Role of the different planting age of seabuckthorn forests to soil amelioration in coal mining subsidence land

To investigate the effects of seabuckthorn(Hippophae rhamnoides)on soil amelioration,using the space replacement method,soil physical and chemical indexes as well as the microorganism quantity and soil enzyme activities were analyzed.The results showed that:the soil bulk density of surface soil decreased and soil porosity and field capacity increased after afforestation with seabuckthorn.The plant was found to effectively reduce the soil pH,increase the soil conductivity,soil organic matters and available nutrients.Soil microorganism quantity,soil enzyme activities were both higher in 0-20 cm layer than in 20-40 cm layer.With the increase years of remediation with seabuckthorn,the quantity of soil microorganism and enzyme activities were increasing to a higher level 5 to 8 years later.Our study indicates that seabuckthorn can effectively improve soil physical and chemical properties,increase the quantity of soil microorganisms and enzyme activities,which is of great significance for the ecosystem restoration in mining areas.

Assessment of the Radiological Impact on the Environment near a Storage Site of Coal Ashes in a Thermal Power Plant

The radiological impact of coal ashes, with enhanced natural radioactivity in the storage site, is due to the presence of naturally occurring radionuclides. Some of these radionuclides have a radioactive period of several million years and will, therefore, have time to migrate to the soil, atmospheric air, surface water, and groundwater. This impact depends mainly on the activity of these coal ashes, the duration of exposure to such waste, transfers to the air, and the leaching phenomenon by rainwater. In this study, and so as to assess the radiological impact of coal ashes of the storage site of the JLEC-Morocco thermal power plant on environment, some analyses are performed by alpha dosimetry and a digital dosimeter on samples of coal ashes, soil, atmospheric air, surface water and groundwater belonging to a perimeter of 10 km around that site. The obtained results show that, within the studied area, the radiological impact on the soil of the coal ashes of the storage site is insignificant even though the concentrations of radon in the near vicinity (1 to 2 km) are moderately important, and remain below 200 Bq/m3. In the atmospheric air, this impact remains medium for the neighborhoods of the storage site (2 to 3 km) with radon activities superior to 10 Bq/m3. These results also show that there may be a water contamination of wells located at the storage site without any transfer of radioactivity into the groundwater of the area studied where the concentrations of radon are less than 11.1 Bq/l.

Amelioration of acidic soil using fy Ash for Mine Revegetation in PostMining Land

This paper described the use of fy ash for soil amelioration of acidic soils to promote plant growth.In mining sites,acid sulfate soils/rocks,which contain sulfde minerals(e.g.pyrite FeS_(2)),have appeared as a result of overburden excavation.The excessively acidic condition inhibits plant growth due to the dissolution of harmful elements,such as Al,Fe,and Mn.Fly ash,an alkaline byproduct of coal combustion generated in thermal power plants is expected to be adopted to ameliorate acidic soils.However,the mixing ratio of fy ash must be considered because excessive addition of fy ash can have a negative impact on plant growth due to its physical/chemical properties.The pot trials using Acacia mangium demonstrate the evolution of plant growth with a 5%–10%addition of fy ash into acidic soil.When the acidic soil has a high potential for metal dissolution,the metal ions leached from the acidic soil are large,making it difcult to improve plant growth due to osmotic and ionic stress.This work suggests that the efects of fy ash on metal ions leached from the soil have to be considered for the amelioration of acidic soil.

Utilization of coal fly ash and municipal sewage sludge in agriculture and for reconstruction of soils in disturbed lands： results of case studies from Greece and China

Coal fly ash （CFA） and municipal sewage sludge （MSS） management is a great concern worldwide. An alternative gaining high interest, is their use in agriculture and for reclamation of degraded lands. The purpose of this paper was to present very briefly the results of some case studies carried out in China and Greece related to land reclamation and agricultural use of CFA and MSS separately or combined. An experiment in Platanoulia area, central Greece showed clearly that CFA applied together with MSS at appropriate rates increased substantially wheat grain and biomass yield and improved soil quality （increased soil pH, organic matter content, total nitrogen, available P and boron）. In a long-term experiment carried out in Huaibei city, Anhui province, China with a reconstructed soil in a subsided land by using CFA, it was found that physicochemical characteristics （infiltration rate, bulk density, total nitrogen, available P and extractable K） tended to be improved over time. In another experiment in Rodia area central Greece, MSS application improved soil quality of limestone mining spoils from bauxite mining activities. Several other experiments with MSS in Greece showed a clear positive effect on cotton and maize yield and on soil quality.

Study of Remediation of Soil Contamined with Heavy Metals by Coal Fly Ash

The labile fraction of heavy metals in soils is the most important for toxicity for plants. Thus it is crucial to reduce this fraction in contamined soils to decrease the negative effect of heavy metals. In an experiment, the effects of two additives on the labile fractions of Cu, Mn and Zn were investigated in a soil contamined during long-term application. The additive used was the coal fly ash. The treated soil was further enriched with heavy metals and allowed to age at room temperature for 30 days. After this period, they were extracted plant-available (EDTA;HNO3;CH3COOH) metal species. The addition of fly ash strongly reduced the plant-available of Mn for plants but to a lesser extent this applies to the plant-available of Cu and Zn for plants. By addition of 1% of fly ash as well as 2% of fly ash, the labile fraction of Cu, Mn and Zn were lowered by 6.3, 145.0 and 29.7 mg?kg-1, respectively. Moreover essential correlation between total Cu and Zn contents was stated in the soil with plant-available content of metals, with reference to both metals. Value of coefficients of correlation is attesting to it between the total and plant-available Cu and Zn contents which are respectively equal: R(Cu) = 0.845, R(Mn) = 0.864 and R(Zn) = 0.872 for p = 99.5%. The results suggested that leading into the soil of the additional amount of fly ash can be an effective way of chemical remediation with reference to soils contaminated by Cu or Mn or Zn. Because he causes immobilization of examined heavy metals in the soil and in the process in the arrangement a—soil is limiting the availability of these metals plant and more distant bonds of the food chain.

Influence of fly ash and sewage sludge application on wheat biomass production,nutrients availability,and soil properties

The influence of fly ash(FA)applied alone and/or with sewage sludge(SS)on wheat(Triticum vulgare)grain yield,biomass production and soil properties was studied in a field experiment.The results showed that both FA and SS significantly increased grain yield and plant biomass.FA applied alone increased significantly soil pH and EC while FA applied together with SS did not significantly affect them compared to mono FA treatment.Soil pH and EC values increased with time in FA and FA-SS treatments.SS increased soil organic matter and total N content and SS applied together with FA increased also available soil B.From the plant nutrients tested only tissue N concentration was increased significantly in all treatments compared to control.Copper,Zn,Mn,Ni,and Pb at both available and total concentrations are significantly affected.

水泥粉煤灰改良盐渍土最优配比研究

【目的】在传统水泥改良土的基础上加入粉煤灰复合改良盐渍土,粉煤灰固化盐渍土与“双碳”目标契合,具有积极的意义。【方法】设计三因素四水平正交试验分析改良剂掺量、养护条件、含水率对试样抗压强度及弹性模量的影响。控制水泥粉煤灰固定比例为1∶2,掺量及含水率水平为12%、14%、16%、18%,养护方式分别为清水、盐水、高温养护及标准养护。【结果】通过击实试验可得试验范围内水泥粉煤灰掺量对最大干密度的影响不大,最大干密度约为1.8 g/cm^(3),最优含水率介于14%~16%之间。改良土呈应变软化型,7 d及14 d龄期不同组别抗压强度最高为1.69 MPa、1.99 MPa,最小为0.34 MPa、0.55 MPa。【结论】试样随着掺量增大及火山灰反应、水化程度的加深应变软化特征明显;改良剂掺量为18%、含水率为16%、养护方式为高温养护时强度最大,三个因素对盐渍土强度的影响排序依次为养护条件>改良剂掺量>含水率,因素影响权重分别为养护条件57%、改良剂掺量24%、含水率19%;将抗压强度与回弹模量进行拟合,发现二者具有良好的线性关系。

Characteristics of biomass ashes from different materials and their ameliorative effects on acid soils

The chemical characteristics,element contents,mineral compositions,and the ameliorative effects on acid soils of five biomass ashes from different materials were analyzed. The chemical properties of the ashes varied depending on the source biomass material. An increase in the concrete shuttering contents in the biomass materials led to higher alkalinity,and higher Ca and Mg levels in biomass ashes,which made them particularly good at ameliorating effects on soil acidity. However,heavy metal contents,such as Cr,Cu,and Zn in the ashes,were relatively high. The incorporation of all ashes increased soil p H,exchangeable base cations,and available phosphorus,but decreased soil exchangeable acidity. The application of the ashes from biomass materials with a high concrete shuttering content increased the soil available heavy metal contents. Therefore,the biomass ashes from wood and crop residues with low concrete contents were the better acid soil amendments.

粉煤灰改土效应研究

六个省市多年试验研究证明燃煤电厂湿排法排出的粉煤灰改良粘质土壤增产效果明显，亩施粉煤灰１．５万到３万公斤时，小麦增产１２．７±５．８％，玉米增产１２．１±３．５％，水稻增产１３．５±７．０％，此外对谷子、棉花、蔬菜均有一定的增产效果。试验表明：粘质土壤施入粉煤灰后，可以降低容重，增加孔隙度，调节三相比，提高地温，缩小膨胀率，明显的改善了粘土的物理性质，并能增磷、增硅，促进土壤中微生物活性，从而有利于土壤的保温、保墒，有利于养分的转化，为作物生长创造了良好的土壤环境。

粉煤灰改良砂姜黑土与玉米生长关系的研究

研究结果表明：粉煤灰施入砂姜黑土后，具有明显降低土壤容重，增加土壤孔隙度，提高土壤温度和保持土壤水分的作用，这一效果随粉煤灰用量的增加而增强。粉煤灰处理具有增加玉米叶面积系数，促进根系下扎和根系发育的功能，并以６０×１０３ｋｇ·ｈｍ－２处理产量最高。

煤基混合物对复垦土壤的改良及苜蓿增产效果

以煤基材料综合利用为目的,根据风化煤、煤矸石和粉煤灰的理化性质,按照特定质量比混合,比例为:风化煤∶煤矸石∶粉煤灰=5∶1∶4,并加入一定量的化学肥料,用于矿区复垦土壤的改良。煤基混合物含有丰富的养分。通过盆栽试验确定,复垦土壤中添加适量的煤基混合物后,养分含量有了显著提高,盆栽试验表明苜蓿生物量比对照提高约一倍,粗蛋白含量亦显著提高。利用煤基混合物改良土壤可以避免单纯施用化肥造成的土壤板结等问题,提高了矿区废弃物的综合利用率。

粉煤灰改良砂姜黑土对麦田生态因子及重金属残留的影响

采用盆栽试验 ,研究了粉煤灰改良砂姜黑土对麦田生态因子及Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg和As残留的影响 .结果表明 ,粉煤灰改良砂姜黑土可以降低土壤容重和土壤比重 ,减少土壤粘粒含量 ,增加土壤孔隙度和土壤渗透系数 ,提高耕层地温 ,促进土壤微生物活动和养分转化 ;土壤含水量高时具有散湿作用 ,土壤含水量低于 10 %后 ,具有保墒作用 ;在粉煤灰用量为 6× 10 4～ 18× 10 4kg·hm-2 的条件下 ,土壤及小麦子粒中重金属元素的积累量远低于国际污染标准值 ,即在此范围内 ,施用粉煤灰改良砂姜黑土是安全可靠的 .

燃煤烟气脱硫废弃物施用对碱化土壤种植甜高粱的影响

采用大田和盆栽相结合的试验方法,研究了燃煤烟气脱硫废弃物(简称脱硫废弃物)施用后对碱化土壤种植甜高粱〔Soughumbicolor(L.)Moench var.succharafumkonern〕的影响。试验地选在宁夏平罗西大滩碱化土壤上,设置5种不同脱硫废弃物施用量:0、4.50、9.00、13.50 t/hm2和18.00 t/hm2,分别于脱硫废弃物施用前后测定了土壤容重、pH值、全盐含量以及在甜高粱的生长季内测定了其出苗率、净光合速率、成熟期株高和生物量。试验数据显示,脱硫废弃物施用后,碱化土壤的容重、pH值以及全盐含量均呈下降趋势;甜高粱的出苗率、净光合速率、成熟期株高及生物产量均呈上升趋势。研究结果表明,在碱化土壤中施用脱硫废弃物能显著改善土壤的理化性质,促进甜高粱的生长发育,但改良效果并不与脱硫废弃物的施用量呈正比,而是以4.50 t/hm2的施用量效果为最佳。

粉煤灰中有害元素对土壤、粮食影响的初步评价

本文通过大量资料在每公颂施用不超过６０万公斤的粉煤灰改良石灰性粘质土壤时，采用污染指数法、污染起始值对土壤与粮食中镉、铬、铅、砷、汞及３．４Ｂ（ａ）Ｐ的含量进行了初步的评价，认为在上述施用量的基础上，不会造成土壤、粮食的污染。通过二年三作模拟储灰场五种有害元素ｋ＿ｍ值测定进行初步分析表明：个别元素在表层或底层有弱度淋溶或富集，但层次间、年度间变化不大，总的趋势是比较稳定，同上述评价结果一致。

不同改良措施对煤矸石污染土壤上大豆生长的影响

采用盆栽试验,通过添加粉煤灰和牛粪对煤矸石污染土壤进行改良,并研究了不同改良措施对大豆生长、光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,添加粉煤灰0.07 kg.kg-1(T1)、添加牛粪0.07 kg.kg-1(T2)、添加粉煤灰和牛粪各0.07 kg.kg-1(T3)3种土壤改良措施对大豆的株高、叶面积和单株根瘤数均有显著影响,不同生育期株高、叶面积和单株根瘤数均表现为T3>T2>T1>CK。在花期和鼓粒期,3种土壤改良措施下大豆的叶绿素含量和光合速率均显著高于对照,且T3处理显著高于T2和T1。与对照相比,不同土壤改良措施对大豆的单株荚数、百粒重、单株粒重和产量均有显著影响,T3、T2和T1处理的大豆产量较对照分别提高68.47%、40.99%和30.63%。

三种固体废弃物综合利用的研究

文章从环境建设的可持续发展出发 ,结合天津开发区在基础设施及园林绿化建设中面临土源紧缺的现实 ,将周边地区大量存在的海湾泥、粉煤灰、碱渣土等废弃物配制成一种新型种植基质以代替农田客土 ,并对其理化性质和对植物的适宜性进行了详细的试验研究。实验及推广结果表明海湾泥与碱渣土或粉煤灰按 3∶1比例混合最适宜 ,同时该配比基质在土壤改良和植物适宜性方面均优于滨海盐土 。

盐碱地土壤改良试验研究——以粉煤灰和煤矸石改良盐碱土为例

采用盆栽试验,重点探讨了粉煤灰和煤矸石改良盐碱土对柽柳生长的影响.结果表明:施加15%粉煤灰+15%淤泥改良盐碱土效果明显好于10%粉煤灰+10%煤矸石+10%淤泥的效果,好于20%粉煤灰的改良效果.基质中加入粉煤灰,对提高柽柳发芽率、缩短枝条发芽时间和提高萌发枝条成活率均具有促进作用.施加粉煤灰改良盐碱土的优劣比例顺序为:粉煤灰15%>20%>10%.本试验达到了试验初衷要求和期望值,对于已获取的数据的分析是科学的、可行的,具有借鉴意义.

粉煤灰和城市污泥配施对荒漠土壤持水性能影响的实验研究

通过模拟降雨及降雨后自然条件下的土壤表面水分蒸发,研究了粉煤灰和城市污泥配施对荒漠土壤持水性能的影响。研究结果表明,施用粉煤灰和城市污泥后的土壤饱和含水率是对照荒漠土壤的1.95倍,持水时间提高7天左右。这对于在干旱缺水的荒漠地区进行植树造林,恢复生态环境,提高有限的水资源利用率,防止荒漠化的扩大具有十分重要的理论指导意义。

粉煤灰对污染土壤中铜镉的稳定化

采用批衡量吸附和室内培养实验,考察了粉煤灰对Cu和Cd的吸附等温线及0.2%、0.5%、1%和2%用量的粉煤灰对土壤pH、有效态Cu和Cd、以及5种化学形态Cu和Cd分布的影响。结果表明:粉煤灰对Cu和Cd的吸附等温线均可以用Langmuir和Freundlich方程进行拟合,其对Cu的最大吸附量(9.90 mg/g)高于对Cd的最大吸附量(9.43 mg/g)。随着粉煤灰用量的增加,土壤pH显著增加,有效态Cu和Cd显著降低。同时,粉煤灰处理显著降低了离子交换态Cu和Cd含量,增加了铁锰氧化物结合态Cu和Cd含量,降低了Cu和Cd活性,使活性态Cu和Cd逐渐向潜在活性态和非活性态转化。其中培养60天后,2%处理的粉煤灰处理较对照pH提高了0.44个单位,离子交换态Cu和Cd分别降低了35.7%和35.9%。因此,粉煤灰能够有效吸附Cu和Cd,显著降低土壤有效态和离子交换态Cu和Cd的含量,在重金属稳定化修复应用中具有较好的应用前景。

接种菌根对充填复垦土壤营养吸收的影响

将菌根真菌接种于复垦土壤中 ,进行了盆栽试验研究 .结果表明 ,植株的生物量随覆土厚度增大而增大 ;与非菌根植物相比 ,接种菌根真菌的植物可以吸收更多的营养 ,而向地上部运移的 Na较少 ,抑制了植株积累过量的 Na盐 ;植株生物量及其植株体内的营养元素含量 ,接种菌根真菌后 ,覆土少的 (覆 5 cm厚的土壤于 1 0 cm厚的粉煤灰上 )相应高于不接种且覆土厚 (覆1 0 cm厚的土壤于 5 cm厚的粉煤灰上 )的 ,说明接种菌根具有抵消由于覆土少而导致的植株产量降低的潜力 ,其对粉煤灰充填复垦的植被重建具有重要作用 。