A Low Energy Uneven Cluster Protocol Design for Wireless Sensor Network

A low energy uneven cluster protocol design method is proposed. Aiming at the random choosing for cluster head of traditional Leach protocol, and the defect of the single hop from all the cluster heads to the sink node, an improved method for Leave protocol is advanced. Firstly, the election model of cluster head is improved, and the node residual energy is considered in the process of threshold and the cluster head election to improve the whole network life circle. In the multi-hop route, choosing the maximum energy and the nearest node as the next hop and a route transferring data among many clusters is formed. The experiment shows the method having great improvement compared with Leach protocol and prolonging the network life cycle.

A fixed clustering protocol based on random relay strategy for EHWSN

In Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks(EHWSN),the communication protocol will directly affect the final performance of the network,so it is necessary to study the communication protocol based on EHWSN.In this paper,for the low-cost fixed clustering problem,a fixed clustering protocol RRCEH is based on random relaying.Our proposed RRCEH abandons the inefficient inter-cluster communication method of the traditional fixed clustering protocol.To coordinate the data upload of the cluster head,RRCEH allocates different random relay vectors to each ring area of the network,and combines all the random relay vectors into a random relay matrix of RRCEH.In each communication round,the cluster head node randomly selects its relay target node to send data according to the probability distribution in the random relay vector in the area.For two different cluster head configuration scenarios,by optimizing the random relay matrix,RRCEH can effectively reduce the network's configuration requirements for cluster head energy harvesting capability,thus reducing the deployment cost of EHWSN.

MADCR:Mobility Aware Dynamic Clustering-Based Routing Protocol in Internet of Vehicles

Internet of Vehicles(IoV)is an evolution of the Internet of Things(IoT)to improve the capabilities of vehicular ad-hoc networks(VANETs)in intelligence transport systems.The network topology in IoV paradigm is highly dynamic.Clustering is one of the promising solutions to maintain the route stability in the dynamic network.However,existing algorithms consume a considerable amount of time in the cluster head(CH)selection process.Thus,this study proposes a mobility aware dynamic clustering-based routing(MADCR)protocol in IoV to maximize the lifespan of networks and reduce the end-to-end delay of vehicles.The MADCR protocol consists of cluster formation and CH selection processes.A cluster is formed on the basis of Euclidean distance.The CH is then chosen using the mayfly optimization algorithm(MOA).The CH subsequently receives vehicle data and forwards such data to the Road Side Unit(RSU).The performance of the MADCR protocol is compared with that ofAnt Colony Optimization(ACO),Comprehensive Learning Particle Swarm Optimization(CLPSO),and Clustering Algorithm for Internet of Vehicles based on Dragonfly Optimizer(CAVDO).The proposed MADCR protocol decreases the end-toend delay by 5–80 ms and increases the packet delivery ratio by 5%–15%.

EACR-LEACH:Energy-Aware Cluster-based Routing Protocol for WSN Based IoT

Internet of Things(IoT)is a recent paradigm to improve human lifestyle.Nowadays,number devices are connected to the Internet drastically.Thus,the people can control and monitor the physical things in real-time without delay.The IoT plays a vital role in all kind of fields in our world such as agriculture,livestock,transport,and healthcare,grid system,connected home,elderly people carrying system,cypher physical system,retail,and intelligent systems.In IoT energy conservation is a challenging task,as the devices are made up of low-cost and low-power sensing devices and local processing.IoT networks have significant challenges in two areas:network lifespan and energy usage.Therefore,the clustering is a right choice to prolong the energy in the network.In LEACH clustering protocol,sometimes the same node acts as CH again and again probabilistically.To overcome these issues,this paper proposes the Energy-Aware Cluster-based Routing(EACRLEACH)protocol in WSN based IoT.The Cluster Head(CH)selection is a crucial task in clustering protocol inWSN based IoT.In EACR-LEACH,the CH is selected by using the routing metrics,Residual Energy(RER),Number of Neighbors(NoN),Distance between Sensor Node and Sink(Distance)and Number of Time Node Act as CH(NTNACH).An extensive simulation is conducted on MATLAB 2019a.The accomplishment of EACR-LEACH is compared to LEACH and SE-LEACH.The proposed EACR-LEACH protocol extends the network’s lifetime by 4%-8%and boosts throughput by 16%–24%.

Unsupervised Binary Protocol Clustering Based on Maximum Sequential Patterns

With the rapid development of the Internet,a large number of private protocols emerge on the network.However,some of them are constructed by attackers to avoid being analyzed,posing a threat to computer network security.The blockchain uses the P2P protocol to implement various functions across the network.Furthermore,the P2P protocol format of blockchain may differ from the standard format specification,which leads to sniffing tools such as Wireshark and Fiddler not being able to recognize them.Therefore,the ability to distinguish different types of unknown network protocols is vital for network security.In this paper,we propose an unsupervised clustering algorithm based on maximum frequent sequences for binary protocols,which can distinguish various unknown protocols to provide support for analyzing unknown protocol formats.We mine the maximum frequent sequences of protocolmessage sets in bytes.Andwe calculate the fuzzymembership of the protocolmessage to each maximum frequent sequence,which is based on fuzzy set theory.Then we construct the fuzzy membership vector for each protocol message.Finally,we adopt K-means++to split different types of protocol messages into several clusters and evaluate the performance by calculating homogeneity,integrity,and Fowlkes and Mallows Index(FMI).Besides,the clustering algorithms based onNeedleman–Wunsch and the fixed-length prefix are compared with the algorithm presented in this paper.Compared with these traditional clustering methods,we demonstrate a certain improvement in the clustering performance of our work.

A clustered routing protocol based on energy and link quality in WSNs

Influenced by the environment and nodes status,the quality of link is not always stable in actual wireless sensor networks( WSNs). Poor links result in retransmissions and more energy consumption. So link quality is an important issue in the design of routing protocol which is not considered in most traditional clustered routing protocols. A based on energy and link quality's routing protocol( EQRP) is proposed to optimize the clustering mechanism which takes into account energy balance and link quality factors. EQRP takes the advantage of high quality links to increase success rate of single communication and reduce the cost of communication. Simulation shows that,compared with traditional clustered protocol,EQRP can perform 40% better,in terms of life cycle of the whole network.

Mean Territorial Energy Based Clustering Protocol for Randomly Deployed Wireless Sensor Networks

Clustering algorithms can balance the power consumption of energy constraint wireless sensor networks. This paper proposes a new clustering protocol called Mean Territorial Energy Based Clustering Protocol (MTEP) for randomly deployed wireless sensor networks. In MTEP, cluster heads are selected according to residual energy and location information of a node in current round as well as mean territorial energy and total base station distance of node’s corresponding cluster territory in previous round. Energy consumption in conventional protocols becomes unbalanced because of clusters having different lengths. Proposed MTEP protocol addresses this problem by setting thresholds on cluster length and node to cluster head distance for producing equal length clusters. Simulation results show that MTEP protocol extends network lifetime and stability with reduction in energy dissipation compared to other clustering protocols such as LEACH and REAC.

面向智能电网广域通信的可靠路由算法研究

无线传感器网络是智能电网广域通信中的基础组成单元,传统的无线传感器网络分簇路由协议虽能在一定程度上简化网络拓扑,但仍存在簇首选择不合理且系统能耗较高的问题。针对此,文中基于粒子群优化算法提出了一种改进的分簇路由协议。该协议利用粒子群算法的参数寻优特性对簇首搜寻方案加以改进,使得新方案考虑了距离、剩余能量、数据传输精度等多种因素。同时还使用粒子群自适应函数对该方案进行优化,从而提高了原算法的可靠性。在能耗实验测试中,所提算法迭代1 300次后的剩余能耗为31.2 J,在对比算法中为最优。而对路由路径的测试中,改进算法的平均运行时延为1.79 ms,平均误码率为0.212 5,在所有算法中均为最低,证明了该算法具有良好的实时性和可靠性。

基于LEACH协议的能量优化方法

针对低功耗自适应聚类协议产生的整体能耗不均及网络生命周期短的问题,提出一种改进的能量优化方法。结合能量模型、节点发送及融合数据的综合能耗计算簇头比例;利用节点剩余能量与节点基站间的距离,优化成簇阶段中簇头选取阈值公式。在普通节点入簇阶段,引入簇规模密度,避免簇规模差距过大,采用就近原则与簇密度规模更新簇头。在数据传输阶段,引入“热区”边界对簇头分类,不同类簇头采用不同的数据传输方式。仿真结果表明,所提方法能均衡网络能耗且延长网络生命周期。

Two-Tier Hierarchical Cluster Based Topology in Wireless Sensor Networks for Contention Based Protocol Suite

The 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) becomes more economical, feasible and sustainable for new generation communication environment, however their limited resource constraints such as limited power capacity make them difficult to detect and defend themselves against variety of attacks. The radio interference attacks that generate for WSN at the Physical Layer cannot be defeated through conventional security mechanisms proposed for 802.15.4 standards. The first section introduces the deployment model of two-tier hierarchical cluster topology architecture and investigates different jamming techniques proposed for WSN by creating specific classification of different types of jamming attacks. The following sections expose the mitigation techniques and possible built-in mechanisms to mitigate the link layer jamming attacks on proposed two-tier hierarchical clustered WSN topology. The two-tier hierarchical cluster based topology is investigated based on contention based protocol suite through OPNET simulation scenarios.

基于隐式协作缓存机制的WSN网络能耗优化算法

针对无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Networks,WSN)节点间缓存空间压力造成计算、存储、通信能力差的问题,提出一种基于隐式协作缓存机制的WSN网络能耗优化算法。在明确WSN网络数据采集机制的基础上,使用远端节点缓存内容的隐式协作,降低网络节点间缓存空间压力,平衡节点间的缓存替换率;以传感器到基站的距离、节点剩余能量以及节点分散比重作为优化指标,获得选举簇头无线传感器网络能耗优化算法。仿真结果表明,所提方法可以降低WSN节点能耗,使WSN网络中不同节点能量消耗相对平衡,有效延长了WSN网络使用周期。

基于扇形链路策略的改进蚁群分簇路由协议

针对网络覆盖区域较大、节点数量较多的无线传感器网络,容易出现部分节点过早死亡等情况,提出一种基于扇形链路策略的改进蚁群分簇路由协议RACO-SL。通过加入奖惩因子,同时对精英个体采用蚁群优化算法的概率生成新的后代个体,对于普通个体,通过与随机选择的精英个体进行交叉变异操作,改进蚁群优化算法,以整个网络每次通信的能耗为优化目标选取较优的簇头节点集。为待转发簇头节点设计从可动态调节的扇形区域中选择下一跳中继节点的链路转发策略。实验结果表明,与现有协议相比,该协议在延长网络寿命、提高通信链路质量、增强网络覆盖度方面表现良好。

基于双层一致性协议的波浪发电集群协同控制策略

提出基于双层一致性协议的波浪发电集群协同控制策略。以直驱式发电装置为研究对象,分析浮子机械模型并推导装置功率构成。下层控制系统通过单机双自由度控制,实现装置输出功率稳定分量和波动分量的精准控制,最大限度地转化能量的同时,实现波动分量的最小化。上层控制系统通过集群协同,在满足负荷需求和保证多单元多设备同时输出的前提下,考虑不同条件下的装置波浪吸收能力及储能能量状态,使其根据集群网络拓扑关系进行信息交互并调节下层信号。仿真结果表明,所提控制策略可动态分配各波浪发电单元输出,并逐步实现能量状态的一致化。

Mathematical Model with Energy and Clustering Energy Based Routing Protocols as Remediation to the Directional Source Aware Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, a routing protocol for wireless sensor network, baptized energy based protocol (EBP) is proposed. Wireless sensor network presents many challenges and constraints, and one of the major constraints is the routing problem. Due to the limited energy of sensor nodes, routing in this type of network shall perform efficiently to maximize the network lifetime. One of the proposed algorithms is the directional source aware routing protocol (DSAP) which, after simulation, showed a lot of limitations and drawbacks. The modified directional source aware routing protocol (MDSAP) was proposed by the authors of this paper to address some of the DSAP’s limitations but remains limited to a fixed topology, fixed source and stationary nodes. So EBP is proposed and operated under different scenarios and showed, after its simulation using TinyOS, many advantages in terms of load balancing, free looping, minimizing packet error rate and maximizing network lifetime.

一种改进的群组机器人网络路由算法

针对群组机器人系统在应急场景下移动频繁、能量有限的特点,提出了一种基于能量与速度的分簇自组织按需距离矢量协议(Clustered Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Protocol Based on Energy and Speed,ESC-AODV),以延长群组机器人网络运行时间,提高通信可靠性。用路由性能代替跳数作为路由判据,目的节点在重复接收到路由请求(Route Request,RREQ)数据包时,若路由性能更小,则回复路由应答(Routing Reply,RREP)数据包,以此选择更好的路由,引入分簇结构,通过簇头和网关组成的骨干网络减少广播洪泛次数。实验结果证明,节点数量多时,改进的ESC-AODV协议在延长网络生存时间的同时,平均端到端时延、数据包投递率、吞吐量和路由开销均优于AODV以及基于能量、负载和速度的AODV路由协议(AODV Routing Protocol Based on Energy,Load and Speed,ELS-AODV)。ESC-AODV协议能够节约网络能量,提高可靠性,获得更优的网络性能。

基于遗传算法和蚁群算法的LEACH改进协议

针对无线传感器网络低功耗自适应集簇分层(Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy,LEACH)路由协议因能耗不均衡导致节点过早死亡的问题,提出了一种基于遗传算法和蚁群算法改进的LEACH路由协议。在分簇阶段,通过遗传算法选举合理的簇头节点并根据节点的分布划分簇群;在数据传输阶段,通过蚁群算法使簇头节点尽可能选择能量充足且距离较短的路径进行数据传输。仿真结果表明,与传统的分簇路由协议LEACH和LEACH-C相比,改进算法可以使网络的能量消耗更加均衡,并延长网络的生命周期。

基于深度强化学习的可信分簇路由协议

针对分簇路由协议中恶意节点充当簇头的安全性问题以及基于深度强化学习的路由协议存在收敛慢、波动大的难题,提出了一种基于信任机制和深度强化学习算法soft actor-critic(SAC)的分簇路由协议。该协议首先运用改进的标签传播算法对网络进行分簇。然后采用基于信任的簇头选举机制从簇内选出可信簇头,并采取主-从簇头机制防止簇头“叛变”成为恶意节点。最后利用SAC算法,将簇头作为智能体,实现动态路由决策。实验结果表明:该协议相较于RTRPT、SCR-TBE以及基于DQN、D3QN、PPO的路由协议,具有更优的性能和更好的收敛性。其丢包率、平均时延和网络吞吐量指标均为最优。在多个测试场景下,相较于PPO方案性能最小提升3.97%,最大提升22.39%。

基于JAYA算法的紫外光通信无人机编队路由优化

紫外光通信由于其灵活性高、安全性好和全天候工作等优点,被认为是应急通信用无人机编队(UAV)的有潜力通信解决方案。为了提升紫外光通信无人机编队的有效作业时间,该文基于低功耗自适应集簇分层(LEACH)算法,并结合JAYA智能优化算法提出一种新颖的路由优化算法(RJLEACH)。该方法被用来改善紫外光通信无人机编队的有效操作时间。应用该算法对不同结构的紫外光通信无人机编队路由优化,并与其它算法得到的结果进行了比较分析。结果表明,RJLEACH算法在簇首选举阶段降低了无人机节点间的剩余能量方差,并且通过搜索最优路由降低了簇间通信的能量消耗。最终使网络出现第1个死亡节点和出现1/2死亡节点的时间相比经典LEACH算法分别延长了31.8%和13.8%,同时明显提高了能量利用率,能够为灾区救援和应急通信等任务争取宝贵的时间。

ZigBee网络路由协议SS-Cluster的设计实现

为了解决AODVjr等协议在节点数不多的ZigBee网络中存在资源开销高、效率低以及ZigBee网络在小范围应用场合缺乏相应协议支持的问题,提出并设计了SS-Cluster(small-scale cluster)路由协议。基于树形ZigBee网络拓扑,结合"分簇设计思想",通过引入全新设计的两种簇类邻居表和路由缓冲表为SS-Cluster提供数据结构支持,设计了不同于其它路由协议的运行机制并详细阐述了实现算法。通过与两个典型路由协议LEACH和AODVjr在Omnet++平台上的仿真综合比较,比较结果验证了该协议的性能。

基于TTNT数据链多址接入协议的多机协同任务调度方法

为提高无人机蜂群作战中无人机信息交互、资源共享和任务协同的能力,文章基于TTNT数据链SPMA协议,设计高动态变化拓扑下的分层分簇无人机蜂群模型和与之匹配的层次资源与任务调度模型,并对其消息传输进行优化。通过OMNeT++仿真平台,以TTNT数据链中的数据传输标准对信息端到端时延和网络吞吐量进行不同机间传输距离下的对比仿真实验。其结果表明,该方法满足SPMA协议对于消息传输时延的要求,并且引入SPMA协议后可以有效减少网络数据传输冲突,提高了系统约18%的网络吞吐量,提升了无人机信息交互、资源共享和协同作战的能力,对实际无人机蜂群协同任务调度研究具有可参考性。