Devonian cutinitic liptobiolith is a special type of coal formed during the early evolutionary stage of land plants.The Baishaping and Damaidi Devonian coals are notable for their distinct papery,sheet-like texture,an...Devonian cutinitic liptobiolith is a special type of coal formed during the early evolutionary stage of land plants.The Baishaping and Damaidi Devonian coals are notable for their distinct papery,sheet-like texture,and unusually high cutinite content(>50%),belonging to typical cutinitic liptobiolith.They are bituminous coals and have a suppressed vitrinite reflectance.Compared with typical typeⅢkerogen,these liptobioliths are characterized by extremely high yields of volatile matter and high hydrogen contents owing to their enhanced cutinite contents.As indicated by pyrolysis and elemental analysis results,the Devonian cutinitic liptobioliths are dominated by typeⅠ-Ⅱkerogens and have an excellent potential to generate liquid hydrocarbons.The Baishaping cutinitic liptobioliths are mainly composed of ribbon-like thick-walled cutinites,with small amounts of thin-walled type.Vitrinite is only present in trace amounts and is dominated by telinite.Meanwhile,the Damaidi Devonian coals are primarily composed of ribbon-like thin-walled cutinites,followed by collotelinites which are usually sandwiched by cutinites.The different petrological characteristics of the Baishaping and Damaidi liptobioliths might indicate a structural variation in the coal-forming plant cuticles and two distinct coal-forming conditions.The molecular bio markers in the Devonian coals are mainly composed of C_(18)-C_(20)tetracyclic diterpenoids,which are assumed to be the dominant soluble constituent of the Devonian land-plant cuticles and might have played an important role in early land plant radiation.Other molecules include aromatic tetracyclic diterpenoids,3-5 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their methylated counterparts,and C_(16)-and C_(18)-monocarboxylic acids.n-Alkanes are present only in small amounts.The molecular composition of the cutinite-rich coals is unexpected,because cuticular waxes are one of the most important sources of n-alkanes.In general,the petrology and geochemistry of the Devonian cutinitic liptobiolith indicate a distinct structure and composition for the early land-plant cuticles,which is significantly different from that of the plant cuticles since Carboniferous.Devonian cutinitic liptobioliths are of great interest because of their unique petrography,geochemistry,coal-forming plants,and oil-prone potential.Studies on this unique coal type provide a better understanding of coal-forming plants,paleoenvironment,paleoclimate,and early land-plant evolution in the Devonian.展开更多
Management of coal mining and coal processing wastes, particularly of high sulfur coals, can generate excessive amounts of sulfate （SO4^2-） and chloride （Cl^-） in mine drainage that are known to negatively impact ...Management of coal mining and coal processing wastes, particularly of high sulfur coals, can generate excessive amounts of sulfate （SO4^2-） and chloride （Cl^-） in mine drainage that are known to negatively impact quality of both surface and ground water. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency provides guidance to states on allowable SO4^2- and Cl^- discharges from mine sites. This research evaluates the hypothesis that co-disposal of CCPW and FCPW with appropriate compaction can result in improved geochemical and geotechnical environments that will minimize acid mine drainage formation and SO4^2- and Cl^- discharges. Addition of ground limestone （ag-lime） to the mix was also evaluated as a drying agent and for improvement in overall geochemistry by buffering higher pH values within the coal waste. These objectives were to develop and implement innovative concepts for engineered co-management of CCPW and FCPW at coal mining sites. The authors performed long-term field column leaching studies to analyze improvement in SO4^2- and Cl^- in water quality. Requirements for stricter standards in some states led to the need for development of potentially improved environmental practices. This paper presents the overall encouraging results of the field kinetic studies.展开更多
By technological experiments on bottom pulverized coal injection in a 10 t converter,the metallurgical reaction of continuous coal-oxygen injected into molten steel was studied.An assumption of direct burning of coal ...By technological experiments on bottom pulverized coal injection in a 10 t converter,the metallurgical reaction of continuous coal-oxygen injected into molten steel was studied.An assumption of direct burning of coal in molten steel is proposed and the result that low carbon steel can also be produced with coal injection is explained.The formulae for decarburization of melting bath were given.The apparent desulphurization rate constant is measured and activation energy of dephosphorization calculated.The influence of coal injection on nitrogen pick-up is studied too.展开更多
基金founded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42073069)。
文摘Devonian cutinitic liptobiolith is a special type of coal formed during the early evolutionary stage of land plants.The Baishaping and Damaidi Devonian coals are notable for their distinct papery,sheet-like texture,and unusually high cutinite content(>50%),belonging to typical cutinitic liptobiolith.They are bituminous coals and have a suppressed vitrinite reflectance.Compared with typical typeⅢkerogen,these liptobioliths are characterized by extremely high yields of volatile matter and high hydrogen contents owing to their enhanced cutinite contents.As indicated by pyrolysis and elemental analysis results,the Devonian cutinitic liptobioliths are dominated by typeⅠ-Ⅱkerogens and have an excellent potential to generate liquid hydrocarbons.The Baishaping cutinitic liptobioliths are mainly composed of ribbon-like thick-walled cutinites,with small amounts of thin-walled type.Vitrinite is only present in trace amounts and is dominated by telinite.Meanwhile,the Damaidi Devonian coals are primarily composed of ribbon-like thin-walled cutinites,followed by collotelinites which are usually sandwiched by cutinites.The different petrological characteristics of the Baishaping and Damaidi liptobioliths might indicate a structural variation in the coal-forming plant cuticles and two distinct coal-forming conditions.The molecular bio markers in the Devonian coals are mainly composed of C_(18)-C_(20)tetracyclic diterpenoids,which are assumed to be the dominant soluble constituent of the Devonian land-plant cuticles and might have played an important role in early land plant radiation.Other molecules include aromatic tetracyclic diterpenoids,3-5 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their methylated counterparts,and C_(16)-and C_(18)-monocarboxylic acids.n-Alkanes are present only in small amounts.The molecular composition of the cutinite-rich coals is unexpected,because cuticular waxes are one of the most important sources of n-alkanes.In general,the petrology and geochemistry of the Devonian cutinitic liptobiolith indicate a distinct structure and composition for the early land-plant cuticles,which is significantly different from that of the plant cuticles since Carboniferous.Devonian cutinitic liptobioliths are of great interest because of their unique petrography,geochemistry,coal-forming plants,and oil-prone potential.Studies on this unique coal type provide a better understanding of coal-forming plants,paleoenvironment,paleoclimate,and early land-plant evolution in the Devonian.
文摘Management of coal mining and coal processing wastes, particularly of high sulfur coals, can generate excessive amounts of sulfate （SO4^2-） and chloride （Cl^-） in mine drainage that are known to negatively impact quality of both surface and ground water. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency provides guidance to states on allowable SO4^2- and Cl^- discharges from mine sites. This research evaluates the hypothesis that co-disposal of CCPW and FCPW with appropriate compaction can result in improved geochemical and geotechnical environments that will minimize acid mine drainage formation and SO4^2- and Cl^- discharges. Addition of ground limestone （ag-lime） to the mix was also evaluated as a drying agent and for improvement in overall geochemistry by buffering higher pH values within the coal waste. These objectives were to develop and implement innovative concepts for engineered co-management of CCPW and FCPW at coal mining sites. The authors performed long-term field column leaching studies to analyze improvement in SO4^2- and Cl^- in water quality. Requirements for stricter standards in some states led to the need for development of potentially improved environmental practices. This paper presents the overall encouraging results of the field kinetic studies.
文摘By technological experiments on bottom pulverized coal injection in a 10 t converter,the metallurgical reaction of continuous coal-oxygen injected into molten steel was studied.An assumption of direct burning of coal in molten steel is proposed and the result that low carbon steel can also be produced with coal injection is explained.The formulae for decarburization of melting bath were given.The apparent desulphurization rate constant is measured and activation energy of dephosphorization calculated.The influence of coal injection on nitrogen pick-up is studied too.
