Color and Gloss Changes of a Lignin-Based Polyurethane Coating under Accelerated Weathering

The purpose of this research study was to investigate the properties of polyurethane coatings based on lignin nano-particles.For this purpose,the prepared coatings were applied to pine wood surfaces and weathered artificially.Subsequently,color and gloss of the coatings were measured before and after the weathering test.Field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM)micrographs prepared from the coatings showed that the average size of nano-particles in the polyurethane substrate was approximately 500 nm.Nuclear magnetic resonance(13C-NMR)spectroscopy showed that strong urethane bonds were formed in the nano-lignin-based polyurethane.Differential calorimetric analysis(DSC)test revealed that the glass-transition temperature(Tg)of lignin nanoparticles modified with diethylenetriamine(DETA)was 112.8℃ and Tg of lignin nano-particles modified with ethylenediamine(EDA)was 102.5℃,which is lower than the Tg of un-modified lignin(114.6℃)and lignin modified with DETA(126.8℃)and lignin modified with EDA(131.3℃).The coatings modified with lignin nano-particles had a greater change in gloss.The lignin nano-particles in the modified coating are trapping hydroxyl radicals which reduces photoactivity and yellowing of the polyurethane by about 3 times compared to unmodified polyurethane coatings.After weathering test,the nano-lignin-based coating had a rougher surface with a lower contact angle(0.78°)compared to the unmodified polyurethane coating(0.85°).

SYNTHESIS, CROSSLINKING MECHANISM AND PROPERTIES OF A POLYACRYLATE/POLYURETHANE COMPOSITE COATING

A polyacrylate/polyurethane (P(A)/P(U)) composite coating has been prepared by crosslinking an acetoacetylated polyacrylate with a vinylic group terminated polyurethane at room temperature. A model Michael reaction between ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) and methyl acrylate (MA) was designed to study the crosslinking mechanism. It was found that the two active hydrogen atoms in acetoacetyl group can both add to vinylic groups and the yield of mono-and bis-adducts are much affected by the molar ratio of acetoacetyl to vinylic groups. Higher crosslinking degree and better properties could be obtained with decreasing the molar ratio of the two active groups from 1/1 to 0.6/1 in the composite coatings.

Waterborne Polyurethane from Polycaprolactone and Tetramethylxylene Diisocyanate: Synthesis by Varying NCO/OH Ratio and Its Characterization as Wood Coatings

Environmentally friendly, polyacrylic-based polyurethane dispersion (PUD) was synthesised using various molar ratios of polycaprolactone, dimethylolpropionic acid and tetramethyl xylene diisocyanate. Synthesis was carried out in flowing nitrogen atmosphere. The PUD’s preparations are free of NMP (n-methyl pyrrolidone), a toxic processing solvent generally used during the preparation of PUD’s. The performance of the synthesised polyurethane dispersions with varying NCO/OH molar ratio was tested on wood surface. The physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties such as viscosity, particle size, chemical resistance, thermal stability and taber abrasion of applied polyurethane dispersion were carried out as a function of NCO/OH molar ratio. The PUD’s preparation with NCO/OH ratio of 1.4 or 1.6 showed better performance as a wood finish and the results are described in the present study.

Polyurethane coating for ductile iron pipes

A special polyurethane coating designed for ductile iron pipe was developed. The effects of the ingredients on properties, such as viscosity, flow leveling, solidification-rate, adhesion and hardness, were researched. It was then analyzed in what ways the technical parameters, such as temperature and pressure, influence the coat quality. The results showed that the molar ratio and synthesizing conditions must be strictly controlled to obtain suitable pre-polymer viscosity by adjusting the formula ratio of the B component, satisfactory mechanical properties and cure rate can be obtained and bubbles in the coat can be avoided.

Evaluation on Fabrication and Properties of Composite Polyurethane Coatings with Wollastonite Partially Substituting for Rutile Titanium Dioxide

This study aims to prepare a composite polyurethane coating through a facile synthesis process. Titanium dioxide, which is a component of the prepared hydroxyl acrylic resin polyurethane varnish, was partially substituted by wollastonite, and an optimal substitution ratio was obtained. Analyses based on scanning electron microscope, powder X-ray diffraction, and Raman scattering measurements demonstrated that the addition of wollastonite caused nearly no change in the basic structure of the coating. Coating with a substitution ratio of 25% showed high thermal stability, good cover effect, considerable moisture-proof and water resistance ability, great acidic and basic resistance, and improved performance and hardness in performance tests. Furthermore, the production cost was reduced significantly at this substitution ratio.

Polyurethane/poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel coating improves the cytocompatibility of neural electrodes

Neural electrodes,the core component of neural prostheses,are usually encapsulated in polydimethylsiloxane（PDMS）.However,PDMS can generate a tissue response after implantation.Based on the physicochemical properties and excellent biocompatibility of polyurethane（PU）and poly（vinyl alcohol）（PVA）when used as coating materials,we synthesized PU/PVA hydrogel coatings and coated the surface of PDMS using plasma treatment,and the cytocompatibility to rat pheochromocytoma（PC12）cells was assessed.Protein adsorption tests indicated that the amount of protein adsorption onto the PDMS substrate was reduced by 92%after coating with the hydrogel.Moreover,the PC12 cells on the PU/PVA-coated PDMS showed higher cell density and longer and more numerous neurites than those on the uncoated PDMS.These results indicate that the PU/PVA hydrogel is cytocompatible and a promising coating material for neural electrodes to improve their biocompatibility.

Preparation and Property of Chromium Carbide Thermal Diffusion Coating on Cold Working Die Materials

Thermal diffusion （TD） salt bath chromizing of cold working dies was studied. Firstly, it obtained an ideal salt bath formula by comparing with a variety of formulas, and then obtained the influence rule of coating thickness based on studying of some process parameters. The microstructure morphologies and phase structures of the TD chromizing coating were investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, energy-dispersive spectrometry （EDS） and other modern analysis methods. Meanwhile, it carried out a system of testing and analysis of coating, such as hardness, wear resistance, etc.

Polyurethane Coating and Lining on Ductile Iron Pipes

In this technical paper,we will discuss polyurethane linings and coatings to ductile iron pipe for transporting corrosive and abrasive fluids in a sub soil,that is extremely corrosive in nature.The capabilities of ECL(Electrosteel Castings Limited)in this regard will be discussed.

Adhesion Improvement of Zirconium Coating on Polyurethane Modified by Plasmas

In order to improve the adhesion of the middle frequency magnetic sputtered zirconium coating on a polyurethane film,an anode layer source was used to pretreat the polyurethane film with nitrogen and oxygen ions.SEMs and AFM roughness profiles of treated samples and the contrast groups were obtained.Besides,XPS survey spectrums and high resolution spectrums were also investigated.The adhesion test revealed that ion bombardment could improve the adhesion to the polyurethane coating substrate.A better etching result of oxygen ions versus nitrogen predicts a higher bonding strength of zirconium coating on polyurethane and,indeed,the highest bonding strengths are for oxygen ion bombardment upto 13.3 MPa.As demonstrated in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,the oxygen ion also helps to introduce more active groups,and,therefore,it achieves a high value of adhesion strength.

Influence of Ageing with UV Radiation on Physicochemical Properties of Acrylic-Polyurethane Coatings

Investigated systems of acrylic-polyurethane coatings consisted of three kinds of coatings: base coat (acrylic), intermediate (polyurethane) and top coat (acrylic);each made up of two layers. Mean thickness of the coating system was equal (145 ± 1) μm. In time of accelerated UV ageing, electromagnetic radiation was emitted of wave length in the range (300 - 400) nm which was progressively inducing a destruction of coatings chemical structure, especially photooxidation and photolysis of coating material. Carried out X-ray investigations revealed increased contents of oxygen in aged coatings due to their photooxidation which resulted in increased tendency of coating microfragments to chip off from surface layer with the ageing time flow. The hardness increase of UV aged coatings was also observed which intensified their surface layer brittleness. This contributed to their thickness decrease by more than 10% after 2016 h of ageing. Photodestruction of UV aged coatings was documented as well by characteristics obtained during investigations carried out with DMA method use. A noticeable physical destruction of the coatings was observed in the form of silver cracks, etchings and grooves in surface layer as well as craters extending also into interlayer. Processes of physical and chemical destruction undergoing in aged coatings influenced roughness profile change and coatings surface topography shaping. After 2016 h of UV ageing, the roughness parameters (Ra, Rz, Rt) increased several times. Long-lasting UV radiation influence on the surface of investigated acrylic-polyurethane coating systems contributed to their decorativeness loss. Microscopic examinations revealed colour change (yellowing) of blue pigment contained in polyurethane interlayer. Decline in coating gloss was also observed as the result of surface roughness increase.

The Stress Distribution and Thermal Behavior of TiBN and TiBN TiN Coatings in Milling AISI H13 Work Tool Steel

The FEM model of TiBN and TiBN/TiN coated cutting tool in milling of H13 steel w as developed. Process variables such as temperature and stress in the coating l ayer as well as in the substrate were analyzed. The efficacy of the present FEM analysis was verified by conducting controlled milling experiments on AISI H13 t o collect the relevant tool life and force data.The results show that the stress in a coated tool can significantly be reduced compared to an uncoated cutting t ool,possibly due to surface coatings improving the tribological properties of cu tting tools.Coatings with good thermal properties also help to improve the therm al behavior of cutting tool.

Microencapsulation of UV-Curable Self-healing Agent for Smart Anticorrosive Coating

UV-curable polyurethane prepolymer and photoinitiator 1173 were facilely encapsulated in a poly（urea-formaldehyde） shell, which was in situ formed by the polymerization of formalde-hyde and urea in an oil-in-water emulsion. The diameters of the microcapsules ranged from 118 μm to 663 μm depending on agitation speed, and were obtained via optical mi-croscopy and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The encapsulation percent and the yield of microcapsules prepared at the agitation speed of 600 r/min can reach 97.52wt% and 65.23wt%, respectively. When the water-borne polyurethane （WPU） coating embedded with the prepared microcapsules were scratched, the healing agent could be released from rup-tured microcapsules and lled the scribed region. The excellent anticorrosion properties of the WPU coating embedded with the prepared microcapsules were con rmed by the results obtained from both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel curves.

Self - Crosslinking Behavior of Self - Emulsion Water - Based Polyure-thane Coating Agents

The relation between structures and properties of polyurethane are investigated by modern physical and chemical methods.The results obtained are as follows:the effects of the content of self-crosslinking agent on the properties of polyurethane,i.e.,dispersion stability,dynamical viscoelasticity and mechanical properties are discussed.It is found that the optimum molar ratio of epichlorohydrin and diethylenetriamine is 1:2.A mois-

Photothermal self-healing polyurethane coating based on hollow nanofillers in seawater

Herein,a novel composite coating with excellent self-healing and corrosion resistance activated byphotothermal responsive hollow core-shell nanofillers was developed.A photothermal nanofiller(Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3))with ahollow core-shell structure was synthesized and then added to polyurethane(PU)to prepare PU-Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3)compositecoating.Applying 808 nm near-infrared irradiation induces a photothermal effect in Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3),which subsequentlyinitiates the reconstruction of reversible hydrogen bonds,facilitating the self-healing of coating scratches.The excellentphotothermal self-healing performance of PU-Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3)coating was demonstrated by scratch tests and moleculardynamics simulations.The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test results showed that the PU-Co_(9)S_(8)@Bi_(2)S_(3)coating has good self-healing and anti-corrosion properties.The low-frequency impedance modulus of the coating afterthree self-healing sessions was still close to 109Ω·cm^(2)after 30 d of immersion in seawater.This study provides a newstrategy for developing multi-cycle self-healing coatings triggered by photothermal effects.

Synthesis and Performance of Polyurethane Coated Urea as Slow/controlled Release Fertilizer

Polyurethane coated urea slow/controlled release fertilizer was prepared based on urea granules, isocyanate, polyols and paraffin. Isocyanate reacted with polyols to synthesize the polyurethane skin layer on urea granules surface. Paraffin serves as a lubricant during syntheses of polyurethane skin layers. The structure and nutrient release characteristics of the polyurethane skin layers were investigated by FTIR, SEM and TG. Urea nitrogen slow-release behavior of the polyurethane coated urea was tested. The experimental results indicated that compact and dense polyurethane skin layers with a thickness of 10-15 lam were formed on urea surface, the urea nitrogen slow-release time can reach 40-50 days. Paraffin proves to play a key role in inhibiting water to penetrate into urea, but excessive addition would decrease the polyurethane crosslinking density.

Synthesis of Waterborne Polyurethane Modified by Nano-SiO_2 Silicone and Properties of the WPU Coated RDX

A series of nano silica/silicone modified waterborne polyurethane(WPU) have been synthesized from polytetramethylene glycol and isophorone diisocyanate, dihydroxymethyl propionic acid and triethylamine, ethylenediamine, trimethylolpropane, nano-SiO2 and the silane coupling agent KH550. The effect of the dosage of nano-SiO2 on the WPU-Si membrane and the coated RDX(cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine) particles have been studied in terms of their surface properties, mechanical properties, and thermal stability. The results showed that with the increase of Si content, the stability of the emulsion reduced gradually. The material with more Si content displayed an increased thermodynamic stability, an increased high temperature resistance, an increased tensile strength and a decreased elongation at break. With the increase of Si content, the surface tension of the material decreased, the bibulous rate reduced, and the contact angle increased gradually, so that the surface tension of the polyurethane and RDX are close to each other which could improve the performance of coating.

Friction and wear behaviors of MoS2-multi-walled-carbonnanotube hybrid reinforced polyurethane composite coating

MoS2-multi-walled-carbon-nanotube(MWCNT)hybrids containing two-dimensional MoS2 and one-dimensional MWCNTs were synthesized through a one-step hydrothermal reaction.X-ray-diffraction and transmission-electron-microscopy results demonstrated that MoS2 nanosheets were successfully synthesized,and uniformly anchored on the MWCNTs’surfaces.Furthermore,the effects of the Mo S2-MWCNT hybrids on the tribological performances of polyurethane composite coatings were investigated using a UMT-2MT tribo-tester.Friction and wear test results revealed that the friction coefficient and wear rate of a 3 wt%Mo S2-MWCNT-1 filled polyurethane composite coating were reduced by 25.6% and 65.5%,respectively.The outstanding tribological performance of the MoS2-MWCNT-1 reinforced polyurethane composite coating was attributed to the excellent load-carrying capacity of the MWCNTs and good lubricant ability of MoS2.The surface morphologies of the worn surfaces and counterpart ball surfaces were investigated to reveal the wear mechanisms.

Preparation and Characterization of Controlled Heparin Release Waterborne Polyurethane Coating Systems

In this study, to improve hemocompatibility of biomedical materials, a waterborne polyurethane （WPU）haepafin release coating system （WPU/heparin） is fabricated via simply blending biodegradable WPU emulsions with heparin aqueous solutions. The surface compositions and hydrophilicity of these WPU/heparin blend coatings are characterized by attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy （ATR-FTIR） and water contact angle measurements. These WPU/heparin blend coatings show effectively controlled release of heparin, as determined by the toluidine blue method. Furthermore, the biocompatibility and anticoagulant activity of these blend coatings are evaluated based on the protein adsorption, platelet adhesion, activated partial thromboplastin time （APTT）, thrombin time （TT）, hemolysis, and cytotoxicity. The results indicate that better hemocompatibility and cytocompatilibity are obtained due to blending heparin into this waterborne polyurethane. Thus, the WPU/heparin blend coating system is expected to be valuable for various biomedical applications.

Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on anti-aging properties of polyurethane coating

Polyurethane nano-coatings were prepared by adding nano-concentrates with nanometer zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) to polyurethane coating. The dispersion state of nanoparticles was observed by TEM images. SEM observation and FT-IR analysis indicate that the nano-coating with 1% ZnO nanoparticles can retain better morphological structure than the nano-coating with 5% ZnO nanoparticles after 500 h accelerated aging. It is known from XPS analysis that the anti-oxidation properties of polyurethane coating are enhanced by 1% ZnO nanoparticles through the nano-network and destroyed by 5% ZnO nanoparticles due to the strong light catalysis. A small change in capacitances of nano-coatings with 1% ZnO nanoparticles before and after accelerated aging indicates that 1% ZnO nanoparticles improve the corrosion resistance of coating, while a large increase in capacitances of nano-coating with 5% ZnO nanoparticles before and after accelerated aging demonstrates that 5% ZnO nanoparticles damage the corrosion resistance of coating.

A facile preparation of a novel nonleaching antimicrobial waterborne polyurethane leather coating functionalized by quaternary phosphonium salt

The aim of this research is to develop a novel non-leaching antimicrobial waterborne polyurethane(WPU)leather coating material with covalently attached quaternary phosphonium salt(QPS).The structure of the QPS-bearing WPU has been identified,and their thermal stability,mechanical property,and antimicrobial performance have been investigated.The results reveal that the incorporation of QPS slightly reduces the thermal stability of WPU material but would not affects its usability as leather coating.Despite the presence of hydrophobic benzene in QPS structure,the strong hydration of its cationic groups leads to the increased surface contact angle(SCA)and water absorption rate(WAR)of the films,suggesting that the water resistance of the films needs to be improved for the purpose of leather coatings.Antibacterial tests demonstrate that when the QPS content is 20 wt%,QPS-bearing WPU shows effective antimicrobial activity against bacteria.The WPU containing QPS prepared in this study is a non-leaching antimicrobial material and has great potential application as leather coating.