Analysis of the Risk of Water Breakout in the Bottom Plate of High-Intensity Mining of Extra-Thick Coal Seams

In order to clarify the danger of water breakout in the bottom plate of extra-thick coal seam mining, 2202 working face of a mine in the west is taken as the research object, and it is proposed to use the on-site monitoring means combining borehole peeping and microseismic monitoring, combined with the theoretical analysis to analyze the danger of water breakout in the bottom plate. The results show that: 1) the theoretically calculated maximum damage depth of the bottom plate is 27.5 m, and its layer is located above the Austrian ash aquifer, which has the danger of water breakout;2) the drill hole peeping at the bottom plate of the working face shows that the depth of the bottom plate fissure development reaches 26 m, and the integrity of the water barrier layer has been damaged, so there is the risk of water breakout;3) for the microseismic monitoring of the anomalous area, the bottom plate of the return air downstream channel occurs in the field with a one-week lag, which shows that microseismic monitoring events may reflect the water breakout of the underground. This shows that the microseismic monitoring events can reflect the changes of the underground flow field, which can provide a reference basis for the early warning of water breakout. The research results can provide reference for the prediction of sudden water hazard.

A penetrative addictive for water infusion in coal seams

The manufacturing process, characteristics, and application results of arod-like penetrative additive (the penetrative rod) were discussed. The components and functions ofthe penetrative rod were studied carefully. A large number of orthogonal combined tests were carriedout and over 100 sample molds were made. Ultimately the components were decided after carefulselection among these molds, mainly including hygroscopic major components and auxiliary material.The results of on-site practical application show that such an addictive can increase the waterpenetrative ability effectively and has a remarkable effect on preventing dust production duringcoal seam excavation. The penetrating radius, the infusing velocity and the dust-preventive effectwere systematically studied.

Influential factors and control of water inrush in a coal seam as the main aquifer

In this paper, a combination of field measurement, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation were used to study the main control factors of coal mine water inrush in a main aquifer coal seam and its control scheme. On the basis of revealing and analyzing the coal seam as the main aquifer in western coal mine of Xiao Jihan coal mine, the simulation software of PHASE-2D was applied to analyze the water inflow under different influencing factors. The results showed that water inflow increases logarithmically with the coal seam thickness, increases as a power function with the permeability coefficient of the coal seam, and increases linearly with the coal seam burial depth and the head pressure; The evaluation model for the factors of coal seam water inrush was gained by using nonlinear regression analysis with SPSS. The mine water inrush risk evaluation partition within the scope of the mining field was obtained,through the engineering application in Xiao Jihan coal mine. To ensure the safe and efficient production of the mine, we studied the coal mine water disaster prevention and control measures of a main aquifer coal seam in aspects of roadway driving and coal seam mining.

Study on the non-linear forecast method for water inrush from coal seam floor based on wavelet neural network

Directing at the non-linear dynamic characteristics of water inrush from coal seam floor and by the analysis of the shortages of current forecast methods for water inrush from coal seam floor, a new forecast method was raised based on wavelet neural network （WNN） that was a model combining wavelet function with artificial neural network. Firstly basic principle of WNN was described, then a forecast model for water inrush from coal seam floor based on WNN was established and analyzed, finally an example of forecasting the quantity of water inrush from coal floor was illustrated to verify the feasibility and superiority of this method. Conclusions show that the forecast result based on WNN is more precise and that using WNN model to forecast the quantity of water inrush from coal seam floor is feasible and practical.

Overburden fracture evolution laws and water-controlling technologies in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof

Considering the danger of water inrush in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof in Majialiang Coal Mine,the universal discrete element(UDEC)software was used to simulate the overburden fracture evolution laws when mining 4#coal seam.Besides,this study researched on the influence of face advancing length,speed and mining height on the height of the water flowing fractured zones(HWFFZ),and analyzed the correlation of face advancing length and change rules of aquifer water levels and goaf water inflow.Based on those mentioned above,this research proposed the following water-controlling technologies:draining the roof water before mining,draining goaf water,reasonable advancing speed and mining thickness.These water-controlling technologies were successfully used in the feld,thus ensured safely mining the very thick coal seam under water-rich roof.

RESEARCH ON DEEP COAL SEAM MINING FLOOR STARTA WATER BURSTING INFLUENCED FACTORS BASED ON ANALYTIC HIERACHY PROCESS

Deep coal seam mining floor strata water bursting is a complicate nonlinear system, whose factors are coupling and influencing themselves. It built the analytic structure model for deep coal seam mining floor strata water bursting, the judgment matrix was found by the expert scoring method, the contribution weights of the influenced factors were given out by the equation analytic process. The thirteen controlling factors and five main controlling factors were put award by analyzing weights, so the result was basically conform to the field practice. The expert scoring method and analytic process can convert the objective fact to the subjective cognition, so it is a method that can turn the qualitative into the quantitative. This can be relative objectively and precisely to study the question of many factors and grey box.

Progress on the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking to enhance coal seam permeability

A method of hydraulic grid slotting and hydraulic fracturing was proposed to enhance the permeability of low permeability coal seam in China. Micro-structural development and strength characteristics of coal were analysed to set up the failure criterion of coal containing water and gas, which could describe the destruction rule of coal containing gas under the hydraulic measures more accurately. Based on the theory of transient flow and fluid grid, the numerical calculation model of turbulence formed by high pressure oscillating water jet was used. With the high speed photography test, dynamic evolution and pulsation characteristics of water jet water analysed which laid a foundation for mechanism analysis of rock damage under water jet. Wave equation of oscillating water jet slotting was established and the mechanism of coal damage by the impact stress wave under oscillation jet was revealed. These provide a new method to study the mechanism of porosity and crack damage under high pressure jet.Fracture criterion by jet slotting was established and mechanism of crack development controlled by crack zone between slots was found. The fractures were induced to extend along pre-set direction,instead of being controlled by original stress field. The model of gas migration through coal seams after the hydraulic measures for grid slotting and fracking was established. The key technology and equipment for grid slotting and fracking with high-pressure oscillating jet were developed and applied to coal mines in Chongqing and Henan in China. The results show that the gas permeability of coal seam is enhanced by three orders of magnitude, efficiency of roadway excavation and mining is improved by more than 57%and the cost of gas control is reduced by 50%.

Characteristics of dissolved inorganic carbon in produced water from coalbed methane wells and its geological significance

Based on long-term dynamic tracing of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC)and stable carbon isotope(δ13CDIC)in produced water from 20 coalbed methane(CBM)wells in western Guizhou,the spatial-temporal dynamic variations ofδ13CDIC of the GP well group produced in multi-layer commingled manner were analyzed,and the relationship between the value ofδ13CDIC and CBM productivity was examined.The produced water samples of typical wells in the GP well group were amplified and sequenced using 16S rDNA,and a geological response model ofδ13CDIC in produced water from CBM wells with multi-coal seams was put forward.The research shows that:δ13CDIC in produced water from medium-rank coal seams commonly show positive anomalies,the produced water contains more than 15 species of methanogens,and Methanobacterium is the dominant genus.The dominant methanogens sequence numbers in the produced water are positively correlated withδ13CDIC,and the positive anomaly of v is caused by reduction of methanogens,and especially hydrogenotrophic methanogens.Vertical segmentation of sedimentary facies and lithology in stratum with multi-coal seams will result in permeability and water cut segmentation,which will lead to the segmentation ofδ13CDIC and archaea community in produced water,so in the strata with better permeability and high water cut,theδ13CDIC of the produced water is abnormally enriched,and the dominant archaea is mainly Methanobacterium.In the strata with weak permeability and low water cut,theδ13CDIC of the produced water is small,and the microbial action is weak.The shallow layer close to the coal seam outcrop is likely to be affected by meteoric precipitation,so theδ13CDIC of the produced water is smaller.The geological response model ofδ13CDIC in produced water from multi-coal seams CBM wells in the medium-rank coal reveals the geological mechanism and microbial action mechanism of theδ13CDIC difference in the produced water from the multi-coal seams CBM wells.It also provides effective geochemical evidence for the superimposed fluid system controlled by sedimentary facies,and can also be used for the contribution analysis of the produced gas and water by the multi-layer CBM wells.

Influence of Water Injection Fracturing on Crack Damage in Soft Coal and Application in Gas Extraction

In order to study the hypotonic and rheological particularity of “three soft” coal seam in west Henan, China, this paper explored the stress and damage characteristics of crack in coal under condition of water injection fracturing based on ABAQUS platform;The cohesive element in T-P damage evolution criterion was used to describe the approximately linear relationship between crack width and extending distance in soft coal. The simulation results show that stress evolution and crack damage in soft coal is a gradually developing process under condition of water injection fracturing. When the static pressure is 4 - 10 MPa, and the injection time is about 1 - 2 hours, the damage range of crack in soft coal can basically reach an ideal data of 80 - 100 m, and then greatly improve the hypotonic performance of “three soft” coal seam.

特厚煤层底板断层破坏与顶板垮断联动效应的CFDEM模拟研究

特厚煤层采场空间大、覆岩扰动范围广,顶板垮断产生的强扰动加卸荷载易导致底板断层破坏加剧。通过数值模拟研究特厚煤层底板断层突水与顶板垮断联动效应机理规律是开展水害防治的基础,关键在于掌握加卸载下岩体渐进破坏与裂隙流耦合特征。构建加卸载下拉、剪损伤演化方程,结合有效偏/球应力为基本变量的屈服准则与塑性势函数,得到完整岩块的塑性损伤本构;建立拉/剪、混合型加卸载过程中塑性位移与强度劣化关系,以平方拉剪应力与B-K准则为初始、完全断裂准则,形成非贯通裂隙断裂本构;提出岩块分离、压缩、剪切判据,结合实验数据建立离散块体间挤压、剪切摩擦本构与剪胀方程。基于质量/动量守恒、状态方程,并结合流体体积与浸没边界方法,形成裂隙岩体气−水二相流模拟理论。由此形成CFDEM数值计算程序,并将加卸载下塑性损伤、断裂、挤压/摩擦、流体属性分别赋予实体单元(岩块)、黏聚力单元(非贯通裂隙)、接触对(贯通裂隙)、欧拉单元(水和气)。根据宁武煤田北部矿区工程地质条件,建立特厚煤层底板断层突水与顶板垮断联动效应数值计算模型。结果表明:①CFDEM耦合程序及相应的理论模型可数值实现特厚煤层覆岩及底板断层从(准)连续体到离散体转化,以及地下水在裂隙中运移;②模拟条件下特厚煤层含断层底板的采动裂隙包络线呈w形,最深处超过55 m位于断层及其上盘,最浅处23 m位于断层下盘,而无构造底板处的破坏深度为24~36 m,已导通奥灰含水层;③特厚煤层底板普遍出现二次破坏现象。表现为无构造底板在超前工作面处破坏深度为24.0~29.3 m,但在采空区内普遍增加至31.5~36.0 m;断层及其上盘在超前工作面处裂隙总开度为0.34~0.86 m,但在采空区内迅速增加至3.6 m,形成突水优势通道。④底板断层突水与顶板垮断联动效应的根源在于覆岩高位关键岩层垮断失稳、砌体梁下沉与二次断裂,并导致底板二次破坏,突水风险加剧。

东盛煤业9+10号煤层水文地质条件分析

借助山西潞安集团东盛煤业已有地质和水文地质资料,综合分析了该矿9+10号煤层的水文地质条件,采用理论公式法计算确定了9+10号煤层导水裂缝带最大发育高度为70.22 m,认为9+10号煤层的主要充水水源和水害类型为老空水、顶板水、大气降水,最主要的水害类型为老空水,并针对3种主要水害类型分别提出了水害防治建议。

深煤层气井低伤害完井液分析

深煤层气井的开采通常是采用水敏损害的完井液,但这类完井液存在着严重的伤害问题,对煤层气井的开采效率有着不利影响。在煤层气开采过程中,需要不断向井底注入液体,在注入过程中不可避免地会对煤层造成一定的伤害。从深煤层气井开采过程中出现的问题出发,对煤层气井中常见的完井液进行了分析和讨论,并在此基础上提出了相应的低伤害完井液方案。分析结果表明:低伤害完井液能有效降低深井煤层气开采过程中出现的问题。

近距离煤层垂向采空区高静储瞬态充水模式与解危技术

榆神府矿区侏罗纪煤田垂向层序上赋存多个煤层,当下层煤开采时,面临上部近距离采空区积水威胁,基于垂向采空区充水模式的综合解危技术是下层煤安全回采的关键。通过分析煤层顶板岩性组合、含隔水层以及导水裂缝带发育高度特征,形成了近距离煤层垂向采空区高静储瞬态充水模式,认为基岩风化带水、火烧区水、第四系萨拉乌苏组松散层潜水以及大气降水是浅层采空区的直接或间接补给水源,在上部煤层采空区中形成较高水位的静储量;近距离煤层下层煤开采时,导水裂缝带沟通上部采空区,高静储积水以瞬间溃入形式进入下层煤回采工作面。针对高静储采空区积水威胁,提出了“近距离煤层充水模型建立—采空区积水范围探测与积水量预计—垂向采空区积水解危—疏控效果评价”4阶段解危模式,形成了解危成功的判别标准,即当钻孔疏放量等于动态补给量时,可认定采空区静储量积水已基本疏放完毕,采空区积水威胁解除。该成果在神木惠宝煤矿成功应用,对类似条件下的矿井具有借鉴意义。

新集矿区深部1煤层底板奥灰岩溶突水危险性评价

奥灰岩溶裂隙含水层是影响华北型煤矿深部开采的重要水害,在水-岩相互作用下奥灰含水层易导致煤层底板突水。为进一步认识奥灰岩溶突水问题,文章以新集矿区深部1煤层开采为例,利用矿区近些年最新积累的奥灰钻孔资料,选取断层强度指数、断层交叉点与尖灭点、含水层水压、富水性、隔水层等效厚度、脆塑比7个因素作为奥灰岩溶突水的主控因素,并结合层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)确定各主控因素影响权重。运用地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)空间分析功能建立各主控因素专题图,通过对专题栅格图归一化处理,将各主控因素按照权重进行空间复合叠加,最终获得1煤层底板奥灰岩溶突水危险性评价分区结果。将评价结果与突水系数法计算结果对比分析可知,基于GIS的煤层底板突水危险性评价方法更符合矿区实际地质情况,可以为矿区深部煤层开采与水害防治工作提供参考依据。

煤层采动底板突水物理模拟试验研究进展与展望

【目的】底板突水受特定地质构造、水-岩-应力及采掘扰动等因素叠加作用影响,具有复杂性、隐蔽性、突发性等特点。【方法】物理模拟试验能较好地还原底板岩层与承压水赋存环境、直观展现采动底板裂隙扩展及突水路径演化全过程、实时获取灾变各阶段多源数据信息,因而在底板突水研究方面具有独特优势。【结果和结论】对底板突水经典理论、标准规范、模拟试验及工程实践等方面的研究成果进行了回顾,重点梳理了试验加载装置及水压模拟方式、相似材料研制及其特性指标、监测技术及其观测系统设计3个方面的研究进展,其中在模拟水-岩-应力耦合环境下的三维模型底板突水全过程信息捕捉方面有较大突破。面对数智化研究大背景,分析当前底板突水物理模拟试验领域存在的不足,并据此指出未来应重点关注大型三维底板突水综合试验平台研制、基于标准化的多特性相似材料配比数据库建立、多相多场多维耦合监测预警系统构建、人工智能等数智化技术融合应用研究等发展方向。提出的思考有助于从装置、材料、技术等方面提升未来物理模拟试验水平,从而更好支撑煤矿底板水害数智化防治基础研究工作高质量发展。

基于瞬变电磁法的煤层风氧化带探查

煤层风氧化带的发育对煤矿的生产组织和安全回采影响巨大,针对准格尔煤田东部隆起带煤层风氧化带圈定的技术难题,研究了瞬变电磁法探查煤层风氧化带的可行性。首先对研究区正常地层与煤层风氧化区的电阻率测井曲线进行了分析,总结了正常区与煤层风氧化区的电性差异,并以电阻率测井曲线构建了煤层风氧化区地电模型;然后采用MAXWELL软件对理论模型的瞬变电磁响应进行了数值模拟,发现在煤层风氧化区瞬变电磁反演电阻率断面表现为浅部低阻层变厚、低阻异常幅值减小的异常特征,可以以此来圈定煤层风氧化区的分布范围;最后在数值模拟的基础上,在串草圪旦煤矿开展了现场试验,结合钻探情况对试验数据从瞬变电磁反演电阻率断面和平面2个角度进行了分析,结果表明瞬变电磁法探测划分风氧化带是可行的。

大采深高承压水条件下煤层底板突水问题及解决对策

在当前煤矿普遍面临大采深、底板高承压水、高地应力等采掘条件下,正确评价煤层底板承压水突水危险是做好防治水工作的基础。以河南省受底板灰岩承压水突水威胁的大水矿井为例,就底板破坏深度计算、突水系数计算及临界值、脆弱性指数法、不同水文地质单元的“双层水位”效应等问题进行了剖析。分析表明:在大采深和高地应力开采条件下,底板破坏深度较现有用经验公式计算得到的值偏大,一些矿井突水系数虽小于全国临界值,但回采过程中却发生了突水,脆弱性指数法有待于规范化。此外,井田范围内水文地质条件存在着时空变化,甚至会出现“双层水位”等现象。鉴于此,提出了建立大采深和高地应力开采条件下的底板破坏深度计算模型、确定矿区或矿井范围的临界突水系数值、规范脆弱性指数评价方法、查明水文地质条件的时空变化和不同单元的水动力参数、制定同各单元水文地质条件相适应的防治水措施等各项对策。

二连盆地富气凹陷低阶煤煤层气成因及成藏机制

内蒙古低阶煤煤层气资源丰富,煤层气成因与成藏机制研究对低阶煤煤层气资源选区评价至关重要。以二连盆地重点富气凹陷低阶煤煤层气为研究目标,利用煤层气组分、碳/氢同位素、煤层水水质、氢/氧同位素及放射性同位素^(3)H和^(14)C测试等多种实验手段,分析煤层气、水地球化学特征,揭示低阶煤煤层气成因来源及成藏机制。结果表明,二连盆地煤层气组分以甲烷为主,均为干气,其中甲烷体积分数随埋深增加而增大,CO_(2)体积分数随埋深增加呈先增加后降低趋势,在300~500 m范围出现高值区。甲烷碳、氢同位素普遍偏轻,δ^(13)C(CH_(4))分布在-70.3‰~-48.0‰,δD(CH_(4))分布在-285.5‰~-189.0‰,δ^(13)C(CO_(2))在-37.6‰~1.94‰变化。煤层水化学类型主要为HCO_(3)-Na型和Cl·HCO_(3)-Na型,现今煤层水体环境较为稳定,水动力较弱,煤层水表观年龄在1020~47490 a,主要来源于第四纪大气降水,没有或较少有现今地表水补给。二连盆地煤层气主要为原生生物成因气,混有少量早期热成因气,随着埋深加大,地层环境和产甲烷古菌类型发生变化,生物甲烷生成途径发生转变。其中吉尔嘎朗图凹陷早期以乙酸发酵产气为主,晚期转变为CO_(2)还原产气为主,并混有少量低熟热成因气;巴彦花和霍林河凹陷微生物产气途径均以乙酸发酵为主,其中霍林河凹陷还混有少量甲基发酵型生物气。研究区具有适合生物气生成的低地温、低矿化度和低热演化程度的“三低”煤层条件,其中,吉尔嘎朗图凹陷属于地堑式浅部厚煤层生物气成藏模式,巴彦花和霍林河凹陷属于半地堑式中深部承压区水力封堵生物气成藏模式。寻找适合生物成因气形成和富集的有利目标区,应是二连盆地煤层气未来勘探开发的重点方向,也是二连盆地低阶煤煤层气增储上产的现实保障。

黄陇煤田典型特厚煤层综放开采涌水机理与导水裂隙带发育规律

黄陇侏罗纪煤田厚煤层开采导水裂隙带发育高度大,易导通上覆白垩系洛河组巨厚砂岩含水层,区内青岗坪煤矿回采期间出现典型的“脉冲式”涌水特征,给矿井的安全回采造成严重影响。以青岗坪煤矿42105综放工作面为研究对象,采用3DEC离散元模拟、钻孔冲洗液漏失量、综合物探以及钻孔电视相结合的实测方法,对工作面回采过程中覆岩导水裂隙带和离层发育规律进行研究,探究该典型地质条件下矿井的涌水机制与导水裂隙带发育特征。结果表明:42105工作面导水裂隙带受覆岩周期性垮落影响不断向上发育,洛河组孔裂隙砂岩静储水不断释放,间歇性涌入工作面,形成幅值稍低的“脉冲式”涌水;在采动影响下巨厚砂岩含水层内不断出现离层,导水裂隙带导通砂岩含水层离层积水区,致使涌入工作面的瞬时涌水量突增,形成幅值较高的“脉冲式”涌水。结合现场钻孔冲洗液漏失量实测、综合物探以及钻孔电视结果,揭示了青岗坪煤矿洛河组孔裂隙砂岩静储水与离层水叠加影响的“脉冲式”涌水机理,确定导水裂隙带的最大发育高度为316.83~333.00m,裂采比为30.17~31.71。研究结果对于类似地层条件下矿井涌水的防治和安全高效回采具有指导意义。

底板突水危险性评价研究进展

回顾了煤层底板突水危险性评价的发展历程,提出其危险性评价的体系:指标(指标体系的建立)—方法(评价方法的选取)—工具(处理工具的革新),并对3个环节进行总结。指出指标体系的发展不再是因素集的扩充,而是因素与因素之间非线性关系的处理以及对以开采条件及地质条件为两大基本要素集的化繁为简;将现有方法依据处理数据的逻辑分为3类:以数据的基础信息为基准,将原始数据对评价对象所产生的大小、高低、优劣性影响进行考量、排序及综合形成评价结果的第一类方法;对数据列进行人工评判、加工分析、拓展和延伸,挖掘数据的潜在信息,并形成最终评价结果的第2类方法;整理具有相同指标的数据集,通过数据信息处理技术发现数据间的共有信息,从而获得最终评价结果的第3类方法。指出未来评价方法的发展方向一方面是对突水系数法的传承,修正其在厚、巨厚、极薄隔水层的不良表现,另一方面是对机器学习新型方法的创新,对其本身及组合模型进行开发与应用。提出了处理工具所需实现的三大目标:矿井立体化模型的建立、评价结果的动态化演示、“定位、定量、定概率”三定指标的实现。分别探讨了三者面临的问题并阐述具体解决手段。在上述基础上,总体阐明了煤层底板突水危险性评价体系各环节的研究展望。