14.0%) and bullous keratopathy (12.2%). The average duration of wearing single lens was 6.5 ± 3.2 days. The average duration of wearing CLs in total was 9.2 ± 10.7 months. The most frequent problem associated with continuous wear of CLs was their dropping out of CLs (12.3%). The complications associated with CLs included conjunctivitis with papillary hyperplasia, corneal erosion and superficial punctate keratitis, but corneal ulcer and corneal infiltrates were not found. Conclusion: Serious complications were not shown changing the lenses every week to keep to the prescribed time limit for continuous therapeutic wear, even if corneal epithelial barrier function is impaired.

Comparison of long-lasting therapeutic effects between succimer and penicillamine on hepatolenticular degeneration

AIM To compare the long term effect of succimer (Suc) with that of penicillamine (Pen) in treating hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD). METHODS One hundred and twenty patients with HLD were divided into 2 groups. Group A ( n =60) received Suc 750mg , po. bid. Group B ( n =60) received Pen 250mg , po. qid. The period of maintenance treatment varied from 6 months to 3 years, averaging 1 5 years. Symptoms and therapeutic effects were evaluated by modified Goldstein scale. RESULTS The total effectiveness of group A in two different periods of treatment were 80% and 85% respectively, higher than those of group B (58% and 59% respectively) ( P <0 05). Suc also had obvious curative effects for the patients who failed in the use of Pen. There were fewer side effect in group A than in group B ( P <0 05). Suc and Pen could increase urinary copper excretion effectively and continually. CONCLUSION Suc is more effective and safer than Pen. Clinically, it can replace Pen as first choice drug for long term maintenance therapy of HLD.

Functional dyspepsia of ulcer-dysmotility type:clinical incidence and therapeutic strategy

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Therapeutic role of template-based lymphadenectomy in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract

Lymphadenectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract has attracted the attention of physicians. The mapping study of lymphatic spread has shown that a relatively wide area should comprise the regional nodes for tumors of the right renal pelvis or the right upper two-thirds of the ureter. A prospective study showed that an anatomical templatebased lymphadenectomy significantly improved patient survival in tumors of the renal pelvis. This benefit was more evident for patients with p T2 stage tumors or higher. The risk of regional node recurrence is significant reduced by template-based lymphadenectomy,which is likely to be associated with improved patient survival. The removal of lymph node micrometastases is assumed to be the reason for therapeutic benefit following lymphadenectomy. The number of resected lymph nodes can be used to assess the quality of lymphadenectomy,but not to determine the extent of lymphadenectomy. The guidelines currently recommend lymphadenectomy for patients with muscle-invasive disease,even though the current recommendation grades are still low. The present limitation of lymphadenectomy is the lack of standardization of the extent of lymphadenectomy and the randomized trials. Further studies are warranted to collect the evidence to support lymphadenectomy.

Controversies regarding transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)have tantalized regenerative medicine with their therapeutic potential,yet a cloud of controversies looms over their clinical tran-splantation.This comprehensive review navigates the intricate landscape of MSC controversies,drawing upon 15 years of clinical experience and research.We delve into the fundamental properties of MSCs,exploring their unique immuno-modulatory capabilities and surface markers.The heart of our inquiry lies in the controversial applications of MSC transplantation,including the perennial debate between autologous and allogeneic sources,concerns about efficacy,and lingering safety apprehensions.Moreover,we unravel the enigmatic mechanisms surro-unding MSC transplantation,such as homing,integration,and the delicate balance between differentiation and paracrine effects.We also assess the current status of clinical trials and the ever-evolving regulatory landscape.As we peer into the future,we examine emerging trends,envisioning personalized medicine and innovative delivery methods.Our review provides a balanced and informed perspective on the controversies,offering readers a clear understanding of the complexities,challenges,and potential solutions in MSC transplantation.

Clinacanthus nutans:a review of the medicinal uses,pharmacology and phytochemistry

Clinacanthus nutans Lindau is known as snake grass belonging to the Acanlhaceae family.This plant has diverse and potential medicinal uses in traditional herbal medicine for treating skin rashes,insects and snake bites,lesions caused by herpes simplex virus,diabetes,and gout in Malaysia.Indonesia.Thailand and China.Phylochemieal investigations documented the varied contents of bioaclive compounds from litis plant namely flavonoids,glycosides,glycoglyeerolipids.cerebrosides and monoacylmonogalatosylglycerol.The pharmacological experiment proved that various types of extracts and pure compounds from this species exhibited a broad range of biological properties such as anti-inflammatory,antiviral,antioxidant,and anti-diabetic activities.The lindings of toxicity study showed that extracts from this plant did not show any toxicity thus it can be used as strong therapeutic agents for specific diseased conditions.However,further experiments on chemical components and their mode of action showing biological activities are required to elucidate the complete phytochemical profile and assess to confirm their suitability tor future drugs.This review summarizes the medicinal uses,phytochemistry and pharmacology of this plant in order to explore its therapeutic potential and gaps necessitating for prospected research work.

High-intensity focused ultrasound extracorporeal ablation of liver tissuesin rabbits

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The role of drug utilization evaluation in medical sciences

Background:Drug utilization evaluation(DUE)is defined by the World Health Organization(WHO)and focuses on the medical,social,and economic consequences of pharmaceutical marketing,distribution,prescribing,and usage in society.The WHO recommends a physician to every 1000 people.According to the recent data from the Health Ministry in 2019,in which 1.16 million doctors are of active population with just 80%,or 0.9 million,practicing.As a result,a ratio of 0.68 doctors for every 1000 people,which is much below as per the WHO reports.This article describes history,types,WHO guidelines,need and purpose of DUE.Objective:The main aim of this paper is to provide information about the rational use of medication in outpa­tient and inpatient department with special emphasis of DUEs.It also provides awareness directly to healthcare professionals,researchers,academicians,pharmacist and nurses to reduce the irrationality of medicines.Methods:The method used to compile this review information gathered from websites,Google scholar,PubMed,Research gate,and studies published on DUE from July 20 to Oct 22 were included as source of information.Results:We studied more than 35 published study on DUE,that reveals most of the physicians prescribed branded drugs not generic drugs,but WHO prescribing indicator allows to prescribe generic drugs in the hospital pharmacy to maintain better inventory control.It may also help to prevent pharmacist misunderstanding during dispensing.Conclusion:The use of generic prescription names avoids the possibility of medication product duplication and lowers patient costs.It is important to remember that incorrect medication prescriptions have impact on both patients and their family members.WHO indicators identify irrational prescribing behaviours to make therapy more rational and cost-effective.

USE OF CELL-BASED BIOASSAY FOR THE QUALITY CONTROL OF BOTANICAL THERAPEUTICS

The single most important factor in modernization efforts of traditional oriental medicines is the limited understanding of active compounds responsible for claimed therapeutic effects.Indeed,the unknown identity of biologically active molecules generates major difficulties associated with botanical therapeutics in general.This includes management of raw materials,poor understanding of

HPLC法测定氯氮平和三环类抗抑郁药及其去甲基代谢产物的血清浓度

本文报道了一种反相高效液相色谱法 ,可同时测定氯氮平、去甲氯氮平、多塞平、去甲多塞平、阿米替林和去甲替林的血清浓度。本法选用IntersilODS -3柱为固定相 ,甲醇、乙腈和正丁胺 -冰醋酸缓冲液的混合液(5:35:60)为流动相 ,去甲米帕明为内标 ,紫外检测波长254nm。1ml待测血清加内标后 ,经0.5ml1mol·L -1NaOH碱化 ,加重蒸乙醚4ml提取 ,再用1ml0.2mol·L -1HCl反提取 ,最后经1ml2mol·L-1 NaOH碱化后用4ml重蒸乙醚提取 ,氮气吹干 ,流动相重组后进样分析。本法对各被测物的最低检测限在3～10ng之间 ,最低检测浓度在6～16μg·L-1 之间 ,提取回收率在65 %～81 %之间 ,批内和批间变异系数均小于10 % ,线性范围至少在25～800μg·L-1 之间。本法不受常用精神药物及其它药物的干扰 ,并已用于临床治疗药物监测工作和研究工作。

氯氮平治疗精神分裂症的血药浓度与临床疗效及不良反应的关系

目的探讨氯氮平治疗精神分裂症的血药浓度与临床疗效及不良反应的关系。方法采用高效液相反相色谱法进行氯氮平血药浓度监测,并对患者的服药剂量、血药浓度、临床疗效及不良反应进行统计分析。结果不同剂量血药浓度差异有显著性;低浓度与中、高浓度氯氮平血药浓度临床疗效差异有显著性(P<0.05);不同去甲氯氮平血药浓度临床疗效差异有显著性(P<0.05);不同血药浓度不良反应差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论氯氮平的血药浓度监测对指导个体化合理用药具有临床意义。

喹硫平与氯氮平对女性精神分裂症临床疗效、瘦素及催乳素的影响比较

目的比较喹硫平与氯氮平对女性精神分裂症临床疗效、瘦素及催乳素的影响。方法选择2018年3月—2020年2月南京医科大学附属无锡市精神卫生中心收治的女性精神分裂症患者120例,根据随机数字表法分为喹硫平组和氯氮平组各60例。喹硫平组给予富马酸喹硫平片治疗,氯氮平组给予氯氮平片治疗,2组均维持治疗12个月。比较2组患者临床疗效、治疗前后体质量、瘦素、催乳素水平及用药后不良反应。结果喹硫平组患者治疗总有效率为95.00%,氯氮平组患者治疗总有效率为91.67%,2组比较差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.536,P=0.464);治疗2个月后,喹硫平组患者体质量、瘦素水平较治疗前升高,而氯氮平组体质量、瘦素及催乳素水平较治疗前升高,但喹硫平组患者体质量、瘦素及催乳素水平均低于氯氮平组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);喹硫平组患者不良反应总发生率为13.33%,低于氯氮平组的30.00%,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.910,P=0.027)。结论喹硫平与氯氮平在女性精神分裂症患者长期治疗中的效果均较好,但喹硫平较氯氮平对患者体质量、瘦素及催乳素水平的影响更小,安全性更高。

氯氮平某些副作用对疗效的预测

目的 探索氯氮平治疗第4周末副作用与疗效的关系。方法 给66例精神分裂症患者单服氯氮平,并且评价了0和4周的PANSS,4周的TESS和氯氮平血清浓度。结果 4周TESS的抗5-羟色胺因子分与4周PANSS总分减分率有显著负相关(r=-0.3095,P<0.05),抗5-羟色胺因子分在窗内(1～4分)的显效率17/30比窗外的8/36显著为高x^2=6.862),P<001),相反,氯氟平血清浓度与疗效无显著相关(r=0.1787,P>0.05人氯氮平血清浓度的窗内(200～400μg/L)显效率23/49与窗外2/14无显著差异(x^2=3.592,P>0.05)。结论 4周抗5-羟色胺因子分治疗窗优于4周血药浓度治疗窗。

氯氮平在精神分裂症患者中血药浓度/剂量比的影响因素研究

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者口服氯氮平后血药浓度/剂量比(C/D)的影响因素,为个体化治疗提供参考。方法:采用回顾性研究的方法,收集我院2019年氯氮平血药浓度监测结果220份,分析患者的年龄、性别、N-去甲氯氮平/氯氮平浓度比、联合用药对氯氮平C/D值的影响。结果:氯氮平血药浓度均值为(331.58±196.93)ng·mL^(-1),氯氮平C/D均值为(1.69±0.99)ng·mL^(-1)·mg^(-1)·d^(-1);女性组氯氮平C/D值高于男性组(P<0.05);60岁及以上患者氯氮平C/D值高于40~59岁患者(P<0.05),40~59岁患者氯氮平C/D值高于20~39岁患者(P<0.05);联用利培酮、帕利哌酮、奥氮平、阿立哌唑、奋乃静、丙戊酸、氯硝西泮与未联用上述药物间有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:氯氮平血药浓度个体间差异大,影响因素复杂,年龄、性别及联合用药均可能造成其血药浓度波动,临床应加强监测。

温胆汤联合氯氮平治疗精神分裂症30例临床研究

目的:探讨温胆汤治疗或协同治疗精神分裂症的疗效及副反应。方法:以实验组给予温胆汤,实验组给予温胆汤加氯氮平,对照组给予氯氮平治疗精神分裂症各30例作对照研究,采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、不良反应症状量表(TESS)评定疗效及副反应。结果:实验组显效率70%,有效率30%;实验组显效率36.6%,有效率50%;对照组显效率43.6%,有效率56.4%;两实验组的药物副反应明显少于对照组。结论:温胆汤治疗精神分裂症疗效确切,在协同治疗时疗效更佳,且安全性较高,对症状的改善更好,并可明显减少抗精神药物的用量及EPS发生率。

氯氮平的早期副作用治疗窗

寻找氯氮平早期副作用治疗窗。方法 给６６ 例精神分裂症患者单服氯氮平，并且评价了０ 周ＰＡＮＳＳ、２ 周ＴＥＳＳ和血清氯氮平浓度、４ 周ＰＡＮＳＳ和ＴＥＳＳ。结果 ２ 周ＴＥＳＳ总分和诸因子分与４ 周ＰＡＮＳＳ总分减分率均无显著相关性，２ 周抗α１ —肾上腺素因子分在窗内（０ ～５分） 的显效率４７ ％ 比窗外的２２ ％ 显著为高（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） ，２ 周氯氮平血清浓度在窗内（２３０ ～３３０μｇ／Ｌ） 的显效率５１ ％ 比窗外的１９ ％ 显著为高（ Ｐ＜ ０－０５） 。结论 ２ 周抗α１ —肾上腺素因子分治疗窗的功效与氯氮平血清浓度治疗窗的相似。

氯氮平治疗精神分裂症疗效与血药浓度研究

目的 :探讨氯氮平治疗精神分裂症的剂量、疗效和血药浓度的关系。方法 :采用简明精神病量表 (BPRS)、治疗时副作用量表评定 16例单用氯氮平的精神分裂症病人疗效及副作用。结果 :BPRS量表评定提示 16例焦虑抑郁、激活性和敌对猜疑三个因子分治疗前后差异有显著性。氯氮平的稳态血药浓度与剂量正相关 ,与疗效关系不明显。结论 :氯氮平临床疗效肯定 ,不同的个体存在不同的药物动力学。