Modeling and Sliding Mode Control with Boundary Layer for Unmanned Coaxial Rotor Ducted Fan Helicopter

The structure and modeling of a novel unmanned coaxial rotor ducted fan helicopter(RDFH)are introduced,and then,based on the helicopter air dynamics and kinematics principles,a nonlinear model of the coaxial rotor ducted fan helicopter is developed and implemented on the basis of the wind tunnel experiment.After that,the helicopter′s stability and coupling characteristics of manipulation are analyzed through time-domain.Finally,a sliding mode controller(SMC)with boundary layers is developed on a hardware in the loop platform using digital signal processor(DSP)as the flight control computer.The results show that the RDFH′s tracking ability performs well under the use of proposed controller.

Numerical Simulation of Aerodynamic Interaction Effects in Coaxial Compound Helicopters

The so-called coaxial compound helicopter features two rigid coaxial rotors,and possesses high-speed capabilities.Nevertheless,the small separation of the coaxial rotors causes severe aerodynamic interactions,which require careful analysis.In the present work,the aerodynamic interaction between the various helicopter components is investigated by means of a numerical method considering both hover and forward flight conditions.While a sliding mesh method is used to deal with the rotating coaxial rotors,the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)equations are solved for the flow field.The Caradonna&Tung(CT)rotor and Harrington-2 coaxial rotor are considered to validate the numerical method.The results show that the aerodynamic interaction of the two rigid coaxial rotors significantly influences hover’s induced velocity and pressure distribution.In addition,the average thrust of an isolated coaxial rotor is smaller than that of the corresponding isolated single rotor.Compared with the isolated coaxial rotor,the existence of the fuselage results in an increment in the thrust of the rotors.Furthermore,these interactions between the components of the considered coaxial compound helicopter decay with an increase in the advance ratio.

Robust-augmentation nonlinear dynamic inversion control of over-actuated coaxial high-speed helicopter in transition mode

As the elevator and rudder can be used actively for control,in addition to the rotors,Coaxial High-speed Helicopters(CHHs)have the problems of control redundancy and changing control authority in the transition mode.This paper presents a robust-augmentation transitioning flight control design for a CHH under the adverse conditions of parametric uncertainties and external disturbances.First,based on control characteristic analysis,an Adaptive Filtered Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion(AFNDI)controller is proposed for the angular rate to handle the effect of unknown unstructured uncertainties and external turbulence.Theoretical analysis proves that the presented angular rate controller can guarantee steady-state and transient performance.Furthermore,the attitude angle and velocity controllers are also added.Then,an Incremental-based Nonlinear Prioritizing Control Allocation(INPCA)method is designed to take into account control surface transition and changing control authority,which efficiently distributes the required moments between coaxial rotors and aero-surfaces,and avoids the control reversal problem of the yaw channel.In the proposed control architecture,the low-pass filter is introduced to alleviate the adverse influence of time delay and measurement noise.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed controller is demonstrated through nonlinear numerical simulations,and is compared with existing methods.Simulation results show that the proposed control law can improve both capabilities of disturbance rejection and fast response,and works satisfactorily for the CHH transitioning control characteristic.

Numerical Simulation of Unsteady Flow Around Forward Flight Helicopter with Coaxial Rotors

Three-dimensional unsteady Euler equations are numerically solved to simulate the unsteady flows around forward flight helicopter with coaxial rotors based on unstructured dynamic overset grids. The performances of the two coaxial rotors both become worse because of the aerodynamic interaction between them, and the influence of the top rotor on the bottom rotor is greater than that of the bottom rotor on the top rotor. The downwash velocity at the bottom rotor plane is much larger than that at the top rotor plane, and the downwash velocity at the top rotor plane is a little larger than that at an individual rotor plane. The downwash velocity and thrust coefficient both become larger when the collective angle of blades is added. When the spacing between the two coaxial rotors increases, the thrust coefficient of the top rotor increases, but the total thrust coefficient reduces a little, because the decrease of the bottom rotor thrust coefficient is larger than the increase of the top rotor thrust coefficient.

Heading control strategy assessment for coaxial compound helicopters

The coaxial compound helicopter has two possible strategies for heading control: collective differential and rudder deflection. A flight dynamics model is developed to assess the effect of different heading control strategies. This includes the trim characteristics, steady flight performance,controllability, and manoeuvrability. The trim study demonstrates that heading control strategies are less influential on trim results, and the steady flight performance is also not significantly affected by the heading control strategy adopted. The controllability analysis shows although heading bandwidth and phase delay results at various speeds with different heading control strategies are all satisfied, the control derivative of the collective differential decreases as speed increases, and its heading aggressive agility is degraded into Level 3 in high-speed flight. In addition, using collective differential would lead to severe heading-rolling coupling as forward speed increases. On the contrary, the control derivative and aggressive agility of the rudder deflection is improved with forward speed, and there is no evidence of heading-rolling coupling. Finally, the transient turn MissionTask-Element(MTE) is utilized to investigate the heading manoeuvre characteristics in different heading control strategies, which indicates that the collective differential would add the amplitude of control input and the power consumption during this MTE.

共轴高速直升机/发动机交联控制方法研究

针对常规的旋翼总距前馈方法难以有效实现共轴高速直升机/发动机快速交联控制的问题,本文提出并设计了适用于共轴高速直升机/发动机的新型交联控制方法。首先,基于共轴高速直升机/发动机综合仿真平台,揭示不同运行工况下,共轴双旋翼、推力桨操纵输入、发动机燃油输入变化规律;其次,在此基础上,提出了综合考虑共轴双旋翼、推力桨桨距的增益自调节交联控制方法,并针对不同的运行工况,开展了数值仿真验证。结果表明,在中等、高速度飞行时,相比于常规的旋翼总距前馈,新型交联控制方法可使动力涡轮转速的超调与下垂量减小36%与70%,可使直升机/发动机快速交联控制品质更优,进一步提升直升机/发动机综合系统的控制品质。

共轴刚性旋翼振动载荷影响分析

针对共轴刚性旋翼建立了气动弹性分析模型,开展旋翼载荷影响分析。气动弹性分析模型中采用几何精确桨叶结构动力学模型和旋翼自由尾迹模型,并结合松耦合方法计算共轴刚性旋翼载荷。通过XH-59A和X2悬停及前飞试验状态,验证了理论模型。分析了旋翼桨叶片数、交叠方位角、轴前倾角等结构参数和飞行状态参数对共轴刚性旋翼振动载荷的影响。结果表明:同等实度下旋翼桨叶片数增加,振动载荷降低;奇偶片桨叶交叠角相对机身的分布,显著影响横向和纵向振动载荷水平;相同升力和升力偏置(LOS)下轴前倾角增加,振动载荷增加。

Electromagnetic scattering characteristics of coaxial helicopter based on dynamic transformation method

With the development of coaxial rotors and high-speed helicopters, the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of coaxial helicopters have gradually become a research hotspot. In order to deal with the Radar Cross-Section(RCS) of high-speed rotating rotors or coaxial main rotors, a Dynamic Scattering Method(DSM) based on dynamic process simulation and grid coordinate transformation is presented. Instantaneous electromagnetic scattering from rotors and helicopters is solved using Physical Optics(PO) and Physical Theory of Diffraction(PTD). Important factors are analyzed and discussed in detail, including individual rotor rotation, azimuth, elevation angle,fuselage, pitch angle, and roll angle. The results show that the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of rotor-type components are dynamic and periodic. The dynamic RCS period of a single rotor is related to the dynamic RCS period of the coaxial main rotor. Choosing different observation angles and attitude angles has a great impact on the static and dynamic RCS of the helicopter.The presented DSM is effective and efficient to analyze and determine the dynamic electromagnetic scattering characteristics of conventional helicopters or coaxial helicopters.

Influence of differential longitudinal cyclic pitch on flight dynamics of coaxial compound helicopter

The Differential Longitudinal Cyclic Pitch(DLCP)in coaxial compound helicopter is found to be useful in mitigating low-speed rotor interactions and improving flight performance.The complex mutual interaction is simulated by a revised rotor aerodynamics model,where an improved Blade Element Momentum Theory(BEMT)is proposed.Comparisons with the rotor inflow distributions and aircraft trim results from literature validate the accuracy of the model.Then,the influence of the DLCP on the flight dynamics of the aircraft is analysed.The trim characteristics indicate that a negative DLCP can reduce collective and differential collective inputs in low speed forward flight,and the negative longitudinal gradient is alleviated.Moreover,a moderate DLCP can reduce the rotor and total power consumption by 4.68%and 2.9%,respectively.As DLCP further increases,the increased propeller power and unbalanced thrust allocation offset the improvement.In high-speed flight,DLCP does not improve the performance except for extra lateral and heading stick displacements.In addition,the tip clearance is degraded throughout the speed envelope due to the differential pitching moment and the higher thrust from the lower rotor.Meanwhile,the changed rotor efficiency and induced velocity alter low-speed dynamic stability and controllability.The pitch and roll subsidences are slightly degraded with the DLCP,while the heave subsidence,dutch roll and phugoid modes are improved.Lastly,the on-axis controllability,including collective,differential collective pitch,longitudinal and lateral cyclic pitches,varies with DLCP due to its effect on rotor efficiency and inflow distribution.In conclusion,a reasonable DLCP is recommended to adjust the rotor interaction and improve aircraft performance,and further to alter the flight dynamics and aerodynamics of aircraft.

基于自抗扰控制的共轴直升机姿态控制律设计

以某型共轴双旋翼无人直升机作为研究对象,对无人机返航进场与降落着舰阶段的抗扰动问题进行研究。针对海上着舰环境下的外界干扰与不确定性问题,选用自抗扰控制器设计共轴直升机姿态控制律,以提高共轴直升机对外部扰动的抗扰性能。针对自抗扰控制律调整参数过多问题,设计改进粒子群算法进行自动参数优化。仿真结果表明:改进粒子群算法能够显著提高参数整定速度,且精度更高;优化参数后的自抗扰控制律在强干扰环境下具备良好的动态响应与鲁棒性。

共轴式直升机双旋翼载荷计算模型研究

理论计算和实验测量表明,共轴式直升机在悬停、前飞状态下,上下旋翼桨盘处轴向诱导速度分布与单旋翼直升机的相类似,本文根据共轴式直升机双旋翼这一特点,引入气动力相互干扰因子,将单旋翼直升机一阶谐波形式的Pitt-Peters静态非均匀入流模型推广到共轴式直升机,建立了一种共轴双旋翼载荷计算模型,为共轴式直升机飞行动力学建模作前期准备。以某共轴双旋翼为研究对象进行载荷计算,并与国外计算结果进行了对比,两者吻合较好。

共轴刚性旋翼直升机桨毂阻力特性试验

共轴刚性旋翼直升机在突破常规直升机前飞速度极限的同时会产生巨大的桨毂阻力。为研究共轴刚性旋翼直升机桨毂的阻力特性,采用天平测力的方式在1.4m×1.4m直流风洞中对不同的共轴双桨毂组合模型进行了风洞试验。试验状态变量包括桨毂转速、模型各部件间缝隙和不同整流模型组合。试验结果表明:共轴双桨毂试验模型的阻力受对称光滑桨毂旋转运动的影响基本可忽略;各整流部件间缝隙对模型所受阻力影响较大,大缝隙会使试验模型阻力增大;各整流部件分离尾流存在较大的气动干扰,使模型所受阻力明显增加。

共轴刚性旋翼飞行器配平特性及验证

针对共轴刚性旋翼与常规旋翼的区别,从挥舞运动、变距操纵和诱导速度3方面建立共轴刚性旋翼的气动力模型。采用等效挥舞运动概念,建立共轴刚性旋翼的挥舞运动方程;引入提前操纵角概念,建立与共轴刚性旋翼挥舞频率相适应的变距操纵模型;引入上下旋翼干扰因子,建立共轴刚性旋翼的诱导速度模型。在此基础上,建立共轴刚性旋翼飞行器飞行动力学模型,并以XH-59A直升机为例计算纯直升机飞行模式的配平特性,使用飞行试验数据验证了理论模型的正确性,同时讨论了共轴刚性旋翼飞行器与常规直升机配平特性的异同点。

基于自由尾迹方法的共轴式双旋翼流场分析

建立了一个适合于共轴式直升机双旋翼流场特性分析的自由尾迹计算方法。该方法中,桨叶模型采用了升力面/涡格法,尾迹则使用畸变的自由尾迹模型,以更好地模拟流场特性及计入桨尖三维效应。通过旋翼下洗速度的计算值与可得到的实验值对比,表明了该计算方法的有效性。然后,着重计算分析了共轴式直升机的旋翼尾迹结构和诱导速度分布,并与单旋翼情况进行了对比。结果表明:悬停时,与单旋翼相比,共轴式双旋翼在旋翼下方的诱导速度更大,但并非两幅单旋翼诱导速度的迭加;前飞时,随前飞速度的增加,上下旋翼间的相互干扰逐渐减弱。

用三维激光多谱勒测速仪对共轴双旋翼悬停流场的测定

用三维激光多谱勒测速仪对共轴式双旋翼在悬停状态的流场进行了实验测量。测量了各测试点诱导速度沿三个方向（轴向、径向和周向）的分量，得到了两旋翼尾迹交汇、干扰下的流场直观图像和重要信息。为了对比，对单旋翼流场也进行了测试，并给出了二者之间的差别。

共轴双旋翼与单旋翼悬停流场实验测量值的对比

以三维激光多普勒测速仪测得的数据为基础，全面比较了共轴式双旋翼与单旋翼尾迹流场中轴向、径向和周向速度的特点与差异。分析指出，由于双旋翼相互间的气动干扰，导致其流场与单旋翼的明显不同，而这些不同沿各向异性，轴向最大，径向次之，周向最小。文中对周向速度表现出的异乎寻常的特点作了进一步的说明，这对建立共轴式双旋翼尾迹流场的数学模型具有重要意义。

共轴式双旋翼悬停流场和气动力的CFD计算

考虑到共轴式双旋翼流场特征高度复杂、桨叶承受非定常气动载荷的特点,为更好地预测共轴式双旋翼的气动特性,把非结构嵌套网格方法和网格的自适应技术相结合,发展了一套适合于共轴式双旋翼流场数值计算的求解器。在该求解器中,采用非结构嵌套网格方案来模拟桨叶之间存在的相对运动,自适应网格技术用来捕捉尾迹对流场和气动特性的影响,求解惯性坐标系下的非定常N-S主控方程来模拟流场的非定常特性。应用该求解器,首先计算了有试验结果可供对比的一副试验旋翼的诱导速度场分布,在此基础上,计算了共轴式双旋翼的桨尖涡轨迹和拉力分布特性,并与单旋翼的计算结果进行了对比和分析,得到了一些有意义的结论。

共轴式双旋翼气动特性的固定尾迹分析

对经典的儒氏旋翼涡系模型作了一些修正，建立了悬停状态下共轴式旋翼的固定尾迹模型，对双旋翼之间的气动干扰问题开展了理论研究和实验研究，最后，将理论结果与实验结果进行了比较、分析，证明了理论方法的正确性，并获得了一些重要结论。

共轴刚性旋翼试验自动配平技术研究

针对共轴刚性旋翼高速直升机研究的需求,对共轴刚性旋翼试验自动配平技术展开了研究。基于现有试验平台,结合共轴刚性旋翼的配平原理,参考单旋翼自动配平技术,提出了基于模糊控制的共轴刚性旋翼试验自动配平技术,并在试验中进行了考核和验证,达到了实用阶段。

一种新型共轴式直升机操纵机构运动学分析

提出一种新型共轴式少自由度混联机构,可以模拟三桨叶共轴式直升机操纵机构的运动,由下操纵3-SPS+PS+RRS并联机构和上操纵混联机构串联而成,整体机构结构简单紧凑,所以可应用于三桨叶共轴式无人机。机构对旋转盘的约束等效为一个PS约束支链,上操纵混联机构等效为几个并联机构后,运用螺旋理论分析上操纵机构的自由度,证明上下倾斜盘运动姿态一致,结合下操纵机构得出整个机构满足三桨叶共轴直升机操纵机构所需的自由度。对上操纵机构中的倾斜盘的姿态角和运动支链的位置进行分析,并得出了在下操纵机构一定倾斜姿态下变距转动角的变化规律。通过PRO/E仿真查看整体机构的运行情况。