Restorating marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goad for integrated catchment management in Tolo Harbour,Hong Kong,China

The paper demonstrates why it is necessary to take the restoration of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal for integrated catchment management, in coastal area of the Tolo Harbour. The present goal of integrated catchment management (ICM) in the Tolo Harbour is to meet with Water Quality Objectives. The performance of an ICM plan, Tolo Harbour Action Plan (THAP), is evaluated by using marine coastal ecosystem health indicators including stress indicators and responses indicators. Since the implementation of THAP in 1988, some significant reduction in pollution loading has been observed - reduction of 83 % of BOD load and 82 % of TN between 1988 and 1999. There has been an improvement in the health state of Tolo Harbour marine coastal ecosystem as evidenced in the trends of the physical, chemical and biological indicators, although some reverse fluctuations in some periods exist. However, this can only be considered as the first sign of the ecosystem health restoration, since ecosystem health

Floral Diversity Status in Urban Coastal Wetland &Associated Coastal Ecosystems of Crow Island Mattakkuliya, Sri Lanka

Colombo is the capital of Sri Lanka and the only wetland city in South Asia under the Ramsar Convention. Crow Island Beach Park and associated coastal area belong to the Colombo urban coastal wetland ecosystems. Crow Island wetland contributes diverse habitats for numerous flora and fauna species. The present study was conducted to assess the status of floral diversity in the Crow Island Beach Park and associated coastal ecosystem during the months of August to October 2021. Study area is divided in to three sites (A, B, C). Line transects method and field observations were used in the study. This coastal wetland consists of mosaic of five major vegetation types: Herbaceous, tree, shrub, creeper, grass and other than that marine algae namely Chaetomorpha antennina, Rhizoclonium africanum, Ulva compressa belonging to chlorophyta (green algae) and Grateloupia lithophila belonging to rhodophyta (red algae) were found in the study area. A total number of 102 flora species belonging to 50 families were recorded from the study area. There were two true mangrove species and 16 mangrove associated species in the study sites. Out of the 102 plant species 46 were recognized and documented as plants with medicinal values. Shannon-Wiener diversity indexes for mangrove and mangrove associated species were recorded as 2.378, 2.304 and 1.676 in site A, B and C respectively. Simpson’s diversity index for mangrove and mangrove associated species was recorded as 0.889, 0.874 and 0.735 respectively in site A, B and C and Jaccard index of similarity between three study sites showed high values ranging from 41% to 69% for mangrove and mangrove associated species.

Multi-Trace Element and Rare Earth Element Composition of Coastal Casuarina Equisetifolia Ecosystem in Hainan Island,China

46 trace elements including 14 rare earth elements (REEs) in coastal Casuarina equisetifolia plant-soil system from 9 sampling sites in Hainan Island were detected by using ICP-MS. The aim is to explore the biogeochemical characteristics of migration and translocation of trace elements in soil-plant system and their function on the changes of environmental geochemistry. The results indicate that multi-trace elements in coastal sandy soil in Hainan Island are at very low level. The multi-element patterns are quite similar among plant,sandy soil and upper continental crust (UCC),and the magnitudes of trace element concentrations among them are different in the general order of plant<soil<UCC. Sandy soil has trace element concentrations with 1～2 orders of magnitudes less than those of the average UCC,while plant has 1～3 orders of magnitudes less than UCC and 1～2 orders less than the soil. The total trace element contents are not significantly different between root and needle,but significantly different between branch and root and between branch and needle. Those of root or needle are about 2 times of those of branch. Ag,Cd,In,Sn and Tl are enriched in C. equisetifolia,especially Ag.

A novel herbivorous wood-borer insect outbreak triggers die-offs of a foundation plant species in coastal ecosystems

Introduction:Understanding the trophic interactions between plants and herbivorous insects is essential for managing the ecosystem health and sustainability in the context of climate change and anthropogenic disturbance.The Tamarix chinensis is a foundation plant species of salt marshes in northern China,which provides a variety of ecological functions and services in coastal ecosystems such as withstanding storm tide,conserving biodiversity,and preventing shoreline erosion.Outcomes:However,through long-term field observations,for the first time,we found that the health of this population has been suffering from the potential outbreak of a novel wood-borer insect(Zeuzera leuconotum Butler)under multiple stresses,contributing substantially to the degradation of the coastal salt marshes.Discussion and Conclusion:Therefore,there is urgent need and great significance to investigate the potential impact of this herbivorous wood-borer insects on health and sustainability of plant community in coastal ecosystems for in-depth understanding its degradation mechanisms.

Interaction between pollution and climate change augments ecological risk to a coastal ecosystem

Pollution and climate change are among the most challenging issues for countries with developing economies,but we know little about the ecological risks that result when these pressures occur together.We explored direct effects of,and interactions between,environmental pollution and climate change on ecosystem health in the Bohai Sea region of Northern China.We developed an integrated approach to assess ecological risks to this region under four scenarios of climate change.Although ecological risks to the system from pollution alone have been declining,interactions between pollution and climate change have enhanced ecological risks to this coastal/marine ecosystem.Our results suggest that current policies focused strictly on pollution control alone should be changed to take into account the interactive effects of climate change so as to better forecast and manage potential ecological risks.

Study of coastal water zone ecosystem health in Zhejiang Province based on remote sensing data and GIS

The coastal ecosystem health assessment is a field of increasing importance.In this paper,a preliminary assessment of ecosystem health in Zhejiang coastal water zone was made,mainly based on remote sensing data and GIS technique.Its spatial and quantitative evaluation was facilitated by the progress of remote sensing and GIS technique development.Firstly,human activities,hydrology and ecosystem problems in the study area were discussed and analyzed.Secondly,from 4 aspects of human stress,physical,chemical and biological responses to anthropogenic activities and natural stress,several indicators such as water transparency（Secchi Disk Depth,SDD）,suspended substance concentration,dissolved inorganic nitrogen,active phosphate,chlorophyll,harmful algae bloom,as well as distribution of sewage,sea lanes and port were employed.Thirdly,the Analytic Hierarchical Process was used for indicator weight calculation,and the ecosystem health criteria were established according to the integrative analysis of national water quality criteria,similar coastal ecosystem health research in other places or data inherent properties.The results indicated that from 2005 to 2007 the coastal water ecosystem health value in Zhejiang Province was unhealthy and needs ecological restoration by human intervention.

Changes of Coastal Wetland Ecosystems in the Yellow River Delta and Protection Countermeasures to Them

Coastal wetlands in the Yellow River Delta are typical new wetland ecosystems in warm temperate zone. In recent years, influenced by natural and human factors, these coastal wetlands in the Yellow River Delta have undergone changes of landscape fragmentation, vegetation degradation, pollution, species reduction, and harmful exotic species invasion. These changes have influenced sustainable and healthy development of marine economy of the Yellow River Delta. To protect natural ecological environment of the Yellow River Delta, the authors recommended that it should establish and improve policies, laws and regulations of wetland protection; carry out wetland resource investigation and assessment and monitoring; strengthen comprehensive protection and control of wetland; reduce wetland degradation and promote sustainable use of wetland.

Detection of the Hazards That Threaten Some Coastal Areas, and Ecosystem-Based Solution to Strengthen the Natural Defenses

The coastal strip of the Nile delta has been vulnerable to environmental hazards. Field surveys, interpretation of Landsat enhanced thematic mapper imageries (ETM), and hydrochemistry analysis of the water samples was used as methods and materials to detect the hazards associated with climate change which threaten some natural protection coastal areas of the central part of the Nile Delta and assess its magnitude. The invasion of seawaters is the main hazard due to the impacts of global warming phenomena. Elimination of the coastal dunes which act as natural defenses has been accelerating the negative impacts that have been appearing clearly on low-lying lands. Planting that protected areas of the coastal strip are considered the most suitable ecosystem-based and most beneficial solution should be authorized and adopted by the local administration to preserve those areas and adapt to these disasters.

基于生态系统服务评价的海岸带生态修复研究

海岸带兼具海陆性,是生态环境较为敏感和脆弱的地带。开展海岸带生态修复工作,改善海岸带生态环境,提升区域生态服务价值,是促进人与自然和谐发展的重要一环。本次研究基于恢复生态学等理论,构建了雷州市生态修复效果评价体系,分别对2010、2015和2020年雷州市海岸带生态服务价值指标进行了估算,并评估了雷州海岸带生态修复效果,提出了基于生态系统服务的修复建议。

渤海湾滨海地区生态安全屏障功能评价:生态系统服务供需视角

研究以渤海湾为生态系统服务需求区,以渤海湾滨海地区为生态系统服务供给区,从生态系统服务供需的视角,以水资源、水环境、水生态为问题与目标维度构建了渤海湾滨海地区生态安全屏障功能评价体系。根据渤海湾生态问题,截污净化、产水量和生境质量3类指标被筛选为生态安全屏障功能的关键指标,并分别使用生态系统服务和权衡的综合评估模型(Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs,InVEST)模型中的营养物迁移模型、产水量模型和生境质量模型进行评价。此外,对2000—2020年渤海湾滨海地区土地利用格局和截污净化、产水量、生境质量3类生态安全屏障功能指标的时空变化进行评价,并分析了生态安全屏障功能时空演变的驱动因素。研究的主要结果如下:(1)在20 a间渤海湾滨海地区,耕地、未利用地面积减少而建设用地和湿地面积增加,氮磷截留率和产水量增加,但生境质量下降。(2)渤海湾滨海地区综合生态安全屏障功能供给良好,但近年来呈下降趋势。(3)人类活动引起的土地利用变化是影响渤海湾滨海地区生态安全屏障功能时空演变的主要驱动力。研究对渤海湾滨海地区生态安全屏障功能评价方法及结果不仅可指导本区域生态建设,同时对其他区域的生态安全屏障功能评价具有借鉴意义。

我国自然保护地对海洋生物多样性的保护现状

建设自然保护地是保护海洋和海岸带生物多样性的有效手段。对我国涉海自然保护地进行全面梳理,结合海洋生物多样性分布信息进行空间叠加分析,评估典型海洋和海岸带生态系统及珍稀濒危物种在现有保护地网络中的保护状况。结果显示,我国已建涉海自然保护地363个,总面积10.5万km2,其中海洋自然保护区占总数的44%,占总面积的84%。涉海保护地集中分布于近岸浅水区域,河口生态区的平均保护比例为14.5%,近岸生态区的平均保护比例为10.9%,浅海和深海生态区几乎没有保护地覆盖。我国较为重视红树林的保护,沿海一半以上的红树林已纳入保护地管理,相比之下珊瑚礁、海草床和海藻场的保护力度较弱,珊瑚礁的保护比例约为10%,海草床和海藻场的保护比例在15%—16%。涉海保护地的规模偏小,难以满足大型海洋动物的保护需求,即使对于中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)、印太江豚(Neophocaena phocaenoides)、中国鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)等近岸集群活动且备受关注的物种来讲,保护空缺仍在80%以上。建议借助国家公园体系建设契机,打破地方海域管辖权限制,将距离海岸较远的重要海域纳入保护,重点关注珊瑚礁、海草床和海藻场等保护空缺较大的特殊生境,扩大针对斑海豹(Phoca largha)、绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)等珍稀濒危洄游类型物种核心栖息地的保护地规模。

2001-2020年东海区大陆海岸带复合生态系统韧性时空演变

海岸带是自然、社会、经济相互作用频繁的地区,然而,过度开发胁迫海岸带生态环境退化。海岸带复合生态系统韧性研究有利于实现精准有效的生态保护。本文综合多源数据从复合生态系统基底状态、社会经济发展与资源环境禀赋的耦合协调关系、复合生态系统的可持续发展潜力、人类活动对环境的影响范围与强度方面构建评价体系,定量评估2001-2020年东海区大陆海岸带复合生态系统韧性,分析韧性时空演变特征与空间分异的影响因素。结果表明:(1)2001-2020年东海区大陆海岸带复合生态系统韧性呈波动下降趋势,韧性空间异质性显著,具有明显的海陆梯度地带性。(2)林地是维持区域复合生态系统韧性的主体。(3)反映人类活动分布与强度的因素对复合生态系统韧性的影响越来越大。研究为保护、恢复、促进海岸带复合生态系统可持续利用与管理提供了理论支持与实践参考。

基于景观生态风险和生态系统服务价值的海岸带地区生态修复分区研究——以防城港市为例

以防城港市海岸带地区为例,计算其在不同时期内的景观生态风险和生态系统服务价值,利用空间自相关分析二者的空间关联性,基于分析结果划定海岸带地区的国土空间生态修复分区。结果表明:2000—2020年防城港市海岸带地区的土地利用类型以林地为主,约占研究区面积的50%,其次为海域(18%)、耕地(16%)和建设用地(6%),在研究期间海岸带地区林地、海域和建设用地的类型转换最为剧烈。研究区整体生态风险等级以较低生态风险为主,约占研究区面积的32%,其次为中生态风险(26%)、低生态风险(18%)和较高生态风险(16%),而高生态风险的面积较少,约占研究区面积的8%,研究期间较低生态风险和中生态风险的范围呈现缩减趋势,而低生态风险、较高生态风险和高生态风险的范围呈现扩张趋势。研究区的生态系统服务价值呈现先增后减的趋势,20年间累计减少5.43亿元。基于景观生态风险和生态系统服务价值的空间集聚分析结果,将研究区划分为生态优先修复区、生态重点修复区、生态综合提升区、生态预防治理区和生态保育涵养区,针对不同分区分别提出了滨海湿地修复、农地肥力培育、城市内河治理、提升生态用地完整度和促进林草自然更新等生态修复措施。

全球海岸带国家蓝碳资源价值与类型研究

海岸带蓝碳生态系统已成为应对气候变化重要的基于自然的解决方案。本研究梳理了全球海岸带蓝碳生态系统的分布、碳封存量和封存价值,并根据经济、科技、蓝碳封存量三个指标对各海岸带国家和地区进行分类。海岸带蓝碳生态系统分布最广的国家是澳大利亚、印度尼西亚、墨西哥和美国,而印度尼西亚、澳大利亚、马来西亚和巴西碳埋藏量最高。全球每年蓝碳埋藏价值在碳交易和碳税价格下分别为3.47×109美元和2.35×109美元。中国拥有丰富的海岸带蓝碳资源,生态系统面积排名第10,年封存量排名第21;然而蓝碳自然资源的赋存禀赋与现有碳价格体系下的价值匹配性较差,基于碳交易价格的中国海岸带蓝碳埋藏价值全球排名第27,基于碳税价格仅排名第39。碳价格低迷将会导致在国际蓝碳交易中处于劣势,中国后续应不断完善碳排放交易市场。中国具有在蓝碳研究以及修复投入与实践方面的优势,以及贝藻养殖、海洋牧场等特色蓝碳资源,可结合不同类型的蓝碳国家经济科技条件与自然条件制定多元合作策略。

Climate Change and Dynamics of the ITCZ on the Hydro-Climatic Regime of the Northern Ecosystems of the Gulf of Guinea: A Case of the Grand-Lahou Lagoon System

Atmospheric dynamics and climatology in West Africa are strongly dominated by the latitudinal migration of the ITCZ which imposes directly or indirectly determinism on coastal ecosystems. Thus, the Grand-Lahou lagoon system and its watershed are influenced by the ITCZ, whose seasonal study made it possible to understand its mode of action first on climatic factors, then hydroclimatic, and finally hydrological in the context of global changes. The study of these factors showed a differentiated impact of its migration on the hydrological regime defining a new configuration of the lagoon system and beyond;the coastal ecosystems of the northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea irrigated by numerous fluvial inputs. Salinity, a hydrological parameter of critical ecosystem importance, combined with transparency and depth, has enabled the spatio-temporal description of hydrology. To do this, a series of monthly measurements (in-situ) for spatial coverage of 25 stations was tested. Long before that, the climatic and hydroclimatic parameters were obtained respectively at SODEXAM, the meteorological site earth.nullschool.net and ONADE. This study brought together the dynamics of the ITCZ and the hydrological system of the lagoon.

黄海大海洋生态系滨海湿地保护:进展与建议

黄海大海洋生态系(YSLME)滨海湿地是东亚—澳大利西亚候鸟的中转站和越冬栖息地,对东亚-澳大利西亚迁徙路线的候鸟至关重要。由于过去几十年的经济发展,中国和韩国都开垦了大量的滨海湿地,因此生境丧失被确定为是对YSLME的一个重大跨界威胁。为缓解这一跨界威胁,YSLME二期项目在其战略行动计划中提出数项管理行动计划,同时,旨在2030年前保护30%海洋的全球生物多样性保护目标(3030目标)也得到了通过。因此,重点介绍了中国和韩国在湿地保护法律法规、滨海湿地保护地建设、公众意识以及国际合作等方面的进展,并简要介绍了朝鲜的滨海湿地保护情况,为更好地解决滨海湿地丧失这一跨界威胁和实现3030目标提供了建议。YSLME滨海湿地保护主要进展为:中韩两国逐渐完善其湿地保护法律法规体系、早期滨海湿地面积急剧丧失的趋势在近年来得到缓解、两国都建立了越来越多的滨海湿地保护地、提升公众意识已经体现在各级法律法规中、中韩之间有持续的滨海湿地国际合作交流活动。对于未来的保护工作,提出了四点建议:扩大滨海湿地保护地面积、保护迁徙动物的生态廊道、加强YSLME滨海湿地保护地网络建设以及增强保护地信息的可获得性。

土地利用视角下生态系统服务价值时空演变与机制——以辽宁沿海地区为例

采用当量因子法、热点分析及地理探测器等方法,全面估算2000—2020年辽宁沿海地区生态系统服务价值(ESV)的变化,揭示ESV的空间分布格局及其驱动机制。结果表明:2000—2020年,辽宁沿海地区的耕地及林地急剧收缩,建设用地及养殖塘快速扩张。ESV从2000年的1015.69亿元增加到2020年的1385.23亿元,主要归因于水域及养殖塘的变化,对ESV贡献最大的是水文调节功能。自然条件决定了辽宁沿海地区ESV基本的空间分布,人为活动加强了ESV的分异特征。各驱动因子间的交互作用对辽宁沿海地区ESV的空间格局产生了较强的影响。

沿海城市陆海生态环境质量综合评价与耦合协调度

沿海城市的经济快速发展和土地利用与海洋生态环境之间关系密切。陆海统筹的背景下,科学了解陆海生态环境质量演变和空间分布特征,探究两者的耦合协调关系对提升陆海生态安全统筹具有重要的实践意义。以中国沿海53个城市为例,采用“活力-组织-恢复力(VOR,Vitality-Organization-Resilience)”模型评价陆地生态系统健康状况,采用TOPSIS法通过构建指标体系评价海洋生态环境质量,采用耦合协调度模型分析陆海生态环境质量耦合协调水平,并提出相关建议。结果表明:1)2010—2020年沿海城市陆地生态系统健康呈现“北低南高”的分布格局,以杭州湾为主要分界线;2)2010—2020年沿海城市海洋生态环境质量呈现趋好的态势,海洋生态环境质量:沿东海经济区<环渤海经济区<沿黄海经济区<沿南海经济区;3)2010—2020年沿海城市陆海生态环境质量耦合程度进一步加强,且南部城市协调度高于北部。研究为中国沿海地区陆海生态环境管理、因地制宜地开展生态修复工作提供科学依据,对陆海生态系统的健康协同发展具有重要意义。

A three-dimensional prediction system for water quality polluction in coastal waters

The hydrodynamics and water quality in Hakata Bay, Japan are strongly affected by the seasonal variations in both the gravitational circulation and the stratification in the bay. The three\|dimensional hydrodynamics and water quality model has been developed to simulate the long\|term transport and fate of pollutants in the system. The model is unique in that it completely integrates the refined modelling of the hydrodynamics, biochemical reactions and the ecosystem in the coastal waters. It is a 3\|dimensional segmented model which is capable of resolving mean daily variations in all the parameters relevant to pollution control. It predicts daily fluctuations in the oxygen content at different depths in water throughout the year. It takes into account transport and settling of pollutant particles. It predicts light penetration from computed turbidity variations. It includes interactions between the ecosystem and water quality through nutrient cycling and photosynthesis. The model has been calibrated well against the data set of historical water quality observations in Hakata Bay.

Three-Dimensional Tidal Model and Its Application to Numerical Simulation of Water Quality in Coastal Waters

The turbulence mechanism plays an important part in the mixing process and momentum transfer of turbulence. A three-dimensional Prandtl mixing length tidal model has been developed to simulate tidal flows and water quality. The eddy viscosities and diffusivities are computed from the Prandtl mixing length model. In order to model the water quality of an estuary or coastal area many interdependent processes need to be simulated. These may be conveniently separated into three main groups: transport and mixing processes, biochemical interaction of water quality variables and the utilization and re-cycling of nutrients by living matter. The model simulates full oxygen and nutrient balance, primary productivity and the transport, reaction mechanism and fate of pollutants over tidal time-scales. The model is applied to numerical simulation of tidal flows and water quality in Dalian Bay. The model has been calibrated against a limited data set of historical water quality observations and in general demonstrates excellent agreement with all available data.