On the analysis of the high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and coal accumulating law of jurassic in Ordos Basin

The strata of Jurassic was divided into three tectonic sequences and eight se- quences of third rank,according to the developing feature of the tectonic inconformity and the transforming feature of the depositional system tracts.Also the identification and the division of the base-level cycle of different period were carried through.Therefore three cycles of super period,eight cycles of long period,twenty-four cycles of middle period and some cycles of short period were identified.From the overall character of the coal-accu- mulation in the Mesozoic,we can see that the Yan'an formation is of the best nature of coal bearing.When the coal bearing systems of Jurassic were depositing,the Ordos area is the coal accumulating basin of terrene of large scale and located in the same tectonic unit.But the local structure of different part and the paleolandform are different in the basin which resulted in the difference of the depositional environment.So the layer number and the distribution of the thickness of the coal beds are different in the different part of the ba- sin.The coal-accumulating action migrated regularly along with the development,evolve- ment and migration of the depositional systems.The layer numbers of the coal beds, which can be mined,are more in the north and west fringe of the basin,whose distributing area is extensive,and they are more steady in the landscape orientation,also the total thickness is great.Therefore the nature of coal bearing and the coal-accumulating action of different part changed obviously in the space in Ordos area.

Propagation law of shock waves and gas flow in cross roadway caused by coal and gas outburst

In order to study the propagation law of shock waves and gas flow during coal and gas outburst,we analyzed the formation process of outburst shock waves and gas flow and established the numerical simulation models of the roadways with 45°intersection and 135°intersection to simulate the propagation of outburst gas flow and the process of gas transport.Based on the analysis of the simulation results,we obtained the qualitative and quantitative conclusions on the characteristics and patterns of propagation and attenuation of outburst shock waves and gas flow.With the experimental models,we investigated the outburst shock waves and gas flow in the roadways with the similar structures to the simulated ones.According to the simulation results,when the angle between the driving roadway and the adjacent roadway increased,the sudden pressure variation range in adjacent roadway and the influencing scope of gas flow increased and the sudden pressure variation duration decreased.The intersection between the driving roadway and the adjacent roadway has no effect on airflow reversal induced by the shock waves and gas flow.

Development of a Raoult’s Law-Based Screening-Level Risk Assessment Methodology for Coal Tar and Its Application to Ten Tars Obtained from Former Manufactured Gas Plants in the Eastern United States

A Raoult’s law-based screening-level assessment methodology was developed to calculate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks from ingestion of coal tar-contaminated water and it was applied to ten coal tars obtained from sites in the eastern United States. This approach provides a simple risk screening based on the conservative assumptions of Tier 1 in both the ASTM RBCA methodology and the USEPA Soil Screening Guidance. Results across the ten tars exhibited similar patterns, even though the coal tars had significantly different chemical compositions, and in all cases the screening-level risks were above the USEPA thresholds. There was no appreciable difference in the total risks when using either the current USEPA 1993 PAH risk assessment guidance or the proposed 2010 guidance. Benzene, while present at low concentrations within the coal tars, posed the dominant risk and strong correlations were observed with the benzene mole fraction.

Overburden fracture evolution laws and water-controlling technologies in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof

Considering the danger of water inrush in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof in Majialiang Coal Mine,the universal discrete element(UDEC)software was used to simulate the overburden fracture evolution laws when mining 4#coal seam.Besides,this study researched on the influence of face advancing length,speed and mining height on the height of the water flowing fractured zones(HWFFZ),and analyzed the correlation of face advancing length and change rules of aquifer water levels and goaf water inflow.Based on those mentioned above,this research proposed the following water-controlling technologies:draining the roof water before mining,draining goaf water,reasonable advancing speed and mining thickness.These water-controlling technologies were successfully used in the feld,thus ensured safely mining the very thick coal seam under water-rich roof.

Surrounding Rock Failure Mechanism and Control Technology of Gob-Side Entry with Triangle Coal Pillar at Island Longwall Panel in 15 m Extra-Thick Coal Seams

Taking the return air roadway of Tashan 8204 isolated island working face as the background, the evolution law of the stress field in the surrounding rock of the widened coal pillar area roadway during the mining period of the isolated island working face is obtained through numerical simulation. The hazardous area of strong mine pressure under different coal pillar widths is determined. Through simulation, it is known that when the width of the coal pillar is less than 20 m, there is large bearing capacity on the coal side of the roadway entity. The force on the side of the coal pillar is relatively small. When the width of the coal pillar ranges from 25 m to 45 m, the vertical stress on the roadway and surrounding areas is relatively high. Pressure relief measures need to be taken during mining to reduce surrounding rock stress. When the width of the coal pillar is greater than 45 m, the peak stress of the coal pillar is located in the deep part of the surrounding rock, but it still has a certain impact on the roadway. It is necessary to take pressure relief measures to transfer the stress to a deeper depth to ensure the stability of the triangular coal pillar during the safe mining period of the working face. This provides guidance for ensuring the stability of the triangular coal pillar during the safe mining period of the working face.

Simulation Test for Evolution Laws of Tensile Fractures in a Coal Mining Area

In order to study evolution laws of tensile fractures in a coal mining area, based on the classification of the fractures formed by mining, a physical simulation test was carried out to simulate the dynamic evolution process of tensile fractures in coal mining areas. The results showed that after the coal in the mining area was mined, the mining area underwent obvious movement and deformation and forms tensile fractures. As the min-ing working face was advanced, the tensile fractures underwent the dynamic process of generation, development and closure. The changing curves of density of tensile fractures with the increase of mining length of the working face liked a ladder （it increased slowly and then rapidly） and then had two peaks （the second peak was higher than the first peak）.

煤层群开采过程工作面漏风规律与封堵技术研究

为研究浅埋厚煤层复合采空区整体漏风规律,以白杨河矿区宽沟煤矿为研究对象,采用数值模拟、地表勘探及示踪气体测试的方法,基于宽沟煤矿复合采空区复杂漏风情况,研发针对煤层群开采矿井的漏风封堵技术,建立工作面漏风综合封堵技术体系。通过PFC 2D数值模拟分析发现,三层采空区间已相互沟通形成复合采空区,且复合采空区裂隙场沟通地表,可能导致B2煤层开采过程工作面漏风严重;利用SF6示踪气体进行工作面及采空区漏风规律测定,结果表明I010206工作面地表和工作面间的漏风量为6.5 m^(3)/min,采空区存在自然发火危险;最终结合宽沟煤矿的实际情况及工作面漏风特征,通过地表漏风封堵和注浆钻孔封堵,形成工作面漏风综合封堵技术体系。

The Trace Elements are Bounded by Organic Functional Groups in Coal:A Studying Result Based on FTIR Analysis

The relationship between trace elements in coal and organic functional groups of coal, also some of aromatic structure, was investigated by using curve fitting of infrared spectra. Cluster analysis was also performed according to the degree of affinity of organic groups to the trace elements. The results show that there is a possibility that trace elements, especially LREE, were bound to peripheral organic functional groups of middle rank coal macromolecule. The most possible functional group that binds trace element is the hydroxyl, and to the less degree, the asymmetric -CH3 and 〉CH2 stretching, -CH3 stretching, etc. The degree of affinity of trace elements to different functional groups varies. The tendency obeys the natural structural changing law of trace elements-- the periodic law. The deviation of some trace elements from this regular trend is attributed to the deviation of intrinsic ＂confusion degree＂ （conventional molar entropy） of the matter system of coal basin, which is affected by the inner and outer factors during the evolution.

A Synergetic Study on Large-Scale Coal Mining and Eco-Environment Protection in Shendong Coal Mining Area

Based on the sharp contradiction between the economic benefits and adverse ecological impact of coal development in China's west,this paper establishes an evaluation model for the synergetic eco-environmental development in Shendong Coal Mining Area through using synergism of five laws and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The analysis on synergy between large-scale coal mining and the eco-environment protection in Shendong is also conducted,arriving at the conclusion that synergetics of Shendong 's eco-environment protection is"good". And thus,the result sheds light on the fact that while working to quench China's energy demand on its path towards a modernized large coal mine complex,Shendong,as part of Shenhua Group's mining operation,has applied innovative management concepts and models to improve eco-environment for harmony and win-win results between resource exploration and environmental protection.

Test studies of gas flow in rock and coal surrounding a mined coal seam

An analysis of the variation rule of abutment pressure at the mining working face in a single coal seam and the mechanical behavior of surrounding rock during stoping is presented. Consideration of the elastic and plastic deformation zones that develop during the mining process allowed the determination of a relationship between horizontal stress and vertical stress. Based on this, a confined pressure unloading test was conducted by the use of the ＂gas-containing coal tbermo-fluid-solid coupling 3-axis servo seep- age＂ experimental apparatus. Thus, gas flow patterns in the elastic and plastic zones were derived from an experimental point of view. Darcy＇s law and the Klinkenberg effect were used to derive a gas flow equation for the elastic and plastic stress fields. The study of gas flow phenomena at the working face during coal mining is of great importance for the study of gas migration and enrichment patterns.

The Coal’s Layer Temperature Regime under Conditions of Heat Removal of Absorbed Microwave Energy by Radiation and Convection Simultaneously

Coal is one of the most popular sources of energy. However, it has a relatively low energy efficiency due to high humidity and a greater release of harmful substances during combustion. On the other hand, the coal reserve on earth is estimated at 500 years and the cost is relatively low. This causes the search for new ways of processing coal. One way to efficiently process coal, while reducing the humidity and content of harmful components is microwave treatment. The basic information for microwave exposure to coal is the temperature field. In this paper, an approximate-analytically nonlinear mathematical model for heating a flat coal mass is studied, provided that the absorbed microwave energy is removing by heat radiation and convection simultaneously.

Predicting the height of water-flow fractured zone during coal mining under the Xiaolangdi Reservoir

It is very important to determine the extent of the fractured zone through which water can flow before coal mining under the water bodies.This paper deals with methods to obtain information about overburden rock failure and the development of the fractured zone while coal mining in Xin'an Coal Mine.The risk of water inrush in this mine is great because 40%of the mining area is under the Xiaolangdi reservoir.Numerical simulations combined with geophysical methods were used in this paper to obtain the development law of the fractured zone under different mining conditions.The comprehensive geophysical method described in this paper has been demonstrated to accurately predict the height of the water-flow fractured zone.Results from the new model, which created from the results of numerical simulations and field measurements,were successfully used for making decisions in the Xin'an Coal Mine when mining under the Xiaolangdi Reservoir.Industrial scale experiments at the number 11201,14141 and 14191 working faces were safely carried out.These achievements provide a successful background for the evaluation and application of coal mining under large reservoirs.

论“双碳”目标下《电力法》的修订

当前,中国《电力法》存在着立法定位偏差、价值理念滞后、基本制度不足等立法罅漏,相较于国家当前的重大政策方向有所偏移。在“双碳”目标背景下,《电力法》在修订时,应当融入新型电力系统安全高效、清洁低碳、柔性灵活、智慧融合的重要特质,突显出立法的“双碳”导向。鉴于此,《电力法》应当从立法定位、价值理念以及基本制度等方面进行“三位一体”式的革新。在立法定位方面,《电力法》应当从“行政管理法”转变为“经济法”;在价值理念方面,《电力法》应当贯彻可持续发展理念和市场化理念;在基本制度方面,《电力法》应当在宏观层面完善电力规划制度,在微观层面则应从“三侧”着重发力:发电侧补充可再生能源制度、输配电侧推进智能电网建设、售电侧健全电力价格机制。

煤层透气性系数新的测试计算方法

煤层透气性系数是衡量煤层瓦斯流动难易程度的关键参数。现行的煤层透气性系数计算式中,将变压力非线性偏微分方程的系数假定为常数,理论推导结果存在较大缺陷,使得现场测定的透气性系数存在较大偏差。为解决煤层透气性系数测定失准的问题,推导了钻孔径向流量法测试煤层透气性系数的过程,并在推导过程中指出该方法存在的问题。以朗格缪尔式瓦斯含量和达西定律为基础,建立无量纲模型,将模型解算结果进行反演拟合,得到新的煤层透气性系数计算式,并通过现场实测钻孔数据进行验证,修正了现行的煤层透气性系数测试方法,提出准确可靠的计算煤层透气性系数的新方法。结果表明:用抛物线式表示煤层瓦斯含量并将变量煤层瓦斯压力p^(1.5)视为常量推导而来的煤层透气性系数计算式,相当于将瓦斯含量拟合成与压力平方成正比关系,理论与实际测算均存在较大误差。采用朗格缪尔式无量纲模型计算出的无因次瓦斯涌出速度Y’进行反演拟合,可解决现行计算方法的缺陷;当吸附常数b与原始瓦斯压力p_(0)的乘积(无因次原始瓦斯压力)不同时,Y’与无因次时间Fo’的函数曲线明显不同,由此得到了含有无因次原始瓦斯压力的透气性系数计算式;当煤层和钻孔条件一定时,由不同时间测试的瓦斯涌出量计算得到的煤层透气性系数λ值具有良好的再现性。新的煤层透气性系数现场测定方法与现行方法完全相同,不增加额外工作量,但新方法的计算更加精确可靠。

冲击载荷下含瓦斯煤动力学破坏特征与瓦斯渗流规律分析

为探究不同冲击载荷和瓦斯压力作用下的含瓦斯煤动力学特征、裂隙扩展及瓦斯渗流变化规律,采用含瓦斯煤岩冲击损伤-渗流试验系统开展含瓦斯煤冲击试验以及原位渗流测试,并结合工业CT扫描系统进行试样裂隙结构的三维重构,分析含瓦斯煤内部裂隙扩展特征及其对瓦斯渗流的影响规律。研究结果表明,冲击载荷和瓦斯压力对含瓦斯煤的动力学性质、变形过程、裂隙扩展和渗流规律均具有重要影响,具体表现在:①受围压和轴压的影响,冲击载荷耦合瓦斯压力条件下的含瓦斯煤应力-应变曲线无明显压密阶段;含瓦斯煤的变形过程主要经历了弹性变形阶段、应变强化阶段及破坏阶段。②冲击载荷的增加对含瓦斯煤动力学参数具有强化作用,气体压力的升高则劣化了含瓦斯煤动力学参数;冲击载荷越大,瓦斯压力越高,含瓦斯煤的裂隙扩展愈充分,所形成的裂隙结构愈复杂。③含瓦斯煤的渗流规律受控于裂隙扩展,冲击载荷耦合瓦斯压力作用下,含瓦斯煤中存在孔隙流动、孔隙流动-裂隙流动并存及裂隙流动等3种气体流动形式;含瓦斯煤冲击破坏后,随着气体压力增加以及气楔作用的增强,瓦斯流动形式可由孔隙流动依次转变为孔隙流动-裂隙流动并存和裂隙流动;裂隙扩展和流动形式共同影响含瓦斯煤渗流规律,含瓦斯煤渗透率随瓦斯压力的增大总体上符合先增大后减小的变化趋势。

硫酸盐干湿循环作用下煤矸石喷射混凝土劣化机理

为促进高硫酸盐环境下煤矿地区煤矸石大规模利用,本文制备了不同煤矸石取代率的喷射混凝土,研究干湿循环作用下煤矸石对喷射混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀的影响规律,从表观形貌、质量损失率、相对动弹性模量、相对抗压强度、硫酸根离子分布演化和侵蚀前后微观形貌变化进行了研究,得到了煤矸石对喷射混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀的影响机理。结果表明,在硫酸盐干湿循环作用下,煤矸石喷射混凝土(CGS)的劣化过程分为强化阶段、初始损伤和宏观破坏三个阶段。CGS劣化程度受干湿循环次数和煤矸石取代率协同影响,25%(质量分数)取代率下CGS抗硫酸盐性能提升,当取代率超过25%后,CGS抗硫酸盐侵蚀能力随着取代率的增加而降低。研究成果可为CGS结构在矿下应用提供重要的理论支撑。

近距离煤层重复采动覆岩破坏规律及“两带”发育高度分析

为研究近距离煤层重复采动下覆岩破坏规律与“两带”发育高度,预防工作面开采过程中由导水漏风通道引起的工作面顶板漏水、采空区自燃等各种安全事故,以鄂尔多斯市某煤矿为工程背景,采用井下窥视法和数值模拟对近距离煤层开采后覆岩破坏规律以及“两带”发育高度进行分析,揭示了规律形成的原因。研究结果表明:在近距离煤层重复采动影响下,“两带”发育高度远超过上煤层开采,下煤层推进80 m时裂隙带最大发育高度为88 m,与地表贯通形成导水漏风通道;初次采动与重复采动时的裂采比分别为19.33、29.33;裂隙带的发育呈台阶式上升,阶段间的变化表现为激跳形式;覆岩的破坏表现为“拱形→帽形→马鞍形→外O内蝶形”;数值模拟及拟合公式所预测的“两带”发育高度与实测值之间误差率为1%左右,验证了预测的准确性,可为相似工作面的开采以及相似工程提供借鉴。

急倾斜巨厚煤层复杂空间结构区微震时空演化规律及诱冲机理

煤矿冲击地压灾害的发生与空间结构密切相关,尤其在复杂空间结构区灾害发生更频繁。掌握煤层开采复杂空间结构区煤岩灾变规律并揭示其发生机制对于冲击地压防控具有重要意义。以乌东煤矿为研究背景,采用数值模拟、微震监测、理论分析等方法,研究了岩柱应力异常尺寸效应,分析了复杂空间结构区微震时空演化规律,揭示了复杂空间结构下冲击地压发生机理,评估了煤层开采不同区域的冲击危险性。研究结果表明:①急倾斜岩柱厚度更窄、出露高度更大其撬动效应更强,岩厚变异应力异常形成5个分区。②岩柱厚度更窄区域微震频次更多,能量更高,时空活动度更强,离散性更高。高应力区、应力梯度区、应力平稳区依次呈现“低频次-高能量”、“高频次-高能量”、“低频次-低能量”的微震响应特征。③特殊空间结构区域微震事件簇集且能级增大,时空活动度及离散性陡增,尤其在结构边缘该特征更明显,能量积聚及释放速率增大,冲击地压发生的概率及强度更高。位于岩柱更窄区域的特殊空间结构内微震活动更剧烈。④岩柱厚度越窄(煤柱高度越大)则岩柱向深的弯矩及能量增长速率越快,冲击危险性更高。依据结构面强度效应推断出断裂带发生滑移错动,是能量积聚与释放的优势区域。揭示冲击地压发生机理为高静载及低临界载荷共同作用,基于应力集中特征评估煤层开采不同区域的冲击危险性。

不同含水率条件下含瓦斯煤改进邓肯-张模型

为建立能够合理反映含瓦斯煤在不同含水率和围压工况下的力学特性模型,首先基于已有的含瓦斯煤常规三轴试验,分析其在不同围压和含水率条件下应力-应变特性;其次结合邓肯-张模型与Janbu公式得到相关的邓肯-张模型参数;然后建立初始弹性模量、破坏应力与各影响因素的拟合公式,构建能表征不同应力水平下含瓦斯煤变形规律的改进邓肯-张模型;最后对修正后的模型进行验证,对模型精度进行评价。结果表明:含水率的增加是引起含瓦斯煤模型参数动态变化的重要原因;提出的改进模型预测曲线与实际的试验曲线具有良好的吻合度,该修正模型可以准确反应不同围压和含水率下含瓦斯煤的应力应变特性。

六盘水汪家寨煤矿可采煤层有害元素富集特征及分布规律

利用贵州省六盘水汪家寨煤矿勘查过程中可采煤层化验测试数据,研究煤中有害元素(S、P、As、F、Cl、U、Th、V)富集特征以及分布规律。依据煤中有害元素含量,采用富集系数概念,分析可采煤层有害元素的富集特征,并对轻度富集有害元素的平面和垂向分布规律进行研究。研究表明:矿区仅S、Th、V在部分可采煤层中轻度富集;平面上,轻度富集的硫元素在矿区范围内连片产出,轻度富集的钍、钒元素则为零星分布,垂向上,硫元素从上至下富集系数先升高后降低(7煤和17煤略有起伏),1、4、8煤轻度富集;钍元素仅在1煤轻度富集,其余煤层正常富集;钒元素在8、13、14煤轻度富集,其余煤层正常富集。