Perforation optimization of layer-penetration fracturing for commingling gas production in coal measure strata

Optimization of fracturing perforation is of great importance to the commingling gas production in coal measure strata.In this paper,a 3 D lattice algorithm hydraulic fracturing simulator was employed to study the effects of perforation position and length on hydraulic fracture propagation in coal measures of the Lin-Xing block,China.Based on field data,three lithologic combinations are simulated:1)a thick section of coal seam sandwiched by sandstones;2)a thin coal seam layer overlay by gas-bearing tight sandstone;3)two coal seams separated by a thin layer of sandstone.Our simulation shows that perforation position and length in multi-layer reservoirs play a major role in hydraulic fracture propagation.Achieving maximum stimulated volume requires consideration of lithologic sequence,coal seam thickness,stress states,and rock properties.To improve the combined gas production in coal measure strata,it is possible to simultaneously stimulate multiple coal seams or adjacent gas-bearing sandstones.In these cases,perforation location and length also significantly impact fracture propagation,and therefore should be carefully designed.Our simulation results using 3 D lattice algorithm are qualitatively consistent with laboratory physical simulation.3 D lattice models can be used to effectively simulate the fracture propagation through layers in coal measure strata.The numerical results provide guidance for perforation optimization in the hydraulic fracturing of coal measure strata.

A study on the genetic relations between Permian Longtan Formation coal series strata and Carlin-type gold deposits,southwestern Guizhou Province,China

A large number of the Carlin-type gold deposits occur in the Longtan Formation in southwestern Guizhou Province.The Long-tan Formation contains abundant basalt,tuff and siliceous rocks.All rocks of the Longtan Formation are enriched in gold,which were deposited in a limited platform environment in the transition zone from marine to continental.The process of sedimentation was accompanied by the eruption of Emeishan basalt and hydrothermal deposition controlled by co-sedimentary submarine deep faults in the west,which led to the formation of a peculiar gold-bearing formation with coal series strata.This formation controlled the occurrence of the Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou Province.In response to the remobilization of the Emei mantle plume during the Yanshanian period,As,Au and other ore-forming materials were continuously extracted by deeply circulating waters from the Emeishan basalt and coal seams,thereafter forming ore-forming hydrothermal solutions.When these elements were transported in the coal seams,large amounts of As,Au and other elements were enriched in pyrite within the coal seams,thus forming high-As coal and Carlin-type gold deposits in the Longtan Formation coal series strata.

Strata behavior in extra-thick coal seam mining with upward slicing backfilling technology

Based on the character of upward slicing backfilling mining and the condition of Gonggeyingzi coal mine in Inner Mongolia,this paper describes the studies of the strata behavior and the stress distribution in the process of backfilling mining in extra-thick coal seams.This was achieved by setting up and analyzing the elastic foundation beam model using the ABAQUS software.The results show that:(1) With the gradual mining of different slices,the roof appears to bend continuously but does not break.The vertical stress in the roof decreases and the decreasing amplitude reduces,while the tensile stress in the roof grows with the mining slices and the maximum tensile stress will not exceed the allowable tensile stress.(2) The front vertical stress at the working face exceeds the rear vertical stress and both show a trend of decrease with decreasing amplitude of decrease.(3) The slices mined early have more influence on the surrounding rock than the later ones.Similarly,the strata behavior experiences the same trend.The field measured data show that the roof does not break during the mining process,which is consistent with the conclusion.

Study on the Fissure Rate in the Roof Strata of Excavated Coal Seams

In the past decades,the intense excavation of coal resources in China has induced a series of severe waterrelated disasters or problems,such as water burst accidents,severe groundwater depletion and contamination.All of these problems were caused by the structural changes of roof rocks or bed rocks induced by coal excavation.The structure of collapsed roof rocks is generally classified into three zones：falling zone.

Experimental investigation on behaviors of bolt-supported rock strata surrounding an entry in large dip coal seam

In order to investigate the behaviors and stability of rock strata surrounding an entry with bolt supporting in large dip coal seams (LDCSs) dipping from 25° to 45°, a self-developed rotatable experimental frame for similar material simulation test was used to build the model with the dip of 30°, based on analyses of geological and technological conditions in Huainan mine area, Anhui, China. The strata behaviors, such as extracting- and mining-induced stresses development, deformation and failure modes, were synthetically integrated during working face advancing. Results show that the development characteristics of mining-induced stress and deformation are asymmetrical in the roadway. The strata behaviors are totally different in different sections of the roadway. Because of asymmetrically geometrical structure influenced by increasing dip, strata dislocating, rock falling and breaking occur in roof. Then, squeezing, collapsing and caving of coal happen in upper- and lower-rib due to shearing action caused by asymmetrical roof bending and dislocating. Owing to the absence of supporting, floor heaving is very violent and usually the zone of floor heaving develops from the lower-rib to upper-rib. Engineering practices show that, due to the asymmetrical characteristics of rock pressure and roadway configuration, it is more difficult to implement bolt supporting system to control rock stability of roadways in LDCSs. The upper-rib and roof of entries are the key sections. Consequently, it is reliable to use asymmetrical bolt-mesh-cable supporting system to control rock stability of roadways based on the asymmetrical characteristics of roadway configuration and strata behaviors.

Effect of the computer fuzzy control on coal seam injection

To enhance the technology and efficiency of strata injection is a problem to be solved urgently. Because of effected by the rough and poor production conditions of mining and the changeable bearing condition of strata, the technological process of injection can not be controlled automatically.The fuzzy controlling technology of the coal strata injection is applied. This is the good way to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of coal strata injection and to solve the current problems of production and safety in mining industry.

Overlying strata movement rules and safety mining technology for the shallow depth seam proximity beneath a room mining goaf

Aiming at the shallow depth seam proximity beneath a room mining goaf, due to that the shallow depth seam is exploited using the longwall mining and overlain by thin bedrock and thick loose sands, many accidents are likely to occur, including roof structure instability, roof step subsidence, damages of shield supports, and the face bumps triggered by the large area roof weighting, resulting in serious threats to the safety of underground miners and equipment. This paper analyses the overlying strata movement rules for the shallow seams using the physical simulation, the 3DEC numerical simulation and the field mea- surements. The results show that, in shallow seam mining, the overburden movement forms caved zone and fractured zone, the cracks develop continuously and reach the surface with the face advancing, and the development of surface cracks generally goes through four stages. With the application of loose blast- ing of residual pillars, reasonable mining height, and roof support and management, the safe, efficient and high recovery rate mining has been achieved in the shallow depth seam proximity beneath a room min ing goal.

Stability of roof structure and its control in steeply inclined coal seams

To improve the effectiveness of control of surrounding rock and the stability of supports on longwall topcoal caving faces in steeply inclined coal seams, the stability of the roof structure and hydraulic supports was studied with physical simulation and theoretical analysis. The results show that roof strata in the vicinity of the tail gate subside extensively with small cutting height, while roof subsidence near the main gate is relatively assuasive. With increase of the mining space, the caving angle of the roof strata above the main gate increases. The characteristics of the vertical and horizontal displacement of the roof strata demonstrate that caved blocks rotate around the lower hinged point of the roof structure, which may lead to sliding instability. Large dip angle of the coal seam makes sliding instability of the roof structure easier.A three-hinged arch can be easily formed above both the tail and main gates in steeply inclined coal seams. With the growth in the dip angle, subsidence of the arch foot formed above the main gate decreases significantly, which reduces the probability of the roof structure becoming unstable as a result of large deformation, while the potential of the roof structure's sliding instability above the tail gate increases dramatically.

Plastic zone analysis and support optimization of shallow roadway with weakly cemented soft strata

Based on a shallow roadway with weakly cemented soft strata in western China, this paper studies the range and degree of plastic zones in soft strata roadways with weak cementation. Geological radars were used to monitor the loose range and level of surrounding rocks. A mechanical model of weakly cemented roadway was established, including granular material based on the measured results. The model was then used to determine the plastic zone radium. The predicted results agree well with measured results which provide valuable theoretical references for the analysis of surrounding rock stability and support reinforcing design of weakly cemented roadways. Finally, a combined supporting scheme of whole section bolting and grouting was proposed based on the original supporting scheme. It is proved that this support plan can effectively control the deformation and plastic zone expansion of the roadway surrounding rock and thus ensure the long-term stable and safe mining.

煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查理论与技术体系框架探讨

煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查模型的建立,是实现煤系战略性金属元素向金属矿产转变的前提条件,煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查基础理论与关键技术研究,则是建立协同勘查模型的核心任务。从煤系战略性金属元素的基本特点分析入手,论证了实施煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查的必要性;通过对协同勘查概念演变历史的梳理,阐明了煤炭综合勘查与协同勘查的关系,认为协同勘查是综合勘查的继承和发展,强调2种或多种矿产综合勘查过程中的协调有序和科学组织,其核心是协同组织勘查工程、协同实施关键技术。在论述煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查原则的基础上,初步提出煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查理论与技术方法体系框架,作为建立煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查模型的基础。煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查应以煤系战略性金属元素富集成矿机制、组合类型与赋存规律研究为前提条件,以煤地质学、矿床学、地球化学、地球物理学、勘查工程学等多学科理论为基础,以精准钻探、精细物探和精细化探等关键技术构成的协同勘查技术体系为支撑,以固体矿产勘查规范等标准为工作依据,遵循固体矿产资源勘查和综合勘查及单矿种勘查的一般性原则,以及研究先行、技术有效、精细勘查、动态调整、分区施策、协调同步等原则,协同组织勘查工程、协同实施关键技术,实现煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查的最佳技术效益和最佳经济效益的平衡,在完成煤炭地质勘查任务的基础上,查明共伴生战略性金属矿产的地质特征和开发地质条件,获得相应的资源量或元素分布特征,为煤系矿产资源综合开发利用提供地质依据。煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查值得关注并深入研究的核心问题包括:协同勘查对象的确定,勘查技术的选择和协同实施,勘查工程的协同部署,资源量的科学估算。

我国大倾角煤层开采技术变革与展望

大倾角煤层是我国煤炭资源的主要赋存样式之一。在地域分布上呈现出广泛性与区域性,据不完全统计,全国25个省、自治区、直辖市均涉及该类煤层开采,在中西部地区储量丰富、产量大、生产集中程度高。在赋存条件上呈现出多样性与复杂性,不同区域成煤时期不一,构造控煤过程迥异,形成了多样且复杂的开采条件,催生了不同的开采技术要求。大倾角煤层开采的技术难度大。煤层倾角导致采场围岩运动破坏呈现非对称性显现特征,支护系统稳定性控制与“三机”配套与协同、采准巷道布置与支护、工作面“人-机”环境安全保障等工作的难度显著加剧,严重制约了矿井安全高效开采。大倾角煤层开采的区域经济需求强,该类煤层赋存与生产较集中的区域多见以煤炭工业为主的资源型城市,经济结构相对单一,煤炭资源安全高效开发利用对区域能源保供、民生保障、经济保稳具有兜底作用。长期以来,大倾角煤层开采技术变革聚焦于解决“难”与“需”的矛盾,在采煤方法与工艺、岩层控制理论与技术、成套装备研制与应用3个方面不断完善、创新、发展,实现了由非机械化向机械化开采的转变,安全产效水平大幅提升,人员劳动强度大幅下降,作业环境显著改善。20世纪90年代中期,川煤集团绿水洞煤矿首次成功实现了大倾角中厚煤层长壁综采,冲破了大倾角煤层机械化开采技术“禁区”。在此示范作用下,大倾角厚煤层长壁综放开采、大采高综采、薄煤层伪俯斜长壁综采三项首创性工程实践先后取得成功。这一过程中创新了工作面非线性限位布置与调斜方式,确立了“支架-围岩”系统稳定性多维交互控制模式,研发了工作面成套装备,取得良好收效,综合机械化开采技术适用范围进一步拓宽。与此同时,大倾角煤层开采仍存在许多亟待突破的关键科学问题与技术瓶颈,导致自动化、智能化水平提升与近水平/缓倾斜煤层相较仍存在较大差距。需进一步强化倾斜层状煤系地层煤岩体采动力学行为研究,揭示其对采场围岩灾变的控制机制,并实现量化表征;需进一步阐明岩体承载结构-采场装备群组系统间的多维动态作用过程与规律,完善装备与围岩多维动态多目标协同控制理论与技术基础,实现技术转化应用。在科学问题取得突破的基础上进行采煤方法、回采工艺、岩层控制、成套装备的系统性技术创新与研发,破解大倾角煤层开采安全-产效双提升的制约技术瓶颈,使大倾角煤层综合机械化开采倾角上限在有可靠技术保障的前提下向上延伸(扩展),为实现自动化、智能化开采奠定基础。

RESEARCH ON DEEP COAL SEAM MINING FLOOR STARTA WATER BURSTING INFLUENCED FACTORS BASED ON ANALYTIC HIERACHY PROCESS

Deep coal seam mining floor strata water bursting is a complicate nonlinear system, whose factors are coupling and influencing themselves. It built the analytic structure model for deep coal seam mining floor strata water bursting, the judgment matrix was found by the expert scoring method, the contribution weights of the influenced factors were given out by the equation analytic process. The thirteen controlling factors and five main controlling factors were put award by analyzing weights, so the result was basically conform to the field practice. The expert scoring method and analytic process can convert the objective fact to the subjective cognition, so it is a method that can turn the qualitative into the quantitative. This can be relative objectively and precisely to study the question of many factors and grey box.

Controlling Effects of Surrounding Rock to Coal Seam Gas Occurrence

Surrounding rock of coal seam was one of the important factors to gas occurrence. The coal seam gas occurrence was studied by the index of roof strata thickness or sand content rate;we found that there were certain shortcomings. In order to reasonably evaluate the influence of coal seam surrounding rock on gas occurrence in Panji mining area, we quantitatively evaluated the effect of coal seam surrounding rock on gas occurrence by influence coefficient of roof strata thickness, and built six mathematical models of the variational gas content in the mining area which is divided into six gas geological units. The results shows that the coal seam gas content is mainly influenced by 20 mroof strata in each gas geological unit, the gas content presents the tendency of increase, and with the influence coefficient of strata thickness increases, they exist a significant linear relationship.

黔西晚二叠世煤系基底凝灰岩中稀土元素的富集机制

我国西南地区晚二叠世含煤岩系基底蚀变凝灰岩中高度富集稀土元素等多种关键金属。低温热液作用通常对煤和煤系中稀土元素的富集成矿有重要贡献,黔西地区位于世界著名的大范围低温热液作用区内,是研究低温热液作用下煤系稀土元素富集机理的良好对象。蚀变凝灰岩的地球化学和矿物学组成可以提供凝灰岩蚀变过程中流体演化、热演化和成矿过程等信息,但以前的研究对凝灰岩中蚀变矿物组成以及矿物的共伴生关系还缺乏深入探讨,限制了对关键金属富集过程的认识。研究结果表明:凝灰岩具有与高钛玄武岩一致的地球化学组成;火山玻璃以及由长石、辉石等交代蚀变形成的次生矿物,可能形成于表生风化或早期成岩阶段。稀土元素主要赋存在后期热液成因的脉状独居石中。本文提出了西南地区晚二叠世煤系基底凝灰岩中稀土元素富集的模式:降落后火山灰经历了表生风化作用,地表水和周期性海水的作用导致凝灰岩层顶部样品中的稀土元素发生淋滤而向下迁移,后期出渗型热液流体与凝灰岩发生的水岩作用,导致下部凝灰岩中的稀土元素被析出并随热液流体迁移到凝灰岩层上部而富集。

煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查模型

战略性金属矿产资源在国民经济发展和国防安全中发挥重要作用。煤系作为一种特殊的含煤沉积岩系,在特定地质环境下可形成大型乃至超大型战略性金属矿床,煤系战略性金属矿产已成为矿产资源勘查的新领域和新方向。本文分析了煤与煤系战略性金属矿产的基本特征,从煤与煤系战略性金属矿产有效的协同勘查技术方法(组合)和协同勘查工程布置方面,构建了地质-地球物理-地球化学-钻探等关键技术的煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查模型。基于煤与煤系战略性金属矿产的基本特征,确定协同勘查对象包括煤-锂/镓矿床、煤-锗矿床、煤-铌-锆-镓-稀土矿床、煤-铀矿床。在煤炭勘查的技术上,煤-锂/镓矿床协同勘查需加强地震和测井资料的处理分析,增加岩石地球化学勘探技术手段对煤层、煤层顶底板、夹矸的采样测试;煤-锗矿床协同勘查增加岩石地球化学勘探技术手段对煤层的采样测试;煤-铌、锆、镓、稀土矿床协同勘查技术手段要加强测井技术(自然伽马)及岩石地球化学勘探对自然伽马高异常层样品的采集测试;煤-铀矿床协同勘查充分利用煤炭钻孔自然伽马测井、地震勘探、电磁法勘探及磁法勘探资料进行分析,在自然伽马高异常区划定铀潜力资源区,加强自然伽马能谱测井、伽马能谱录井、穿透性地球化学测量及岩石地球化学勘探等技术手段协同运用。基于煤系战略性金属矿产的分布特征和经济性,遵循“全面筛查,分区施策”的原则,依据勘查对象相应的矿产地质勘查规范,确定煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查类型和协同勘查工程布置方案,包括勘查系统选择、勘查工程布置、勘查施工顺序,探讨了资源量估算方法和估算参数。基于煤与煤系战略性金属矿产的协同勘查技术方法(组合)和协同勘查工程布置,分别构建了煤-锂/镓矿床、煤-锗矿床、煤-铌-锆-镓-稀土矿床、煤-铀矿床的协同勘查模型,为煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查工作提供理论基础和方法依据。

重庆地区二叠系龙潭组煤系地层非常规气地质特征分析

为探索重庆地区二叠系龙潭组煤系地层非常规气地质特征,基于区内煤田勘查、煤层(系)气勘查取得的地质资料及测试数据,对二叠系龙潭组煤系地层煤储层、暗色泥页岩储层、致密砂岩储层基本特征进行分析总结。研究表明,区内煤储层具有煤体结构以碎裂—块状为主、埋深中等、孔隙不发育、低孔低渗、含气量高的特点;暗色泥页岩储层具有低脆性、单层厚度薄、孔隙不发育、低孔低渗、含气量一般的特点;致密砂岩储层具有单层厚度薄、孔隙不发育、低孔低渗、含气性一般的特点。若考虑组合开发,具备一定的开发前景。

伊犁盆地南缘含煤地层水放射性环境特征分析

本文以环境评价标准为基础,辐射污染防控标准为辅,同时参考煤矿相关标准,对伊犁盆地南缘含煤地层以及生产煤矿山的水放射性地质环境进行研究和评价。发现地下水铀异常点30个,其中铀氡双核素水异常点13个,其余为单核素异常点。共确定地下水水铀异常圈9个,其中单点异常圈4个。在生产煤矿、铀矿地浸采区附近水体调查中,个别煤矿的生活饮用水水铀含量达到地下水水铀异常,但水中总α、总β放射性符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》要求。

Numerical calculation for gas and strata movement law caused by protection layer mining

According to the problem during mining coal seam with high gas and its control, the theory numerical calculation of gas and strata movement law caused by protection layer mining was studied, with the background of Snake Mountain coal mine. First of all, the basic principle of fluid(gas)-solid coupling was briefly described, and a three dimensional model was established by FLAC software. Secondly, the calculation parameters of fluid-solid coupling were obtained based on the measured data, and the numerical calculation of sublevel mining was carried out in turn. Lastly, initial stress state, gas movement law, deformation law of pore pressure and movement characteristics of rock strata were studied, respectively. The results show that the gas and pressure were greatly reduced with the advance of 4 coal seam working surface, as well as the constant increase of area of goaf. Facilitating gas and the stress were gradually penetrated and released to goaf during the whole process of mining. The gas pressure, the aggregation degree and the surrounding rock pressure of the 1 coal seam and the 3 coal seam were greatly reduced.

深部含煤地层多学科地球物理勘察研究

大部分煤矿在未揭露和半揭露的煤系地层中勘探开发,导致大量未揭露的含煤地层被掩盖。与昂贵的钻探作业相比,地球物理方法可以更高效、更经济地发现隐伏含煤地层等深部目标。通过综合地球物理勘探方法探测寺河矿区地区的含煤地层,使用大尺度大地电磁(MT)描述地质构造及其剖面,利用航磁测量圈定寺河矿区含煤远景构造单元向斜的空间展布特征。通过可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)和大地电磁法(MT)的局部勘探,揭示了含煤目标可供钻探,钻探结果验证了综合地球物理方法所识别的目标。实例研究表明,多学科地球物理策略能够为深部煤层资源勘探提供可靠的结果和可信的数据解释。