Situational Analysis Climate Change Impacts on the Livelihood and Adaptive Solutions of the Coastal Communities:A Case of Phu Tan District,Ca Mau Province

The Mekong River Delta has 7 coastal provinces including Tien Giang,Ben Tre,Tra Vinh,Soc Trang,Bac Lieu,Ca Mau and Kien Giang.Typically,Ca Mau province which exposes to both the East and West sea with a coastline of 254 m(6 coastal districts:Dam Doi,Nam Can,Ngoc Hien,Phu Tan,Tran Van Thoi,U Minh)in the recent years,has been severely influenced by climate change.The Ca Mau province has lost nearly 10,000 ha of land and coastal forests;infrastructure and properties of local people along rivers have been eroded and seriously damaged;production activities are vulnerable to sea level rise and other hydro-meteorological hazards.The life of coastal people mainly depends on agricultural production.The main income is agricultural production,forestry,aquaculture and fishing.This paper aims to provide a situational analysis on how climate change and natural disasters affect the livelihoods of coastal communities in Ca Mau Province.A case study is conducted for Phu Tan District that addresses problems and proposes urgent measures for climate change adaptation in the near-and long-term planning.

Research on the Emergency Response Mechanism and the Applications on Coastal Communities Storm Disaster Management

In this paper, we conduct research on the emergency response mechanism and applications on the coastal communities storm disaster management. Investment of pre-disaster prevention and the post-disaster remedy is larger in emergency in the financial system that has been structural problems, although in a disaster and financial support is especially important after a disaster, but increase before preventive investment should be the focus of our general government. Before preventive emergency government investment is to prevent incident broke out and reduce the incident after the outbreak of the impact of the main means. Under these circumstances, we analyze the coastal communities storm disaster management mode with the integration of the enhanced emergency response mechanism that will be meaningful for promoting the management efficiency and effectiveness.

Extreme Wind Characteristics of Coastal Communities in Bayelsa State: Implications for Community Planning and Development in Nigeria

The study examined extreme wind characteristics of the coastal communities in Bayelsa State, Nigeria for possible community planning and development. To achieve this aim, data on wind speed were sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET). Personal interview and focused group discussions were done with the aid of well structured questionnaire in the various coastal communities sampled to identify impact and coping strategies from extreme winds. The Beaufort Winds Scale and regression analysis were the statistical tools used for the analysis of the data in order to achieve the objectives of the study. The results indicate that, the return period to obtain maximum 1-year wind speed value of 29.3 m/s (violent storm), 27.8 m/s (storm), 24.3 m/s (strong Gale) and 20.6 m/s (fresh Gale) will be 17 years, 5.7 years, 2.8 years and 1.4 years respectively. Fresh Gale characterized the extreme wind events in the area. Result further showed that out of 19 occurrences of wind events, 11 were extreme cases, while 2 occurred as violent storm of 29.3 m/s. Findings also showed that extreme winds occurred more (8 cases) during the early part (March-April) of the raining season when the area is under the influence of maritime moisture laden air mass than the dry season which is dried and dusty. Using a combination of return period of the magnitude of extreme wind and the log of wind speed for the 16 years a model predicting the incidence of extreme wind was done. Awareness on the dangers of wind hazard increases while early warning systems are advocated to mitigate the associated dangers with extreme wind events in the study area.

Adaptation Decision Support: An Application of System Dynamics Modeling in Coastal Communities

This research develops and applies a system dynamics(SD) model for the strategic evaluation of environmental adaptation options for coastal communities. The article defines and estimates asset-based measures for community vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity with respect to the environmental, economic, social, and cultural pillars of the coastal community under threat. The SD model simulates the annual multidimensional dynamic impacts of severe coastal storms and storm surges on the community pillars under alternative adaptation strategies.The calculation of the quantitative measures provides valuable information for decision makers for evaluating the alternative strategies. The adaptation strategies are designed model results illustrated for the specific context of the coastal community of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. The dynamic trend of the measures and model sensitivity analyses for Charlottetown—facing increased frequency of severe storms, storm surges, and sea-level rise—provide impetus for enhanced community strategic planning for the changing coastal environment.This research is presented as part of the International Community-University Research Alliance C-Change project ‘‘Managing Adaptation to Environmental Change in Coastal Communities: Canada and the Caribbean'' sponsored by the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the International Development Resource Centre.

Fouling community characteristics in subtropical coastal waters of the southwestern East China Sea

A fouling study was conducted in coastal waters southwest of the East China Sea between December 2013 and November 2014. A total of 84 species of fouling organisms belonging to 69 genera, 49 families, and 10 phyla were recorded over the entire year. The community composition was dominated by coastal warm-water species belonging to typical subtropical inner bay communities. The prosperous stage of settlement lasted from April to September, and the adhesion strength of the fouling organisms was the highest in summer. Sessile suspension feeders constituted the main core of settlement for the fouling community. Amphibalanus reticulatus was the most dominant and representative species of fouling organism, and other dominant species included Caprella equilibra, Ectopleura crocea, Anthopleura nigrescens, Stylochus ijimai, Spirobranchus kraussii, Crassostrea angulata, Perna viridis, Jassa falcata, Stenothoe valida, Sphaerozius nitidus, and Biflustra grandicella. The individuals in the fouling community showed a mutual dependence or constraint relationship due to competition for settlement space and food, and they exhibited a particular spatiotemporal distribution in accordance with adaptation to environmental factors. Temperature was the most important environmental factor determining the geographic distribution of fouling organisms. The temperature characteristics of species essentially reflect the differences in the fouling community composition in various climate zones. The species number, settlement stage, and settlement rate of fouling organisms are closely related to water temperature. Local natural environmental conditions（salinity, water currents, light, etc.） as well as human activity（such as aquaculture production） are all important factors affecting the settlement of fouling organisms.

Economic Characteristic of Coastal Community at Mining Region, Kotabaru Regency, Indonesia

Economic development of coastal community in Kotabaru Regency has become strategic in the future. Kotabaru Regency is the geo-economic strategic position due to the position of Kotabaru region boundaries between Kalimantan Island and Sulawesi Island. Geo-economic strategic of Kotabaru should increase the coastal community welfare in Kotabaru Regency. The objective of the research is to evaluate economic characteristic of coastal community at mining area in Kotabaru Regency. The number of samples in this study is 50 respondents in each village who are in the mining area. The number of companies in the mining area is 17 companies. Data were collected by using questionnaires. The results show that economic characteristics have low category. Mining and plantation companies do not increase the economic conditions of the community. Research suggestions are： （1） to examine the potential and importance of economic empowerment model of coastal communities in the region both mining companies and plantations; （2） the important role of companies and local governments to work together in formulating a strategy for management of CSR （corporate social responsibility）, and social mapping to be done by the company in the preparation of the CSR program.

The Gaps Between Institutional and Practical Disaster Risk Management Measures on Coastal Flood Risks in South Korea’s Coastal Communities

Global warming and climate change signifcantly increase the frequency of coastal foods caused by sea level rise(SLR)as a permanent factor and hydrometeorological hazards as tentative factors.The combined risks will afect coastal communities.South Korea is gradually facing SLR risks,mainly in its southern coastal regions;however,disaster risk reduction(DRR)in coastal regions remains fragmented.This study aimed to investigate the status of DRR for coastal communities in South Korea by looking at government practices and testimonies from residents.This study reviewed DRR-related regulations and documents and collected data from interviews with local government ofcials,feld visits,and informal conversations with residents in six coastal communities.The fndings show that the coastal communities were less resilient to coastal foods than to other hazards,such as typhoons and heavy rains,and the potential consequences could be expanded due to demographic challenges,fragmented institutional systems,and low risk awareness.Moreover,this study emphasized the necessity of an integrated approach to reducing the impact of coastal foods caused by both SLR and other factors.It also highlighted the importance of coastal community engagement in local DRR activities through increasing risk awareness and adapting to environmental change based on appropriate risk information disclosure by the government.The impacts of coastal foods triggered by SLR and other hazard factors can be reduced by aligning practical regulatory measures with adaptive strategies and enhancing the disaster resilience of coastal communities.

Are some communities of the coastal dune zonation more susceptible to alien plant invasion?

Aims Coastal areas,and in particular coastal dunes,are ecosystems strongly affected by the invasion of alien plants.However,few attempts have ever been made to quantify alien species incidence in different communities along the coastal zonation.This work aims to analyze the distribution of alien plants along the coastal zonation of sandy shores on the Tyrrhenian coast,addressing specifically differences among plant communities in abundance of alien plants.Methods The study was performed on recent dunes(Holocene)of the central western coast of Italy.We selected dune landscapes where invasion processes were particularly evident.Vegetation plots were randomly sampled and through cluster analysis,we identified six plant communities corresponding to the typical zonation described for the Tyrrhenian sandy coast of Central Italy.We evaluated and compared frequency and abundance of invasion in these different communities.Further,we investigated how propagule pressure(measured using as proxy human structures)contributed to the observed invasion patterns.Important Findings We found a relatively low total number of aliens but also a differential distribution pattern and strong abundance of some of the aliens in specific sectors of the vegetation zonation.The perennial community of transition dunes appears most affected by invasion processes,related almost exclusively to the frequent and widespread Carpobrotus aff.acinaciformis.This alien species reaches high cover values,apparently lowering cover of native species of transition dune plant communities.Higher levels of invasion in the transition dune can be partially explained because of greater propagule pressure in this section of the dune profile.Our findings thus have important conservation and management implications since transition dune communities with Crucianella maritima are rare and protected(sensu Habitat 92/43/EEC Directive)along the entire Italian coast.

Mangrove Ecosystem Services: Indus Delta (PQA), Sindh

Mangroves of the Indus Delta are the world’s fifth largest assemblage, and the largest in the arid zone. Mangroves of Indus delta (PQA) provide immense benefits, products and unrecognized regulatory services. Products of Direct Economic Value: Fish, Minerals and food. There are Products of Natural System (intangible) supplies of rich nutrients to support productivity. Coastal communities benefit in a multitude of ways from Mangrove ecosystems. Collectively, these benefits are known as ecosystem services. The ecological role of mangrove ecosystems in the Indus Deltaic area of Port Qasim Authority (PQA) is, economically and socially significant. The Mangroves are well known for their high biological productivity and their consequent importance provided to the coastal community in terms of services and products of direct and indirect value to the adjacent coastal waters. Mangrove Ecosystem services are regularly involved in the provisioning of food and services and the decomposition of organic wastes. They export organic matter, mainly in detritus form of leaf litter to the marine environment, thus providing a highly nutritious food source for themselves and for the Benthic and terrestrial animals found in the mangrove areas, as well as for those in neighboring estuarine and marine ecosystems. Apart from nutrient export, mangroves also contribute to offshore fisheries by acting as nurseries and shelters for many species of commercially important finfish and crustaceans. Degradation of Indus Deltaic mangrove in PQA would destabilize the economic potential and the livelihood of communities’ which include services and benefits offered by the mangrove ecosystem. Rehabilitation and conservation of mangroves ecosystem in PQA is essential for sustained biological productivity in the region.

Optimum Solution for the Safe Drinking Water Crisis in Tala Upazila, Bangladesh

Coastal areas of Bangladesh are especially vulnerable due to their physiographic location and exposure to natural calamities. Around 35 million people living in coastal areas have no access or limited access to safe drinking water. Contamination of water sources by salinity, arsenic or iron are the principal causes of water scarcity. Rising sea levels and unevenness of climatic events due to climate change will exacerbate the situation in coastal areas, especially in the southwestern coastal zone. This study examines one of the vulnerable coastal upazila Tala at Satkhira(an 'upazila' is a medium level administrative unit in Bangladesh) in the southwestern zone of Bangladesh to understand the gravity of the problems. The study develops a GIS based multi-criteria analysis to identify suitable options and locations of fresh water as part of a current and future solution to the problems and further deterioration. To fulfill the objectives, a questionnaire-based GPS guided field survey was conducted to collect details of field level conditions in order to find a suitable solution. Because aquifers are considered the primary source of drinking water, field data have been analyzed for two distinct aquifers, one relatively shallow and one deeper, to understand aquifer quality. Potentiality of different water sources the socioeconomic status of communities, types of water use and corresponding sources and water demand are also evaluated. The analysis finds that alternative water sources that are safe are difficult to find, because both surface and groundwater-based sources are already contaminated, and there are no nearby, easily accessible safe sources. Groundwater-based sources are contaminated by arsenic, iron or salinity, and surface water-based sources are not in use due to maintenance and management issues. In some cases, surface water sources are polluted by flash flooding of high saline water during storm surges or seepage from saline water-based aquacultures. Multiple limitations identified during field observations and field data analysis were considered as an analytical parameter A GIS based multi-criteria analysis incorporated field data, including Geo-spatial and socioeconomic information for road networks, settlement locations, number of households, quality and quantity of existing water sources, water demand and business opportunities. The analysis found some potential options in distributed locations which are consistent with community demand. Suggested options made use of technologies that are already understood and commonly used by communities, like deep tubewells, PSFs(Pond Sand Filter) and WTPs(Water Treatment Plant). In the study area, PSF is the most commonly used method and to make this surface water-based technology sustainable some precautionary measurements are suggested.